etc/emacs.1

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  22 '\" t
  23 .TH EMACS 1 "2007 April 13" "GNU Emacs 22.1"
  24 .
  25 .
  26 .SH NAME
  27 emacs \- GNU project Emacs
  28 .
  29 .
  30 .SH SYNOPSIS
  31 .B emacs
  32 [
  33 .I command-line switches
  34 ] [
  35 .I files ...\&
  36 ]
  37 .
  38 .
  39 .SH DESCRIPTION
  40 .I GNU Emacs
  41 is a version of
  42 .IR Emacs ,
  43 written by the author of the original (PDP-10)
  44 .IR Emacs ,
  45 Richard Stallman.
  46 .br
  47 The primary documentation of GNU Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual,
  48 which you can read using Info, either from Emacs or as a standalone
  49 program.
  50 Please look there for complete and up-to-date documentation.
  51 This man page is updated only when someone volunteers to do so; the
  52 Emacs maintainers' priority goal is to minimize the amount of time
  53 this man page takes away from other more useful projects.
  54 .br
  55 The user functionality of GNU Emacs encompasses
  56 everything other
  57 .I Emacs
  58 editors do, and it is easily extensible since its
  59 editing commands are written in Lisp.
  60 .PP
  61 .I Emacs
  62 has an extensive interactive help facility,
  63 but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate
  64 .I Emacs
  65 windows and buffers.
  66 CTRL-h or F1 enters the Help facility.
  67 Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) starts an interactive tutorial which can
  68 teach beginners the fundamentals of
  69 .I Emacs
  70 in a few minutes.
  71 Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you
  72 find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c)
  73 describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f)
  74 describes a given Lisp function specified by name.
  75 .PP
  76 .IR Emacs 's
  77 Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is
  78 easy to recover from editing mistakes.
  79 .PP
  80 .IR "GNU Emacs" 's
  81 many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail),
  82 outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells
  83 within
  84 .I Emacs
  85 windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop
  86 (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), automated psychotherapy (Doctor), and much more.
  87 .PP
  88 There is an extensive reference manual, but
  89 users of other Emacses
  90 should have little trouble adapting even
  91 without a copy.
  92 Users new to
  93 .I Emacs
  94 will be able
  95 to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and
  96 using the self-documentation features.
  97 .
  98 .SS Emacs Options
  99 The following options are of general interest:
 100 .RS
 101 .TP 8
 102 .I file
 103 Edit
 104 .IR file .
 105 .TP
 106 .BI \-\-file " file\fR,\fP " \-\-find-file " file\fR,\fP " \-\-visit " file"
 107 The same as specifying
 108 .I file
 109 directly as an argument.
 110 .TP
 111 .BI + number
 112 Go to the line specified by
 113 .I number
 114 (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and
 115 the number).
 116 This applies only to the next file specified.
 117 .TP
 118 .BI + line:column
 119 Go to the specified
 120 .I line
 121 and
 122 .IR column .
 123 .TP
 124 .BR \-q ", " \-\-no\-init\-file
 125 Do not load an init file.
 126 .TP
 127 .B \-\-no\-site\-file
 128 Do not load the site-wide startup file.
 129 .TP
 130 .B \-\-no\-desktop
 131 Do not load a saved desktop.
 132 .TP
 133 .BR \-nl ", " \-\-no\-shared\-memory
 134 Do not use shared memory.
 135 .TP
 136 .BR \-Q ", " \-\-quick
 137 Equivalent to "\-q \-\-no\-site\-file \-\-no\-splash".
 138 .TP
 139 .B \-\-no\-splash
 140 Do not display a splash screen during start-up.
 141 .TP
 142 .B \-\-debug\-init
 143 Enable
 144 .I Emacs
 145 Lisp debugger during the processing of the user init file
 146 .BR ~/.emacs .
 147 This is useful for debugging problems in the init file.
 148 .TP
 149 .BI \-u " user\fR,\fP " \-\-user " user"
 150 Load
 151 .IR user 's
 152 init file.
 153 .TP
 154 .BI \-t " file\fR,\fP " \-\-terminal " file"
 155 Use specified
 156 .I file
 157 as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout.
 158 This must be the first argument specified in the command line.
 159 .TP
 160 .BR \-\-multibyte ", " \-\-no-unibyte
 161 Enable multibyte mode (enabled by default).
 162 .TP
 163 .BR \-\-unibyte ", " \-\-no-multibyte
 164 Enable unibyte mode.
 165 .TP
 166 .B \-\-version
 167 Display
 168 .I Emacs
 169 version information and exit.
