Merge from `emacs-23'.
[bpt/emacs.git] / doc / emacs / emacs.texi
1 \input texinfo
2
3 @setfilename ../../info/emacs
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual
5
6 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file
7 @set EDITION Sixteenth
8 @set EMACSVER 24.0.50
9
10 @copying
11 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},@*
12 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
13
14 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997,
15 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009,
16 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
17
18 @quotation
19 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
20 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
21 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
22 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and
23 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
24 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
25 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
26 License.''
27
28 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
29 modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
30 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
31 @end quotation
32 @end copying
33
34 @dircategory Emacs
35 @direntry
36 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor.
37 @end direntry
38
39 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
40 @c copy of this manual that will be published. The manual should go
41 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
42 @c set smallbook
43
44 @ifset smallbook
45 @smallbook
46 @end ifset
47
48 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to
49 @c save on paper cost.
50 @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain.
51 @tex
52 @ifset smallbook
53 @fonttextsize 10
54 @set EMACSVER 22
55 \global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale
56 \global\let\linkcolor=\Black
57 @end ifset
58 \global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes
59 @end tex
60
61 @defcodeindex op
62 @synindex pg cp
63
64 @iftex
65 @kbdinputstyle code
66
67 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual
68 @end iftex
69
70 @titlepage
71 @sp 6
72 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual}
73 @sp 4
74 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}.
75 @sp 5
76 @center Richard Stallman
77 @page
78 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
79 @insertcopying
80
81 @sp 2
82 Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
83 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @*
84 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA @*
85 ISBN 1-882114-86-8
86
87 @sp 2
88 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
89
90 @end titlepage
91
92
93 @summarycontents
94 @contents
95
96
97 @ifnottex
98 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir)
99 @top The Emacs Editor
100
101 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
102 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and
103 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version
104 @value{EMACSVER}.
105
106 @ifinfo
107 To learn more about the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h},
108 to visit a programmed instruction sequence for the Info commands.
109 @end ifinfo
110
111 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
112 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
113
114 @insertcopying
115 @end ifnottex
116
117 @ignore
118 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity
119 and to avoid conflicts.
120 Completion
121 Backup Files
122 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
123 Tags
124 Text Mode
125 Outline Mode
126 @TeX{} Mode
127 Formatted Text
128 Shell Command History
129
130 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items
131 to avoid conflicts.
132 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs
133 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer.
134 @end ignore
135
136 @menu
137 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
138 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts.
139 @c Note that in the printed manual, the glossary and indices come last.
140 * Glossary:: Terms used in this manual.
141
142 Indexes (each index contains a large menu)
143 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
144 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option.
145 * Command Index:: An item for each command name.
146 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable.
147 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept.
148
149 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs.
150
151 Important General Concepts
152 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen.
153 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons,
154 function keys).
155 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one
156 editing action.
157 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
158 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell.
159 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs.
160
161 Fundamental Editing Commands
162 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands.
163 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for.
164 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names.
165 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.
166
167 Important Text-Changing Commands
168 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text.
169 * Killing:: Killing (cutting) text.
170 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.)
171 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text.
172 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
173 * CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} for copy
174 and paste, with enhanced rectangle support.
175 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
176 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed.
177 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
178 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
179 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of
180 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
181
182 Major Structures of Emacs
183 * Files:: All about handling files.
184 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
185 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once.
186 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows.
187 * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets.
188
189 Advanced Features
190 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode...
191 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
192 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English.
193 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs.
194 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs.
195 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs.
196 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce
197 the number of characters you must type.
198 @c AFAICS, the tex stuff generates its own index and does not use this one.
199 @ifnottex
200 * Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters using
201 the quarter-plane screen model.
202 @end ifnottex
203 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs.
204 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs.
205 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it.
206 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities.
207 * Document View:: Viewing PDF, PS and DVI files.
208 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs.
209 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs.
210 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc.
211 * Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions.
212 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
213 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion
214 of the buffer.
215 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them
216 in side-by-side windows.
217 * Editing Binary Files::Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
218 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
219 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing
220 "within the command". This is called a
221 "recursive editing level".
222 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
223 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers.
224 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun.
225 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks.
226 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs.
227
228 Recovery from Problems
229 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting.
230 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
231 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug.
232 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
233 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs.
234
235 Appendices
236 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission
237 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms;
238 it also explains that there is no warranty.
239 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
240 * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options.
241 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs.
242 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 22.
243 * Mac OS / GNUstep:: Using Emacs under Mac OS and GNUstep.
244 * Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS.
245 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
246
247 @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to
248 @c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In
249 @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the
250 @c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el.
251
252 @detailmenu
253 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
254 ---------------------------------
255
256 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
257 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
258
259 The Organization of the Screen
260
261 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
262 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
263 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
264 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
265
266 Basic Editing Commands
267
268 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it.
269 * Moving Point:: Moving the cursor to the place where you want to
270 change something.
271 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
272 * Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
273 * Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files.
274 * Basic Help:: Asking what a character does.
275 * Blank Lines:: Making and deleting blank lines.
276 * Continuation Lines:: How Emacs displays lines too wide for the screen.
277 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on?
278 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command N times.
