3 @setfilename ../../info/emacs
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual
6 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file
11 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},@*
12 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
14 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997,
15 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
16 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
19 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
20 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
21 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
22 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and
23 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
24 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
25 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
28 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
29 modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
30 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
36 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor.
39 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
40 @c copy of this manual that will be published. The manual should go
41 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
48 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to
49 @c save on paper cost.
50 @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain.
55 \global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale
56 \global\let\linkcolor=\Black
58 \global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes
67 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual
72 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual}
74 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}.
76 @center Richard Stallman
78 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
82 Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
83 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @*
84 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA @*
88 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
98 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir)
101 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
102 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and
103 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version
107 To learn more about the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h}, and
108 Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the Info
112 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
113 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
117 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity
118 and to avoid conflicts.
121 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
127 Shell Command History
129 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items
131 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs
132 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer.
136 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
137 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission
138 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms;
139 it also explains that there is no warranty.
140 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
141 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts.
142 * Glossary:: Terms used in this manual.
143 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 21.
144 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac.
145 * Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS.
146 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
147 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs.
149 Indexes (each index contains a large menu)
150 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
151 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option.
152 * Command Index:: An item for each command name.
153 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable.
154 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept.
156 Important General Concepts
157 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen.
158 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons,
160 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one
162 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
163 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell.
164 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs.
165 * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options.
167 Fundamental Editing Commands
168 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands.
169 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for.
170 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names.
171 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.
173 Important Text-Changing Commands
174 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text.
175 * Killing:: Killing (cutting) text.
176 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.)
177 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text.
178 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
179 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
180 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed.
181 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
182 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
183 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of
184 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
186 Major Structures of Emacs
187 * Files:: All about handling files.
188 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
189 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once.
190 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows.
191 * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets (the MULE features).
194 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
195 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
196 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English.
197 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs.
198 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs.
199 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs.
200 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce
201 the number of characters you must type.
203 * Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters using
204 the quarter-plane screen model.
206 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs.
207 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs.
208 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it.
209 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities.
210 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs.
211 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs.
212 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc.
213 * Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions.
214 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
215 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion
217 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them
218 in side-by-side windows.
219 * Editing Binary Files::Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
220 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
221 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing
222 "within the command". This is called a
223 "recursive editing level".
224 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
225 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers.
226 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun.
227 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks.
228 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs.
229 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs.
231 Recovery from Problems
232 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting.
233 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
234 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug.
235 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
236 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs.
238 @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to
239 @c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In
240 @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the
241 @c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el.
244 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
245 ---------------------------------
247 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
248 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
250 The Organization of the Screen
252 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
253 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
254 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
255 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
257 Basic Editing Commands
259 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it.
260 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to
262 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
263 * Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
264 * Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files.
265 * Basic Help:: Asking what a character does.
266 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
267 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen.
268 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on?
269 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
270 * Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command.
274 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer.
275 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer.
276 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
277 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
278 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.
282 * Example: Completion Example. Examples of using completion.
283 * Commands: Completion Commands. A list of completion commands.
284 * Strict Completion:: Different types of completion.
285 * Options: Completion Options. Options for completion.
289 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands.
290 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs.
291 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name.
292 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
293 * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
294 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
295 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support.
296 * Misc Help:: Other help commands.
297 * Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files.
298 * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help')
300 The Mark and the Region
302 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark.
303 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units.
304 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
305 * Persistent Mark:: Keeping the mark active all the time.
306 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
307 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers.
309 Killing and Moving Text
311 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and
313 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
314 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
315 syntactic units such as words and sentences.
316 * CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} for copy
317 and paste, with enhanced rectangle support.
321 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking.
322 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together.
323 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago.
327 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers.
328 * RegText:: Saving text in registers.
329 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers.
330 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers.
331 * RegNumbers:: Numbers in registers.
332 * RegFiles:: File names in registers.
333 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.
335 Controlling the Display
337 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window.