 170 .TP
 171 .B \-\-help
 172 Display this help and exit.
 173 .RE
 174 .PP
 175 The following options are lisp-oriented
 176 (these options are processed in the order encountered):
 177 .RS
 178 .TP 8
 179 .BI \-f " function\fR,\fP " \-\-funcall " function"
 180 Execute the lisp function
 181 .IR function .
 182 .TP
 183 .BI \-l " file\fR,\fP " \-\-load " file"
 184 Load the lisp code in the file
 185 .IR file .
 186 .TP
 187 .BI \-\-eval " expr\fR,\fP " \-\-execute " expr"
 188 Evaluate the Lisp expression
 189 .IR expr .
 190 .RE
 191 .PP
 192 The following options are useful when running
 193 .I Emacs
 194 as a batch editor:
 195 .RS
 196 .TP 8
 197 .B \-\-batch
 198 Edit in batch mode.
 199 The editor will send messages to stderr.
 200 This option must be the first in the argument list.
 201 You must use \-l and \-f options to specify files to execute
 202 and functions to call.
 203 .TP
 204 .BI \-\-script " file"
 205 Run
 206 .I file
 207 as an Emacs Lisp script.
 208 .TP
 209 .BI \-\-insert " file"
 210 Insert contents of
 211 .I file
 212 into the current buffer.
 213 .TP
 214 .B \-\-kill
 215 Exit
 216 .I Emacs
 217 while in batch mode.
 218 .TP
 219 .BI \-L " dir\fR,\fP " \-\-directory " dir"
 220 Add
 221 .I dir
 222 to the list of directories
 223 .I Emacs
 224 searches for Lisp files.
 225 .RE
 226 .
 227 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
 228 .SS Using Emacs with X
 229 .I Emacs
 230 has been tailored to work well with the X window system.
 231 If you run
 232 .I Emacs
 233 from under X windows, it will create its own X window to
 234 display in.
 235 You will probably want to start the editor as a background
 236 process so that you can continue using your original window.
 237 .PP
 238 .I Emacs
 239 can be started with the following X switches:
 240 .RS
 241 .TP 8
 242 .BI \-\-name " name"
 243 Specify the name which should be assigned to the initial
 244 .I Emacs
 245 window.
 246 This controls looking up X resources as well as the window title.
 247 .TP
 248 .BI \-T " name\fR,\fP " \-\-title " name"
 249 Specify the title for the initial X window.
 250 .TP
 251 .BR \-r ", " \-rv ", " \-\-reverse\-video
 252 Display the
 253 .I Emacs
 254 window in reverse video.
 255 .TP
 256 .BI \-fn " font\fR,\fP " \-\-font " font"
 257 Set the
 258 .I Emacs
 259 window's font to that specified by
 260 .IR font .
 261 You will find the various
 262 .I X
 263 fonts in the
 264 .I /usr/lib/X11/fonts
 265 directory.
 266 Note that
 267 .I Emacs
 268 will only accept fixed width fonts.
 269 Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the
 270 value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed
 271 width font.
 272 Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form
 273 .IR width x height
 274 are generally fixed width, as is the font
 275 .IR fixed .
 276 See
 277 .BR xlsfonts (1)
 278 for more information.
 279
 280 When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the
 281 switch and the font name.
 282 .TP
 283 .BI \-\-xrm " resources"
 284 Set additional X resources.
 285 .TP
 286 .BI "\-\-color\fR,\fP \-\-color=" mode
 287 Override color mode for character terminals;
 288 .I mode
 289 defaults to `auto', and can also be `never', `auto', `always',
 290 or a mode name like `ansi8'.
 291 .TP
 292 .BI \-bw " pixels\fR,\fP " \-\-border\-width " pixels"
 293 Set the
 294 .I Emacs
 295 window's border width to the number of pixels specified by
 296 .IR pixels .
 297 Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window.
 298 .TP
 299 .BI \-ib " pixels\fR,\fP " \-\-internal\-border " pixels"
 300 Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified
 301 by
 302 .IR pixels .
 303 Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window.
 304 .TP
 305 .BI \-g " geometry\fR,\fP " \-\-geometry " geometry"
 306 Set the
 307 .I Emacs
 308 window's width, height, and position as specified.
 309 The geometry specification is in the standard X format; see
 310 .BR X (7)
 311 for more information.
 312 The width and height are specified in characters; the default is
 313 80 by 24.
 314 See the Emacs manual, section "Options for Window Size and Position",
 315 for information on how window sizes interact
 316 with selecting or deselecting the tool bar and menu bar.