279 * Repeating:: Repeating the previous command quickly.
280
281 The Minibuffer
282
283 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer.
284 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer.
285 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
286 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
287 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.
288 * Passwords:: Entering passwords in the echo area.
289
290 Completion
291
292 * Completion Example:: Examples of using completion.
293 * Completion Commands:: A list of completion commands.
294 * Strict Completion:: Different types of completion.
295 * Completion Options:: Options for completion.
296
297 Help
298
299 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands.
300 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs.
301 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name.
302 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
303 * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
304 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
305 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support.
306 * Misc Help:: Other help commands.
307 * Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files.
308 * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help').
309
310 The Mark and the Region
311
312 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark.
313 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units.
314 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
315 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
316 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers.
317 * Shift Selection:: Using shifted cursor motion keys.
318 * Persistent Mark:: Keeping the mark active all the time.
319
320 Killing and Moving Text
321
322 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and
323 blank areas.
324 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
325 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
326 syntactic units such as words and sentences.
327 * Kill Options:: Options that affect killing.
328
329 Yanking
330
331 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking.
332 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together.
333 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago.
334
335 Registers
336
337 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers.
338 * RegText:: Saving text in registers.
339 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers.
340 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers.
341 * RegNumbers:: Numbers in registers.
342 * RegFiles:: File names in registers.
343 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.
344
345 Controlling the Display
346
347 * Scrolling:: Commands to move text up and down in a window.
348 * Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed.
349 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
350 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
351 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces.
352 * Standard Faces:: Emacs' predefined faces.
353 * Temporary Face Changes:: Commands to temporarily modify the default text face
354 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
355 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
356 * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes.
357 * Displaying Boundaries:: Displaying top and bottom of the buffer.
358 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
359 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
360 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features.
361 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed.
362 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor.
363 * Line Truncation:: Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead
364 of continuing them to multiple screen lines.
365 * Visual Line Mode:: Word wrap and screen line-based editing.
366 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display.
367
368 Searching and Replacement
369
370 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string.
371 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search.
372 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words.
373 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp.
374 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions.
375 * Regexp Backslash:: Regular expression constructs starting with `\'.
376 * Regexp Example:: A complex regular expression explained.
377 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not.
378 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches.
379 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.
380
381 Incremental Search
382
383 * Basic Isearch:: Basic incremental search commands.
384 * Repeat Isearch:: Searching for the same string again.
385 * Error in Isearch:: When your string is not found.
386 * Special Isearch:: Special input in incremental search.
387 * Isearch Yank:: Commands that grab text into the search string
388 or else edit the search string.
389 * Isearch Scroll:: Scrolling during an incremental search.
390 * Isearch Minibuffer:: Incremental search of the minibuffer history.
391 * Slow Isearch:: Incremental search features for slow terminals.
392
393 Replacement Commands
394
395 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string.
396 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp.
397 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters.
398 * Query Replace:: How to use querying.
399
400 Commands for Fixing Typos
401
402 * Undo:: The Undo commands.
403 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
404 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
405 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file.
406
407 Keyboard Macros
408
409 * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
410 * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved.
411 * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros.
412 * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time.
413 * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
414 * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros.
415 * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard
416 macro.
417
418 File Handling
419
420 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments.
421 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
422 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent.
423 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
424 * Autorevert:: Auto Reverting non-file buffers.
425 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
426 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file.
427 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
428 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
429 * Diff Mode:: Mode for editing file differences.
430 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
431 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files.
432 * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files.
433 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites.
434 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names.
435 * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use.
436 * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files.
437 * Filesets:: Handling sets of files.
438
439 Saving Files
440
441 * Save Commands:: Commands for saving files.
442 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
443 * Customize Save:: Customizing the saving of files.
444 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
445 of one file by two users.
446 * File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically.
447 * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files.
448
449 Backup Files
450
451 * Backup Names:: How backup files are named.
452 * Backup Deletion:: Emacs deletes excess numbered backups.
453 * Backup Copying:: Backups can be made by copying or renaming.
454
455 Auto Reverting Non-File Buffers
456
457 * Auto Reverting the Buffer Menu:: Auto Revert of the Buffer Menu.
458 * Auto Reverting Dired:: Auto Revert of Dired buffers.
459 * Supporting additional buffers:: How to add more Auto Revert support.
460
461 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
462
463 * Auto Save Files:: The file where auto-saved changes are
464 actually made until you save the file.
465 * Auto Save Control:: Controlling when and how often to auto-save.
466 * Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files.
467
468 Using Multiple Buffers
469
470 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
471 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist.
472 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text.
473 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need.
474 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
475 and operate variously on several of them.
476 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
477 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for
478 buffer handling.
479
480 Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling
481
482 * Uniquify:: Making buffer names unique with directory parts.
483 * Iswitchb:: Switching between buffers with substrings.
484 * Buffer Menus:: Configurable buffer menu.
485
486 Multiple Windows
487
488 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
489 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
490 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
491 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
492 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected
493 window rather than in another window.
494 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
495 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling.
496
497 Frames and Graphical Displays
498
499 * Cut and Paste:: Mouse commands for cut and paste.
500 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
501 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
502 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line.
503 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
504 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
505 * Fonts:: Changing the frame font.