338 * Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed.
339 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
340 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
341 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces.
342 * Standard Faces:: Emacs' predefined faces.
343 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
344 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
345 * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes.
346 * Displaying Boundaries:: Displaying top and bottom of the buffer.
347 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
348 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
349 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features.
350 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed.
351 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor.
352 * Line Truncation:: Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead
353 of continuing them to multiple screen lines.
354 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display.
356 Searching and Replacement
358 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string.
359 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search.
360 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words.
361 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp.
362 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions.
363 * Regexp Backslash:: Regular expression constructs starting with `\'.
364 * Regexp Example:: A complex regular expression explained.
365 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not.
366 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches.
367 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.
371 * Basic Isearch:: Basic incremental search commands.
372 * Repeat Isearch:: Searching for the same string again.
373 * Error in Isearch:: When your string is not found.
374 * Special Isearch:: Special input in incremental search.
375 * Non-ASCII Isearch:: How to search for non-ASCII characters.
376 * Isearch Yank:: Commands that grab text into the search string
377 or else edit the search string.
378 * Highlight Isearch:: Isearch highlights the other possible matches.
379 * Isearch Scroll:: Scrolling during an incremental search.
380 * Slow Isearch:: Incremental search features for slow terminals.
384 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string.
385 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp.
386 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters.
387 * Query Replace:: How to use querying.
389 Commands for Fixing Typos
391 * Undo:: Full details of Emacs undo commands.
392 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
393 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
394 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
395 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer.
399 * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
400 * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved.
401 * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros.
402 * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time.
403 * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
404 * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros.
405 * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard
410 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments.
411 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
412 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent.
413 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
414 * Autorevert:: Auto Reverting non-file buffers.
415 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
416 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file.
417 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS).
418 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
419 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
420 * Diff Mode:: Editing diff output.
421 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
422 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files.
423 * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files.
424 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites.
425 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names.
426 * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use.
427 * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files.
428 * Filesets:: Handling sets of files.
432 * Save Commands:: Commands for saving files.
433 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
434 * Customize Save:: Customizing the saving of files.
435 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
436 of one file by two users.
437 * File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically.
438 * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files.
442 * One or Many: Numbered Backups. Whether to make one backup file or many.
443 * Names: Backup Names. How backup files are named.
444 * Deletion: Backup Deletion. Emacs deletes excess numbered backups.
445 * Copying: Backup Copying. Backups can be made by copying or renaming.
447 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
449 * Files: Auto Save Files. The file where auto-saved changes are
450 actually made until you save the file.
451 * Control: Auto Save Control. Controlling when and how often to auto-save.
452 * Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files.
456 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general.
457 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status.
458 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control.
459 * Old Revisions:: Examining and comparing old revisions of files.
460 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently.
461 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development.
462 * Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers.
463 * Revision Tags:: Symbolic names for revisions
464 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC.
465 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior.
467 Using Multiple Buffers
469 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
470 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist.
471 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text.
472 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need.
473 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
474 and operate variously on several of them.
475 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
476 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for
481 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
482 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
483 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
484 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
485 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected
486 window rather than in another window.
487 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
488 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling.
490 Frames and Graphical Displays
492 * Cut and Paste:: Mouse commands for cut and paste.
493 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
494 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
495 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line.
496 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
497 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
498 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame.
499 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays.
500 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames.
501 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
502 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
503 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling.
504 * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text.
505 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
506 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
507 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes.
508 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text.
509 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
510 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
511 * Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text-only terminals.
513 International Character Set Support
515 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
516 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
517 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
518 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
519 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
520 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte.
521 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
522 write files, and so on.
523 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
524 * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly.
525 * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output.
526 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text.
527 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication.
528 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}.
529 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting
530 terminal input and output.
531 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
532 that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
533 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
534 * Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display.
535 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set
536 to use without multibyte characters.
537 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes.
541 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
545 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
546 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
547 indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
548 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces.