 317 .TP
 318 .BI \-lsp " pixels\fR,\fP " \-\-line\-spacing " pixels"
 319 Additional space to put between lines.
 320 .TP
 321 .BR \-vb ", " \-\-vertical\-scroll\-bars
 322 Enable vertical scrollbars.
 323 .TP
 324 .BR \-fh ", " \-\-fullheight
 325 Make the first frame as high as the screen.
 326 .TP
 327 .BR \-fs ", " \-\-fullscreen
 328 Make the first frame fullscreen.
 329 .TP
 330 .BR \-fw ", " \-\-fullwidth
 331 Make the first frame as wide as the screen.
 332 .TP
 333 .BI \-fg " color\fR,\fP " \-\-foreground\-color " color"
 334 On color displays, set the color of the text.
 335
 336 Use the command
 337 .I M\-x list\-colors\-display
 338 for a list of valid color names.
 339 .TP
 340 .BI \-bg " color\fR,\fP " \-\-background\-color " color"
 341 On color displays, set the color of the window's background.
 342 .TP
 343 .BI \-bd " color\fR,\fP " \-\-border\-color " color"
 344 On color displays, set the color of the window's border.
 345 .TP
 346 .BI \-cr " color\fR,\fP " \-\-cursor\-color " color"
 347 On color displays, set the color of the window's text cursor.
 348 .TP
 349 .BI \-ms " color\fR,\fP " \-\-mouse\-color " color"
 350 On color displays, set the color of the window's mouse cursor.
 351 .TP
 352 .BI \-d " displayname\fR,\fP " \-\-display " displayname"
 353 Create the
 354 .I Emacs
 355 window on the display specified by
 356 .IR displayname .
 357 Must be the first option specified in the command line.
 358 .TP
 359 .BR \-nbi ", " \-\-no\-bitmap\-icon
 360 Do not use picture of gnu for Emacs icon.
 361 .TP
 362 .B \-\-iconic
 363 Start
 364 .I Emacs
 365 in iconified state.
 366 .TP
 367 .BR \-nbc ", " \-\-no\-blinking\-cursor
 368 Disable blinking cursor.
 369 .TP
 370 .BR \-nw ", " \-\-no\-window\-system
 371 Tell
 372 .I Emacs
 373 not to use its special interface to X.
 374 If you use this switch when invoking
 375 .I Emacs
 376 from an
 377 .BR xterm (1)
 378 window, display is done in that window.
 379 .TP
 380 .BR \-D ", " \-\-basic\-display
 381 This option disables many display features; use it for
 382 debugging Emacs.
 383 .RE
 384 .PP
 385 You can set
 386 .I X
 387 default values for your
 388 .I Emacs
 389 windows in your
 390 .I \.Xresources
 391 file (see
 392 .BR xrdb (1)).
 393 Use the following format:
 394 .IP
 395 .RI emacs. keyword : value
 396 .PP
 397 where
 398 .I value
 399 specifies the default value of
 400 .IR keyword .
 401 .I Emacs
 402 lets you set default values for the following keywords:
 403 .RS
 404 .TP 8
 405 .BR background " (class " Background )
 406 For color displays,
 407 sets the window's background color.
 408 .TP
 409 .BR bitmapIcon " (class " BitmapIcon )
 410 If
 411 .BR bitmapIcon 's
 412 value is set to
 413 .IR on ,
 414 the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink."
 415 .TP
 416 .BR borderColor " (class " BorderColor )
 417 For color displays,
 418 sets the color of the window's border.
 419 .TP
 420 .BR borderWidth " (class " BorderWidth )
 421 Sets the window's border width in pixels.
 422 .TP
 423 .BR cursorColor " (class " Foreground )
 424 For color displays,
 425 sets the color of the window's text cursor.
 426 .TP
 427 .BR cursorBlink " (class " CursorBlink )
 428 Specifies whether to make the cursor blink.
 429 The default is
 430 .IR on .
 431 Use
 432 .I off
 433 or
 434 .I false
 435 to turn cursor blinking off.
 436 .TP
 437 .BR font " (class " Font )
 438 Sets the window's text font.
 439 .TP
 440 .BR foreground " (class " Foreground )
 441 For color displays,
 442 sets the window's text color.
 443 .TP
 444 .BR fullscreen " (class " Fullscreen )
 445 The desired fullscreen size.
 446 The value can be one of
 447 .IR fullboth ,
 448 .IR fullwidth ,
 449 or
 450 .IR fullheight ,
 451 which correspond to the command-line options `\-fs', `\-fw', and
 452 `\-fh', respectively.
 453 Note that this applies to the initial frame only.
 454 .TP
 455 .BR geometry " (class " Geometry )
 456 Sets the geometry of the
 457 .I Emacs
 458 window (as described above).