506 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame.
507 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays.
508 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames.
509 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
510 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
511 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling.
512 * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text.
513 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
514 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
515 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes.
516 * Tooltips:: Displaying information at the current mouse position.
517 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
518 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
519 * Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text-only terminals.
520
521 Killing and Yanking on Graphical Displays
522
523 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
524 * Word and Line Mouse:: Mouse commands for selecting whole words or lines.
525 * Cut/Paste Other App:: Transfering text between Emacs and other apps.
526 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark.
527 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections.
528
529 International Character Set Support
530
531 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
532 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
533 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
534 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
535 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
536 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
537 write files, and so on.
538 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
539 * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly.
540 * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output.
541 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text.
542 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication.
543 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}.
544 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting
545 terminal input and output.
546 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
547 that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
548 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
549 * Modifying Fontsets:: Modifying an existing fontset.
550 * Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display.
551 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set
552 to use without multibyte characters.
553 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes.
554
555 Major Modes
556
557 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
558
559 Indentation
560
561 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
562 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
563 indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
564 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces.
565
566 Commands for Human Languages
567
568 * Words:: Moving over and killing words.
569 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences.
570 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs.
571 * Pages:: Moving over pages.
572 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text.
573 * Case:: Changing the case of text.
574 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files.
575 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines.
576 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX.
577 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files.
578 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff.
579 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion.
580 * Text Based Tables:: Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion.
581
582 Filling Text
583
584 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
585 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
586 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented
587 or in a comment, etc.
588 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.
589 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled.
590 * Longlines:: Editing text with very long lines.
591
592 Outline Mode
593
594 * Outline Format:: What the text of an outline looks like.
595 * Outline Motion:: Special commands for moving through
596 outlines.
597 * Outline Visibility:: Commands to control what is visible.
598 * Outline Views:: Outlines and multiple views.
599 * Foldout:: Folding means zooming in on outlines.
600
601 @TeX{} Mode
602
603 * TeX Editing:: Special commands for editing in TeX mode.
604 * LaTeX Editing:: Additional commands for LaTeX input files.
605 * TeX Print:: Commands for printing part of a file with TeX.
606 * TeX Misc:: Customization of TeX mode, and related features.
607
608 Editing Formatted Text
609
610 * Requesting Formatted Text:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode.
611 * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines.
612 * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties.
613 * Format Faces:: Bold, italic, underline, etc.
614 * Format Colors:: Changing the color of text.
615 * Format Indentation:: Changing the left and right margins.
616 * Format Justification:: Centering, setting text flush with the
617 left or right margin, etc.
618 * Format Properties:: The "special" text properties submenu.
619 * Forcing Enriched Mode:: How to force use of Enriched mode.
620
621 @c The automatic texinfo menu update inserts some duplicate items here
622 @c (faces, colors, indentation, justification, properties), because
623 @c they are listed in two menus. But we already have them above, no
624 @c need to list them twice.
625
626 Editing Text-based Tables
627
628 * Table Definition:: What is a text based table.
629 * Table Creation:: How to create a table.
630 * Table Recognition:: How to activate and deactivate tables.
631 * Cell Commands:: Cell-oriented commands in a table.
632 * Cell Justification:: Justifying cell contents.
633 * Row Commands:: Manipulating rows of table cell.
634 * Column Commands:: Manipulating columns of table cell.
635 * Fixed Width Mode:: Fixing cell width.
636 * Table Conversion:: Converting between plain text and tables.
637 * Measuring Tables:: Analyzing table dimension.
638 * Table Misc:: Table miscellany.
639
640 Editing Programs
641
642 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs.
643 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts
644 of a program.
645 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
646 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses.
647 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
648 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
649 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively.
650 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
651 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable.
652 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
653 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C,
654 Java, and Pike modes.
655 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features.
656 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features.
657
658 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns
659
660 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter
661 starts a defun if it is at the left margin.
662 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition.
663 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus.
664 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in.
665
666 Indentation for Programs
667
668 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line.
669 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once.
670 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
671 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes.
672 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes.
673
674 Commands for Editing with Parentheses
675
676 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses.
677 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across
678 in the structure of parentheses.
679 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
680
681 Manipulating Comments
682
683 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
684 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments.
685 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features.
686
687 Documentation Lookup
688
689 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands
690 in Info files.
691 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands.
692 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc.
693
694 C and Related Modes
695
696 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc.
697 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
698 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command.
699 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
700 and other neat features.
701
702 Fortran Mode
703
704 * Fortran Motion:: Moving point by statements or subprograms.
705 * Fortran Indent:: Indentation commands for Fortran.
706 * Fortran Comments:: Inserting and aligning comments.
707 * Fortran Autofill:: Auto fill support for Fortran.
708 * Fortran Columns:: Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
709 * Fortran Abbrev:: Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
710
711 Fortran Indentation
712
713 * ForIndent Commands:: Commands for indenting and filling Fortran.
714 * ForIndent Cont:: How continuation lines indent.
715 * ForIndent Num:: How line numbers auto-indent.
716 * ForIndent Conv:: Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble.
717 * ForIndent Vars:: Variables controlling Fortran indent style.