550 Commands for Human Languages
552 * Words:: Moving over and killing words.
553 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences.
554 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs.
555 * Pages:: Moving over pages.
556 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text.
557 * Case:: Changing the case of text.
558 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files.
559 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines.
560 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX.
561 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files.
562 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff.
563 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion.
564 * Text Based Tables:: Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion.
568 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
569 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled.
570 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
571 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented
572 or in a comment, etc.
573 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.
574 * Longlines:: Editing text with very long lines.
578 * Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like.
579 * Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through
581 * Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible.
582 * Views: Outline Views. Outlines and multiple views.
583 * Foldout:: Folding means zooming in on outlines.
587 * Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode.
588 * LaTeX: LaTeX Editing. Additional commands for LaTeX input files.
589 * Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX.
590 * Misc: TeX Misc. Customization of TeX mode, and related features.
592 Editing Formatted Text
594 * Requesting Formatted Text:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode.
595 * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines.
596 * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties.
597 * Faces: Format Faces. Bold, italic, underline, etc.
598 * Color: Format Colors. Changing the color of text.
599 * Indent: Format Indentation. Changing the left and right margins.
600 * Justification: Format Justification.
601 Centering, setting text flush with the
602 left or right margin, etc.
603 * Other: Format Properties. The "special" text properties submenu.
604 * Forcing Enriched Mode:: How to force use of Enriched mode.
606 Editing Text-based Tables
608 * Table Definition:: What is a text based table.
609 * Table Creation:: How to create a table.
610 * Table Recognition:: How to activate and deactivate tables.
611 * Cell Commands:: Cell-oriented commands in a table.
612 * Cell Justification:: Justifying cell contents.
613 * Row Commands:: Manipulating rows of table cell.
614 * Column Commands:: Manipulating columns of table cell.
615 * Fixed Width Mode:: Fixing cell width.
616 * Table Conversion:: Converting between plain text and tables.
617 * Measuring Tables:: Analyzing table dimension.
618 * Table Misc:: Table miscellany.
622 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs.
623 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts
625 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
626 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses.
627 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
628 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
629 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively.
630 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
631 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable.
632 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
633 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C,
634 Java, and Pike modes.
635 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features.
636 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features.
638 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns
640 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter
641 starts a defun if it is at the left margin.
642 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition.
643 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus.
644 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in.
646 Indentation for Programs
648 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line.
649 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once.
650 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
651 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes.
652 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes.
654 Commands for Editing with Parentheses
656 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses.
657 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across
658 in the structure of parentheses.
659 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
661 Manipulating Comments
663 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
664 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments.
665 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features.
669 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands
671 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands.
672 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc.
676 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc.
677 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
678 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command.
679 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
680 and other neat features.
682 Compiling and Testing Programs
684 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other
685 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
686 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors.
687 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly
688 for use in the compilation buffer.
689 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep.
690 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly.
691 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
692 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
693 with different facilities for running
695 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
696 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
697 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
698 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
700 Running Debuggers Under Emacs
702 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess.
703 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
704 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands.
705 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD.
706 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to
707 implement a graphical debugging environment through
710 Maintaining Large Programs
712 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program.
713 * Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like.
714 * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one
715 command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
716 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
720 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
721 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}.
722 * Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions.
723 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
724 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
725 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
726 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
730 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
731 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
732 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
733 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
734 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
735 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
736 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling.
741 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
742 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
743 after "self-inserting" characters.
744 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
745 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
750 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed.
751 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields.
752 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
753 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed.
754 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg.
755 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods.
757 Reading Mail with Rmail
759 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
760 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message.
761 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message.
762 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages.
763 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file.
764 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files.
765 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files.
766 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them.
767 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes.
768 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
769 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages.
770 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail.
771 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization.
772 * Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets.
773 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
774 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message.
775 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format.
776 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
777 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail.
778 * Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving Mail from Remote Mailboxes.