 459 .TP
 460 .BR iconName " (class " Title )
 461 Sets the icon name for the
 462 .I Emacs
 463 window icon.
 464 .TP
 465 .BR internalBorder " (class " BorderWidth )
 466 Sets the window's internal border width in pixels.
 467 .TP
 468 .BR lineSpacing " (class " LineSpacing )
 469 Additional space ("leading") between lines, in pixels.
 470 .TP
 471 .BR menuBar " (class " MenuBar )
 472 Gives frames menu bars if
 473 .IR on ;
 474 don't have menu bars if
 475 .IR off .
 476 See the Emacs manual, sections "Lucid Resources" and "LessTif
 477 Resources", for how to control the appearance of the menu bar
 478 if you have one.
 479 .TP
 480 .BR minibuffer " (class " Minibuffer )
 481 If
 482 .IR none ,
 483 don't make a minibuffer in this frame.
 484 It will use a separate minibuffer frame instead.
 485 .TP
 486 .BR paneFont " (class " Font )
 487 Font name for menu pane titles, in non-toolkit versions of
 488 .IR Emacs .
 489 .TP
 490 .BR pointerColor " (class " Foreground )
 491 For color displays,
 492 sets the color of the window's mouse cursor.
 493 .TP
 494 .BR privateColormap " (class " PrivateColormap )
 495 If
 496 .IR on ,
 497 use a private color map, in the case where the "default
 498 visual" of class
 499 .B PseudoColor
 500 and
 501 .B Emacs
 502 is using it.
 503 .TP
 504 .BR reverseVideo " (class " ReverseVideo )
 505 If
 506 .BR reverseVideo 's
 507 value is set to
 508 .IR on ,
 509 the window will be displayed in reverse video.
 510 .TP
 511 .BR screenGamma " (class "ScreenGamma )
 512 Gamma correction for colors, equivalent to the frame parameter
 513 `screen\-gamma'.
 514 .TP
 515 .BR scrollBarWidth " (class "ScrollBarWidth )
 516 The scroll bar width in pixels, equivalent to the frame parameter
 517 `scroll\-bar\-width'.
 518 .TP
 519 .BR selectionFont " (class " SelectionFont )
 520 Font name for pop-up menu items, in non-toolkit versions of
 521 .IR Emacs .
 522 (For toolkit versions, see the Emacs manual, sections
 523 "Lucid Resources" and "LessTif Resources".)
 524 .TP
 525 .BR selectionTimeout " (class " SelectionTimeout )
 526 Number of milliseconds to wait for a selection reply.
 527 A value of 0 means wait as long as necessary.
 528 .TP
 529 .BR synchronous " (class " Synchronous )
 530 Run Emacs in synchronous mode if
 531 .IR on .
 532 Synchronous mode is useful for debugging X problems.
 533 .TP
 534 .BR title " (class " Title )
 535 Sets the title of the
 536 .I Emacs
 537 window.
 538 .TP
 539 .BR toolBar " (class " ToolBar )
 540 Number of lines to reserve for the tool bar.
 541 .TP
 542 .BR useXIM " (class " UseXIM )
 543 Turns off use of X input methods (XIM) if
 544 .I false
 545 or
 546 .IR off .
 547 .TP
 548 .BR verticalScrollBars " (class " ScrollBars )
 549 Gives frames scroll bars if
 550 .IR on ;
 551 suppresses scroll bars if
 552 .IR off .
 553 .TP
 554 .BR visualClass " (class " VisualClass )
 555 Specify the "visual" that X should use.
 556 This tells X how to handle colors.
 557 The value should start with one of
 558 .IR TrueColor ,
 559 .IR PseudoColor ,
 560 .IR DirectColor ,
 561 .IR StaticColor ,
 562 .IR GrayScale ,
 563 and
 564 .IR StaticGray ,
 565 followed by
 566 .BI \- depth\fR,\fP
 567 where
 568 .I depth
 569 is the number of color planes.
 570 .RE
 571 .PP
 572 If you try to set color values while using a black and white display,
 573 the window's characteristics will default as follows:
 574 the foreground color will be set to black,
 575 the background color will be set to white,
 576 the border color will be set to grey,
 577 and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black.
 578 .
 579 .SS Using the Mouse
 580 .PP
 581 The following lists some of the mouse button bindings for the
 582 .I Emacs
 583 window under X11.
 584 .
 585 .RS
 586 .TS
 587 l l
 588 - -
 589 l l.
 590 MOUSE BUTTON    FUNCTION
 591 left    Set point.
 592 middle  Paste text.
 593 right   Cut text into X cut buffer.