718
719 Compiling and Testing Programs
720
721 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other
722 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
723 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors.
724 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly
725 for use in the compilation buffer.
726 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep.
727 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly.
728 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
729 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
730 with different facilities for running
731 the Lisp programs.
732 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
733 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
734 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
735 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
736
737 Running Debuggers Under Emacs
738
739 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess.
740 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
741 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands.
742 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD.
743 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to
744 implement a graphical debugging environment through
745 Emacs.
746
747 GDB Graphical Interface
748
749 * GDB-UI Layout:: Control the number of displayed buffers.
750 * Source Buffers:: Use the mouse in the fringe/margin to
751 control your program.
752 * Breakpoints Buffer:: A breakpoint control panel.
753 * Stack Buffer:: Select a frame from the call stack.
754 * Other GDB-UI Buffers::Input/output, locals, registers,
755 assembler, threads and memory buffers.
756 * Watch Expressions:: Monitor variable values in the speedbar.
757
758 Maintaining Large Programs
759
760 * Version Control:: Using version control systems.
761 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program.
762 * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one
763 command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
764 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
765
766 Version Control
767
768 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general.
769 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status.
770 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control.
771 * Old Revisions:: Examining and comparing old versions.
772 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently.
773 * VC Directory Mode:: Listing files managed by version control.
774 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development.
775 * Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers.
776 * Revision Tags:: Symbolic names for revisions.
777 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC.
778 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior.
779
780 Introduction to Version Control
781
782 * Why Version Control?:: Understanding the problems it addresses.
783 * Version Control Systems:: Supported version control back-end systems.
784 * VCS Concepts:: Words and concepts related to version control.
785 * Types of Log File:: The VCS log in contrast to the ChangeLog.
786
787 Basic Editing under Version Control
788
789 * VC With A Merging VCS:: Without locking: default mode for CVS.
790 * VC With A Locking VCS:: RCS in its default mode, SCCS, and optionally CVS.
791 * Advanced C-x v v:: Advanced features available with a prefix argument.
792 * Log Buffer:: Features available in log entry buffers.
793
794 The Secondary Commands of VC
795
796 * Registering:: Putting a file under version control.
797 * VC Status:: Viewing the VC status of files.
798 * VC Undo:: Canceling changes before or after check-in.
799
800 VC Directory Mode
801
802 * VC Directory Buffer:: What the buffer looks like and means.
803 * VC Directory Commands:: Commands to use in a VC directory buffer.
804
805 Multiple Branches of a File
806
807 * Switching Branches:: How to get to another existing branch.
808 * Creating Branches:: How to start a new branch.
809 * Merging:: Transferring changes between branches.
810 * Multi-User Branching:: Multiple users working at multiple branches
811 in parallel.
812
813 Remote Repositories
814
815 * Version Backups:: Keeping local copies of repository versions.
816 * Local Version Control:: Using another version system for local editing.
817
818 Revision Tags
819
820 * Making Revision Tags:: The tag facilities.
821 * Revision Tag Caveats:: Things to be careful of when using tags.
822
823 Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC
824
825 * Change Logs and VC:: Generating a change log file from log entries.
826 * Renaming and VC:: A command to rename both the source and master
827 file correctly.
828 * Version Headers:: Inserting version control headers into working files.
829
830 Customizing VC
831
832 * General VC Options:: Options that apply to multiple back ends.
833 * RCS and SCCS:: Options for RCS and SCCS.
834 * CVS Options:: Options for CVS.
835
836 Change Logs
837
838 * Change Log Commands:: Commands for editing change log files.
839 * Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like.
840
841 Tags Tables
842
843 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
844 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}.
845 * Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions.
846 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
847 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
848 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
849 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
850
851 Merging Files with Emerge
852
853 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts.
854 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode.
855 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
856 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B
857 for each difference.
858 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference,
859 changing states of differences, etc.
860 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge.
861 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
862 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Miscellaneous issues.
863
864 Abbrevs
865
866 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
867 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
868 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
869 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
870 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
871 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
872 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling.
873
874 @ifnottex
875 Editing Pictures
876
877 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
878 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
879 after "self-inserting" characters.
880 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
881 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
882 @end ifnottex
883
884 Sending Mail
885
886 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed.
887 * Mail Headers:: Details of some standard mail header fields.
888 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
889 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed.
890 * Mail Amusements:: Distracting the NSA; adding fortune messages.
891 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods.
892
893 Mail Mode
894
895 * Mail Sending:: Commands to send the message.
896 * Header Editing:: Commands to move to header fields and edit them.
897 * Citing Mail:: Copying all or part of a message you are replying to.
898 * Mail Mode Misc:: Spell checking, signatures, etc.
899
900 Reading Mail with Rmail
901
902 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
903 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message.
904 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message.
905 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages.
906 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file.
907 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files.
908 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files.
909 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them.
910 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes.
911 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
912 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages.
913 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail.
914 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization.
915 * Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets.
916 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
917 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message.
918 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
919 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail.
920 * Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving mail from remote mailboxes.
921 * Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving mail from local mailboxes in
922 various formats.
923
924 Summaries
925
926 * Rmail Make Summary:: Making various sorts of summaries.