779 * Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving Mail from Local Mailboxes in
782 Dired, the Directory Editor
784 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired.
785 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer.
786 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired.
787 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
788 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired.
789 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
790 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
791 either one file or several files.
792 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
793 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
794 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired.
795 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
796 * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired.
797 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
798 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
799 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest.
800 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
801 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer.
802 * Image-Dired:: Viewing image thumbnails in Dired
803 * Misc Dired Features:: Various other features.
805 The Calendar and the Diary
807 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
808 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
809 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
810 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
811 * Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats.
812 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
813 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
814 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
815 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems.
816 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary.
817 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something.
818 * Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats.
819 * Daylight Saving:: How to specify when daylight saving time is active.
820 * Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals.
821 * Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization.
823 Movement in the Calendar
825 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
826 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
827 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another
830 Conversion To and From Other Calendars
832 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands
833 (aside from Gregorian).
834 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars.
835 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
836 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.
840 * Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
841 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary.
842 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates.
843 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries.
844 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.
848 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers.
849 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus.
850 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands.
852 Running Shell Commands from Emacs
854 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return.
855 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
856 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
857 * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts.
858 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
859 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory.
860 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode.
861 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator.
862 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode.
863 * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator.
864 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer.
865 * Serial Terminal:: Connecting to a serial port.
867 Using Emacs as a Server
869 * Invoking emacsclient:: Emacs client startup options.
873 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript.
874 * PostScript Variables:: Customizing the PostScript printing commands.
875 * Printing Package:: An optional advanced printing interface.
877 Hyperlinking and Navigation Features
879 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs.
880 * Goto-address:: Activating URLs.
881 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point.
885 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on
886 independently of any others.
887 * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change user options.
888 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
889 to decide what to do; by setting variables,
890 you can control their functioning.
891 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs.
892 By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
893 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and
894 expressions are parsed.
895 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the
900 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value.
901 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts
902 of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
903 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables.
904 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values.
906 Customizing Key Bindings
908 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap.
909 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys.
910 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
911 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
912 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
913 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}.
914 * Modifier Keys:: Using modifier keys in key bindings.
915 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys.
916 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on.
917 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
918 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required
919 before it can be executed. This is done to protect
920 beginners from surprises.
922 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs}
924 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
925 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file.
926 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file.
927 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file.
928 * Init Non-ASCII:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in an init file.
930 Dealing with Emacs Trouble
932 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete.
933 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
934 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen.
935 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text.
936 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory.
937 * After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed.
938 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape---
939 What to do if Emacs stops responding.
940 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end.
944 * Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug?
945 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively.
946 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report.
947 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.
949 Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation
951 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
953 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
954 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments.
955 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
956 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses.
957 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login.
958 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X.
959 * Colors:: Choosing display colors.
960 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X.
961 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X.
962 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title.
963 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
964 * Misc X:: Other display options.
966 Environment Variables
968 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
969 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables.
970 * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows.
972 X Options and Resources
974 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general).
975 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs.
976 * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces.
977 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus.
978 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus.
979 * GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets.
983 * Mac Input:: Keyboard and mouse input on Mac.
984 * Mac International:: International character sets on Mac.
985 * Mac Environment Variables:: Setting environment variables for Emacs.
986 * Mac Directories:: Volumes and directories on Mac.
987 * Mac Font Specs:: Specifying fonts on Mac.
988 * Mac Functions:: Mac-specific Lisp functions.
990 Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS
992 * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines.
993 * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows.
994 * ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired.
995 * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}.
996 * Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features.
997 * Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features.
998 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows.
999 * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows.
1000 * Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features.
1001 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as @dfn{MS-DOG}).
1008 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs
1009 editor. Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a
1010 programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can
1011 ignore the customization hints.
1013 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a
1014 primer. If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with
1015 the on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To
1016 run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. The tutorial
1017 describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the
1020 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the
1021 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the
1022 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these
1023 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you
1024 should practice the commands shown there. The next few chapters
1025 describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly.