 594 SHIFT-middle    Cut text into X cut buffer.
 595 SHIFT-right     Paste text.
 596 CTRL-middle     Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it.
 597 CTRL-right      T{
 598 Select this window, then split it into two windows.
 599 Same as typing CTRL\-x 2.
 600 T}
 601 .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS
 602 CTRL-SHIFT-left T{
 603 X buffer menu \(em hold the buttons and keys
 604 down, wait for menu to appear, select buffer, and release.
 605 Move mouse out of menu and release to cancel.
 606 T}
 607 CTRL-SHIFT-middle       T{
 608 X help menu \(em pop up index card menu for Emacs help.
 609 T}
 610 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS
 611 CTRL-SHIFT-right        T{
 612 Select window with mouse, and delete all other windows.
 613 Same as typing CTRL\-x 1.
 614 T}
 615 .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X
 616 .TE
 617 .RE
 618 .
 619 .
 620 .SH MANUALS
 621 You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free
 622 Software Foundation, which develops GNU software.
 623 See the file ORDERS for ordering information.
 624 .br
 625 Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available.
 626 As with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted
 627 to make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual.
 628 The TeX source to the manual is also included in the Emacs source
 629 distribution.
 630 .
 631 .
 632 .SH FILES
 633 /usr/local/share/info \(em files for the Info documentation browser.
 634 The complete text of the Emacs reference manual is included in a
 635 convenient tree structured form.
 636 Also includes the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, useful to anyone
 637 wishing to write programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language.
 638
 639 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp \(em Lisp source files and
 640 compiled files that define most editing commands.
 641 Some are preloaded; others are autoloaded from this directory when
 642 used.
 643
 644 /usr/local/libexec/emacs/$VERSION/$ARCH \(em various programs that are
 645 used with GNU Emacs.
 646
 647 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc \(em various files of information.
 648
 649 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* \(em contains the documentation
 650 strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions
 651 of GNU Emacs.
 652 They are stored here to reduce the size of Emacs proper.
 653
 654 /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering
 655 various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education,
 656 troubleshooting, porting and customization.
 657 .
 658 .
 659 .SH BUGS
 660 There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org, for reporting Emacs
 661 bugs and fixes.
 662 But before reporting something as a bug, please try to be sure that
 663 it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a deliberate feature.
 664 We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs Bugs'' near the
 665 end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints on how and
 666 when to report bugs.
 667 Also, include the version number of the Emacs you are running in
 668 \fIevery\fR bug report that you send in.
 669
 670 Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report.
 671 The purpose of reporting bugs is to get them fixed for everyone
 672 in the next release, if possible.
 673 For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for
 674 a list of people who offer it.
 675
 676 Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list.
 677 For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the
 678 file /usr/local/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS.
 679 Bugs tend actually to be fixed if they can be isolated, so it is
 680 in your interest to report them in such a way that they can be
 681 easily reproduced.
 682 .
 683 .
 684 .SH UNRESTRICTIONS
 685 .I Emacs
 686 is free; anyone may redistribute copies of
 687 .I Emacs
 688 to
 689 anyone under the terms stated in the
 690 .I Emacs
 691 General Public License,
 692 a copy of which accompanies each copy of
 693 .I Emacs
 694 and which also
 695 appears in the reference manual.
 696 .PP
 697 Copies of
 698 .I Emacs
 699 may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems,
 700 but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those
 701 systems.
 702 Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution is permitted.
 703 In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public License is to
 704 prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions to
 705 redistribution of
 706 .IR Emacs .
 707 .PP
 708 Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend
 709 .IR Emacs ,
 710 and urges that
 711 you contribute your extensions to the GNU library.
 712 Eventually GNU (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement
 713 for Unix.
 714 Everyone will be free to use, copy, study and change the GNU system.
 715 .
 716 .
 717 .SH SEE ALSO
 718 .BR emacsclient (1),
 719 .BR etags (1),
 720 .BR X (7),
 721 .BR xlsfonts (1),
 722 .BR xterm (1),
 723 .BR xrdb (1)
 724 .
 725 .
 726 .SH AUTHORS
 727 .I Emacs
 728 was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation.
 729 Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features.
 730 .
 731 .
 732 .SH COPYING
 733 Copyright
 734 .if t \(co
 735 .if n (C)
 736 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
 737       2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 738 .PP
 739 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
 740 document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
 741 preserved on all copies.
 742 .PP
 743 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
 744 this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
 745 the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of
 746 a permission notice identical to this one.
 747 .PP
 748 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
 749 document into another language, under the above conditions for
 750 modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated
 751 in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.
 752 .
 753 .\" arch-tag: 04dfd376-b46e-4924-919a-cecc3b257eaa