927 * Rmail Summary Edit:: Manipulating messages from the summary.
928
929 Dired, the Directory Editor
930
931 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired.
932 * Dired Navigation:: Special motion commands in the Dired buffer.
933 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired.
934 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
935 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired.
936 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
937 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
938 either one file or several files.
939 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
940 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
941 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired.
942 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
943 * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired.
944 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
945 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
946 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest.
947 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
948 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer.
949 * Image-Dired:: Viewing image thumbnails in Dired.
950 * Misc Dired Features:: Various other features.
951
952 The Calendar and the Diary
953
954 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
955 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
956 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
957 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
958 * Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats.
959 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
960 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
961 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
962 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems.
963 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary.
964 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something.
965 * Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats.
966 * Daylight Saving:: How to specify when daylight saving time is active.
967 * Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals.
968 * Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization.
969
970 Movement in the Calendar
971
972 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
973 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
974 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another
975 specific date.
976
977 Conversion To and From Other Calendars
978
979 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands
980 (aside from Gregorian).
981 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars.
982 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
983 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.
984
985 The Diary
986
987 * Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
988 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary.
989 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates.
990 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries.
991 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.
992
993 Customizing the Calendar and Diary
994
995 * Calendar Customizing:: Calendar layout and hooks.
996 * Holiday Customizing:: Defining your own holidays.
997 * Date Display Format:: Changing the format.
998 * Time Display Format:: Changing the format.
999 * Diary Customizing:: Defaults you can set.
1000 * Non-Gregorian Diary:: Diary entries based on other calendars.
1001 * Diary Display:: A choice of ways to display the diary.
1002 * Fancy Diary Display:: Sorting diary entries, using included diary files.
1003 * Sexp Diary Entries:: More flexible diary entries.
1004
1005 Document Viewing
1006
1007 * Navigation:: Navigation inside DocView buffers.
1008 * Searching:: Searching inside documents.
1009 * Slicing:: Specifying which part of pages should be displayed.
1010 * Conversion:: Influencing and triggering conversion.
1011
1012 Gnus
1013
1014 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers.
1015 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus.
1016 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands.
1017
1018 Running Shell Commands from Emacs
1019
1020 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return.
1021 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
1022 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
1023 * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts.
1024 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
1025 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory.
1026 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode.
1027 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator.
1028 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode.
1029 * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator.
1030 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer.
1031 * Serial Terminal:: Connecting to a serial port.
1032
1033 Shell Command History
1034
1035 * Shell Ring:: Fetching commands from the history list.
1036 * Shell History Copying::Moving to a command and then copying it.
1037 * History References:: Expanding @samp{!}-style history references.
1038
1039 Using Emacs as a Server
1040
1041 * Invoking emacsclient:: Connecting to the Emacs server.
1042 * emacsclient Options:: Emacs client startup options.
1043
1044 Printing Hard Copies
1045
1046 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript.
1047 * PostScript Variables:: Customizing the PostScript printing commands.
1048 * Printing Package:: An optional advanced printing interface.
1049
1050 Hyperlinking and Navigation Features
1051
1052 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs.
1053 * Goto Address mode:: Activating URLs.
1054 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point.
1055
1056 Customization
1057
1058 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is a feature you can turn on
1059 independently of any others.
1060 * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change settings.
1061 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
1062 to decide what to do; by setting variables,
1063 you can control their functioning.
1064 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs.
1065 By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
1066 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and
1067 expressions are parsed.
1068 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the
1069 @file{.emacs} file.
1070
1071 Easy Customization Interface
1072
1073 * Customization Groups:: How settings are classified in a structure.
1074 * Browsing Custom:: Browsing and searching for settings.
1075 * Changing a Variable:: How to edit an option's value and set the option.
1076 * Saving Customizations:: Specifying the file for saving customizations.
1077 * Face Customization:: How to edit the attributes of a face.
1078 * Specific Customization:: Making a customization buffer for specific
1079 variables, faces, or groups.
1080 * Custom Themes:: How to define collections of customized options
1081 that can be loaded and unloaded together.
1082
1083 Variables
1084
1085 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value.
1086 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts
1087 of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
1088 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables.
1089 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values.
1090 * Directory Variables:: How variable values can be specified by directory.
1091
1092 Local Variables in Files
1093
1094 * Specifying File Variables:: Specifying file local variables.
1095 * Safe File Variables:: Making sure file local variables are safe.
1096
1097 Customizing Key Bindings
1098
1099 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap.
1100 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys.
1101 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
1102 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
1103 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
1104 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}.
1105 * Modifier Keys:: Using modifier keys in key bindings.
1106 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys.
1107 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on.
1108 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
1109 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required
1110 before it can be executed. This is done to protect
1111 beginners from surprises.
1112
1113 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs}
1114
1115 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
1116 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file.
1117 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file.
1118 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file.
1119 * Init Non-ASCII:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in an init file.
1120
1121 Dealing with Emacs Trouble
1122
1123 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete.
1124 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
1125 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen.
1126 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text.
1127 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory.
1128 * After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed.
1129 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape---
1130 What to do if Emacs stops responding.
1131 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end.
1132
1133 Reporting Bugs
1134
1135 * Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug?