1026 You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them
1027 until you are fluent.
1029 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are
1030 useful for many kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters
1031 describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you
1034 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working
1035 properly. It explains how to cope with several common problems
1036 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs
1039 To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index.
1040 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes.
1041 There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.
1043 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file.
1044 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which is
1045 the principal means of accessing on-line documentation in the GNU
1046 system. Both the Emacs Info file and an Info reader are included with
1047 GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain substantially
1048 the same text and are generated from the same source files, which are
1049 also distributed with GNU Emacs.
1051 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many
1052 Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For
1053 information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons
1054 learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible,
1055 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from
1056 @url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}.
1058 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs
1059 installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on
1060 MS-DOS (also called MS-DOG), Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems.
1061 Those systems use different file name syntax; in addition
1062 MS-DOS does not support all GNU Emacs features. @xref{Microsoft
1063 Windows}, for information about using Emacs on Windows.
1064 @xref{Mac OS}, for information about using Emacs on Macintosh.
1067 @node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top
1068 @unnumbered Distribution
1070 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to
1071 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs
1072 is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are
1073 restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed
1074 to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do.
1075 What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing
1076 any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise
1077 conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with
1078 Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself
1079 covered by the GNU Free Documentation License. This license is
1080 similar in spirit to the General Public License, but is more suitable
1081 for documentation. @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}.
1084 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it.
1085 You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else;
1086 just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the
1087 latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see
1088 @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more
1091 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer
1092 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to
1093 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources,
1094 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to
1095 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the
1096 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you
1097 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.
1099 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software
1100 Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is
1101 also a good way to help fund our work. We also sell hardcopy versions
1102 of this manual and @cite{An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp},
1103 by Robert J. Chassell. You can find an order form on our web site at
1104 @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further information,
1108 Free Software Foundation
1109 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
1110 Boston, MA 02110-1301
1114 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's
1115 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our
1116 existing programs including GNU Emacs.
1118 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the
1119 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free
1120 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs
1121 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If
1122 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you
1123 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation
1124 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates.
1127 @node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top
1128 @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments
1130 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Jari Aalto, Per Abrahamsen, Tomas
1131 Abrahamsson, Jay K.@: Adams, Michael Albinus, Nagy Andras, Ralf
1132 Angeli, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Juanma Barranquero,
1133 Eli Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Jay Belanger, Alexander L.@: Belikoff,
1134 Boaz Ben-Zvi, Karl Berry, Anna M.@: Bigatti, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy,
1135 Johan Bockg@aa{}rd, Per Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter
1136 Breton, Emmanuel Briot, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@:
1137 Brown, Georges Brun-Cottan, Joe Buehler, W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill
1138 Carpenter, Per Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chong Yidong, Chris Chase,
1139 Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi, Sacha Chua, James Clark, Mike Clarkson,
1140 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Mathias Dahl, Satyaki
1141 Das, Michael DeCorte, Gary Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan
1142 Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor
1143 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Paul Eggert, Stephen Eglen,
1144 Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael
1145 Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach, Oscar Figueiredo, Fred Fish,
1146 Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Romain Francoise, Noah Friedman, Andreas
1147 Fuchs, Hallvard Furuseth, Keith Gabryelski, Peter S.@: Galbraith,
1148 Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Juan Le@'{o}n Lahoz
1149 Garc@'{@dotless{i}}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien Gilles,
1150 David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Deepak Goel, Boris Goldowsky,