1136 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively.
1137 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report.
1138 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.
1139
1140 Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation
1141
1142 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
1143 and call functions.
1144 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
1145 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments.
1146 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
1147 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses.
1148 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login.
1149 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X.
1150 * Colors:: Choosing display colors.
1151 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X.
1152 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X.
1153 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title.
1154 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
1155 * Misc X:: Other display options.
1156
1157 Environment Variables
1158
1159 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
1160 * Misc Variables:: Certain system-specific variables.
1161 * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows.
1162
1163 X Options and Resources
1164
1165 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general).
1166 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs.
1167 * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces.
1168 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus.
1169 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus.
1170 * GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets.
1171
1172 GTK resources
1173
1174 * GTK widget names:: How widgets in GTK are named in general.
1175 * GTK Names in Emacs:: GTK widget names in Emacs.
1176 * GTK styles:: What can be customized in a GTK widget.
1177
1178 Emacs and Mac OS / GNUstep
1179
1180 * Mac / GNUstep Basics:: Basic Emacs usage under GNUstep or Mac OS.
1181 * Mac / GNUstep Customization:: Customizations under GNUstep or Mac OS.
1182 * Mac / GNUstep Events:: How window system events are handled.
1183 * GNUstep Support:: Details on status of GNUstep support.
1184
1185 Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS
1186
1187 * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines.
1188 * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows.
1189 * ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired.
1190 * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}.
1191 * Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features.
1192 * Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features.
1193 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows.
1194 * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows.
1195 * Windows Fonts:: Specifying fonts on MS-Windows.
1196 * Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features.
1197 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as @dfn{MS-DOG}).
1198
1199 Emacs and MS-DOS
1200
1201 * MS-DOS Keyboard:: Keyboard conventions on MS-DOS.
1202 * MS-DOS Mouse:: Mouse conventions on MS-DOS.
1203 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS.
1204 * MS-DOS File Names:: File name conventions on MS-DOS.
1205 * MS-DOS Printing:: Printing specifics on MS-DOS.
1206 * MS-DOS and MULE:: Support for internationalization on MS-DOS.
1207 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
1208
1209 @end detailmenu
1210 @end menu
1211
1212 @iftex
1213 @unnumbered Preface
1214
1215 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs
1216 editor. Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a
1217 programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can
1218 ignore the customization hints.
1219
1220 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a
1221 primer. If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with
1222 the integrated, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To
1223 run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. The tutorial
1224 describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the
1225 results.
1226
1227 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the
1228 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the
1229 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these
1230 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you
1231 should practice the commands shown there. The next few chapters
1232 describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly.
1233 You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them
1234 until you are fluent.
1235
1236 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are
1237 useful for many kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters
1238 describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you
1239 need them.
1240
1241 Read the Common Problems chapter if Emacs does not seem to be
1242 working properly. It explains how to cope with several common
1243 problems (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs
1244 bugs (@pxref{Bugs}).
1245
1246 To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index.
1247 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes.
1248 There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.
1249
1250 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file.
1251 The Info file is for use with the Info program, which is the principal
1252 means of accessing on-line documentation in the GNU system. Both the
1253 Emacs Info file and an Info reader are included with GNU Emacs. The
1254 Info file and the printed book contain substantially the same text and
1255 are generated from the same source files, which are also distributed
1256 with GNU Emacs.
1257
1258 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many
1259 Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For
1260 information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons
1261 learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible,
1262 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from
1263 @url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}.
1264
1265 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs
1266 installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on
1267 MS-DOS (also called MS-DOG), Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems.
1268 Those systems use different file name syntax; in addition
1269 MS-DOS does not support all GNU Emacs features. @xref{Microsoft
1270 Windows}, for information about using Emacs on Windows.
1271 @xref{Mac OS / GNUstep}, for information about using Emacs on
1272 Macintosh (and GNUstep).
1273 @end iftex
1274
1275 @node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top
1276 @unnumbered Distribution
1277
1278 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to
1279 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs
1280 is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are
1281 restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed
1282 to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do.
1283 What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing
1284 any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise
1285 conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with
1286 Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself
1287 covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (see the reverse title
1288 page in the printed manual or view the full source for online formats
1289 to see the precise conditions). This license is similar in spirit to
1290 the General Public License, but is more suitable for documentation.
1291 @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}. @xref{Copying}.
1292
1293 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it.
1294 You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else;
1295 just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the
1296 latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see
1297 @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more
1298 information.
1299
1300 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer
1301 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to
1302 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources,
1303 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to
1304 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the
1305 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you
1306 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.
1307
1308 @c FIXME no longer true?
1309 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software
1310 Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is
1311 also a good way to help fund our work. We also sell hardcopy versions
1312 of this manual and @cite{An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp},
1313 by Robert J. Chassell. You can visit our online store at
1314 @url{http://shop.fsf.org/}. For further information,
1315 write to
1316
1317 @display
1318 Free Software Foundation
1319 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
1320 Boston, MA 02110-1301
1321 USA
1322 @end display
1323
1324 The income from sales goes to support the foundation's purpose: the
1325 development of new free software, and improvements to our existing
1326 programs including GNU Emacs.
1327
1328 @c FIXME you can't order a CD any more.
1329 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the
1330 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free
1331 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs
1332 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If
1333 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you
1334 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation
1335 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates.
1336
1337 @iftex
1338 @node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top
1339 @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments
1340
1341 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Jari Aalto, Per Abrahamsen, Tomas
1342 Abrahamsson, Jay K.@: Adams, Michael Albinus, Nagy Andras, Ralf Angeli,
1343 Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Juanma Barranquero, Eli
1344 Barzilay, Thomas Baumann, Steven L.@: Baur, Jay Belanger, Alexander L.@:
1345 Belikoff, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Karl Berry, Anna M.@: Bigatti, Ray Blaak, Jim
1346 Blandy, Johan Bockg@aa{}rd, Lennart Borgman, Per Bothner, Terrence
1347 Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel Briot, Kevin Broadey,
1348 Vincent Broman, David M.@: Brown, Georges Brun-Cottan, Joe Buehler,
1349 W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill Carpenter, Per Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chong
1350 Yidong, Chris Chase, Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi, Sacha Chua, James Clark,
1351 Mike Clarkson, Glynn Clements, Daniel Colascione, Andrew Csillag, Baoqiu
1352 Cui, Doug Cutting, Mathias Dahl, Satyaki Das, Vivek Dasmohapatra,
1353 Michael DeCorte, Gary Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan Dj@"{a}rv,
1354 Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, Dmitry
1355 Dzhus, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Paul Eggert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn
1356 Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata
1357 Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach, Oscar Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel,
1358 Gary Foster, Romain Francoise, Noah Friedman, Andreas Fuchs, Hallvard
1359 Furuseth, Keith Gabryelski, Peter S.@: Galbraith, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin
1360 Gallo, Juan Le@'{o}n Lahoz Garc@'{@dotless{i}}a, Howard Gayle, Daniel
1361 German, Stephen Gildea, Julien Gilles, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein,
1362 Deepak Goel, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai
1363 Gro@ss{}johann, Michael Gschwind, Bastien Guerry, Henry Guillaume, Doug
1364 Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Lars Hansen, Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John
1365 Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan, Jesper Harder, Magnus Henoch, Markus
1366 Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Jeffrey C.@:
1367 Honig, Tassilo Horn, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Joakim Hove, Denis Howe,
1368 Lars Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Philip Jackson, Pavel
1369 Janik, Paul Jarc, Ulf Jasper, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry
1370 Jones, Simon Josefsson, Arne J@o{}rgensen, Tomoji Kagatani, Brewster
1371 Kahle, Tokuya Kameshima, Lute Kamstra, David Kastrup, David Kaufman,
1372 Henry Kautz, Taichi Kawabata, Howard Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King,
1373 Peter Kleiweg, Shuhei Kobayashi, Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney,
1374 David M.@: Koppelman, Koseki Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian
1375 Kremer, Ryszard Kubiak, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte,
1376 Karl Landstrom, Mario Lang, Aaron Larson, James R.@: Larus,
1377 Vinicius Jose Latorre, Werner Lemberg, Frederic Lepied, Peter
1378 Liljenberg, Lars Lindberg, Chris Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link,
1379 Juri Linkov, Francis Litterio, Emilio C. Lopes, K@'{a}roly L@H{o}rentey,
1380 Dave Love, Sascha L@"{u}decke, Eric Ludlam, Alan Mackenzie, Christopher
1381 J.@: Madsen, Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick,
1382 Simon Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland
1383 McGrath, Will Mengarini, David Megginson, Ben A. Mesander, Wayne Mesard,
1384 Brad Miller, Lawrence Mitchell, Richard Mlynarik, Gerd Moellmann, Stefan
1385 Monnier, Morioka Tomohiko, Keith Moore, Jan Moringen, Glenn Morris,
1386 Diane Murray, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen,
1387 Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan Nicolaescu, Hrvoje Niksic, Jeff
1388 Norden, Andrew Norman, Alexandre Oliva, Bob Olson, Michael Olson,
1389 Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit, Ross Patterson, David Pearson,
1390 Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William M.@: Perry, Per
1391 Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard L.@: Pieri, Fred
1392 Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco A.@: Potorti,
1393 Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Ken Raeburn, Marko Rahamaa, Ashwin
1394 Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Alex Rezinsky,
1395 Rob Riepel, David Reitter, Adrian Robert, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@:
1396 Roberts, John Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, Sebastian Rose, William
1397 Rosenblatt, Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Martin Rudalics, Ivar Rummelhoff,
1398 Jason Rumney, Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko
1399 Sato, Jorgen Schaefer, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph
1400 Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe
1401 Schnoebelen, Jan Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Raymond
1402 Scholz, Eric Schulte, Andreas Schwab, Randal Schwartz, Oliver Seidel,
1403 Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav Shalunov, Marc Shapiro, Richard
1404 Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris
1405 Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith, Andre Spiegel, Michael Staats,
1406 William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Reiner Steib, Sam Steingold, Ake
1407 Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken Stevens, Andy Stewart, Jonathan
1408 Stigelman, Martin Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve Strassman, Olaf
1409 Sylvester, Naoto Takahashi, Steven Tamm, Jean-Philippe Theberge, Jens
1410 T.@: Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Luc Teirlinck,
1411 David O'Toole, Tom Tromey, Enami Tsugutomo, Eli Tziperman, Daiki Ueno,
1412 Masanobu Umeda, Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier Verna,
1413 Joakim Verona, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge
1414 Wallin, John Paul Wallington, Colin Walters, Barry Warsaw, Morten
1415 Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson,
1416 Mike Williams, Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood, Dale R.@: Worley, Francis
1417 J.@: Wright, Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Katsumi Yamaoka, Yamamoto
1418 Mitsuharu, Masatake Yamato, Jonathan Yavner, Ryan Yeske, Ilya
1419 Zakharevich, Milan Zamazal, Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski,
1420 Shenghuo Zhu, Piotr Zielinski, Ian T.@: Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann,
1421 Neal Ziring, Teodor Zlatanov, and Detlev Zundel.
1422 @end iftex
1423
1424 @node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top
1425 @unnumbered Introduction
1426
1427 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the
1428 advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible editor Emacs.
1429 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.)
1430
1431 We call Emacs @dfn{advanced} because it can do much more than simple
1432 insertion and deletion of text. It can control subprocesses, indent
1433 programs automatically, show multiple files at once, and more.
1434 Emacs editing commands operate in terms of characters, words, lines,
1435 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments
1436 in various programming languages.
1437
1438 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can use special
1439 commands, known as @dfn{help commands}, to find out what your options
1440 are, or to find out what any command does, or to find all the
1441 commands that pertain to a given topic. @xref{Help}.
1442
1443 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can easily alter the behavior of
1444 Emacs commands in simple ways. For instance, if you use a programming
1445 language in which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with
1446 @samp{**>}, you can tell the Emacs comment manipulation commands to
1447 use those strings (@pxref{Comments}). To take another example, you
1448 can rebind the basic cursor motion commands (up, down, left and right)
1449 to any keys on the keyboard that you find comfortable.
1450 @xref{Customization}.
1451
1452 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization
1453 and create entirely new commands. New commands are simply programs
1454 written in the Lisp language, which are run by Emacs's own Lisp
1455 interpreter. Existing commands can even be redefined in the middle of
1456 an editing session, without having to restart Emacs. Most of the
1457 editing commands in Emacs are written in Lisp; the few exceptions
1458 could have been written in Lisp but use C instead for efficiency.
1459 Writing an extension is programming, but non-programmers can use it
1460 afterwards. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An
1461 Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs
1462 Lisp programming.
1463
1464 @include screen.texi
1465 @include commands.texi
1466 @include entering.texi
1467 @include basic.texi
1468 @include mini.texi
1469 @include m-x.texi
1470 @include help.texi
1471 @include mark.texi
1472 @include killing.texi
1473 @include regs.texi
1474 @include display.texi
1475 @include search.texi
1476 @include fixit.texi
1477 @include kmacro.texi
1478 @c Includes arevert-xtra.
1479 @include files.texi
1480 @include buffers.texi
1481 @include windows.texi
1482 @include frames.texi
1483 @include mule.texi
1484 @include major.texi
1485 @include indent.texi
1486 @include text.texi
1487 @c Includes fortran-xtra.
1488 @include programs.texi
1489 @include building.texi
1490 @c Includes vc1-xtra, emerge-xtra.
1491 @include maintaining.texi
1492 @include abbrevs.texi
1493 @ifnottex
1494 @include picture-xtra.texi
1495 @end ifnottex
1496 @include sending.texi
1497 @include rmail.texi
1498 @c Includes dired-xtra.
1499 @include dired.texi
1500 @c Includes cal-xtra.
1501 @include calendar.texi
1502 @include misc.texi
1503 @include custom.texi
1504 @include trouble.texi
1505
1506 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top
1507 @appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
1508 @include gpl.texi
1509
1510 @node GNU Free Documentation License, Emacs Invocation, Copying, Top
1511 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License
1512 @include doclicense.texi
1513
1514 @include cmdargs.texi
1515 @include xresources.texi
1516
1517 @include anti.texi
1518 @include macos.texi
1519 @c Includes msdog-xtra.
1520 @include msdog.texi
1521 @include gnu.texi
1522 @include glossary.texi
1523 @ifnottex
1524 @include ack.texi
1525 @end ifnottex
1526
1527 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version,
1528 @c because the index entries related to command-line options
1529 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash.
1530 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are
1531 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below.
1532 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that
1533 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line.
1534 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons.
1535
1536 @iftex
1537 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top
1538 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index
1539 @printindex ky
1540 @end iftex
1541
1542 @ifnottex
1543 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top
1544 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index
1545 @printindex ky
1546
1547 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top
1548 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index
1549 @printindex op
1550
1551 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top
1552 @unnumbered Command and Function Index
1553 @printindex fn
1554 @end ifnottex
1555
1556 @iftex
1557 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top
1558 @unnumbered Command and Function Index
1559 @printindex fn
1560 @end iftex
1561
1562 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top
1563 @unnumbered Variable Index
1564 @printindex vr
1565
1566 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top
1567 @unnumbered Concept Index
1568 @printindex cp
1569
1570 @bye
1571
1572 @ignore
1573 arch-tag: ed48740a-410b-46ea-9387-c9a9252a3392
1574 @end ignore