1151 Michelangelo Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael
1152 Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Lars Hansen,
1153 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan,
1154 Jesper Harder, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders
1155 Holst, Jeffrey C.@: Honig, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Joakim Hove,
1156 Denis Howe, Lars Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Pavel
1157 Janik, Paul Jarc, Ulf Jasper, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry
1158 Jones, Simon Josefsson, Arne J@o{}rgensen, Tomoji Kagatani, Brewster
1159 Kahle, Lute Kamstra, David Kastrup, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi
1160 Kawabata, Howard Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg,
1161 Shuhei Kobayashi, Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@:
1162 Koppelman, Koseki Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard
1163 Kubiak, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Mario
1164 Lang, Aaron Larson, James R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Werner
1165 Lemberg, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg, Lars Lindberg, Chris
1166 Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link, Juri Linkov, Francis Litterio,
1167 Emilio C. Lopes, Dave Love, Sascha L@"{u}decke, Eric Ludlam,Alan
1168 Mackenzie, Christopher J.@: Madsen, Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer,
1169 Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie
1170 Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, Will Mengarini, David Megginson,
1171 Ben A. Mesander, Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Lawrence Mitchell, Richard
1172 Mlynarik, Gerd Moellmann, Stefan Monnier, Morioka Tomohiko, Keith
1173 Moore, Glenn Morris, Diane Murray, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas
1174 Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan
1175 Nicolaescu, Hrvoje Niksic, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman, Alexandre
1176 Oliva, Bob Olson, Michael Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit,
1177 David Pearson, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William
1178 M.@: Perry, Per Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard L.@:
1179 Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco
1180 A.@: Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Ken Raeburn, Marko
1181 Rahamaa, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold,
1182 Alex Rezinsky, Rob Riepel, David Reitter, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@:
1183 Roberts, John Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt,
1184 Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Martin Rudalics, Ivar Rummelhoff, Jason Rumney,
1185 Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, Jorgen
1186 Schaefer, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor
1187 Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Jan
1188 Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Raymond Scholz, Randal
1189 Schwartz, Oliver Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav
1190 Shalunov, Marc Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund,
1191 Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith,
1192 Andre Spiegel, Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats,
1193 Reiner Steib, Sam Steingold, Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken
1194 Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve
1195 Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto Takahashi, Steven Tamm, Jean-Philippe
1196 Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson,
1197 Luc Teirlinck, Tom Tromey, Enami Tsugutomo, Eli Tziperman, Daiki Ueno,
1198 Masanobu Umeda, Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier
1199 Verna, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, John
1200 Paul Wallington, Colin Walters, Barry Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph
1201 Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams,
1202 Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood, Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright,
1203 Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Katsumi Yamaoka, Masatake Yamato,
1204 Jonathan Yavner, Ryan Yeske, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan Zamazal, Victor
1205 Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu, Ian T.@:
1206 Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, Teodor Zlatanov, and Detlev
1210 @node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top
1211 @unnumbered Introduction
1213 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the
1214 advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible editor Emacs.
1215 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.)
1217 We call Emacs @dfn{advanced} because it can do much more than simple
1218 insertion and deletion of text. It can control subprocesses, indent
1219 programs automatically, show two or more files at once, and more.
1220 Emacs editing commands operate in terms of characters, words, lines,
1221 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments
1222 in various programming languages.
1224 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can use special
1225 commands, known as @dfn{help commands}, to find out what your options
1226 are, or to find out what what any command does, or to find all the
1227 commands that pertain to a given topic. @xref{Help}.
1229 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can easily alter the behavior of
1230 Emacs commands in simple ways. For instance, if you use a programming
1231 language in which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with
1232 @samp{**>}, you can tell the Emacs comment manipulation commands to
1233 use those strings (@pxref{Comments}). To take another example, you
1234 can rebind the basic cursor motion commands (up, down, left and right)
1235 to any keys on the keyboard that you find comfortable.
1236 @xref{Customization}.
1238 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization
1239 and create entirely new commands. New commands are simply programs
1240 written in the Lisp language, which are run by Emacs's own Lisp
1241 interpreter. Existing commands can even be redefined in the middle of
1242 an editing session, without having to restart Emacs. Most of the
1243 editing commands in Emacs are written in Lisp; the few exceptions
1244 could have been written in Lisp but use C instead for efficiency.
1245 Writing an extension is programming, but non-programmers can use it
1246 afterwards. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An
1247 Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs
1250 @include screen.texi
1251 @include commands.texi
1252 @include entering.texi
1258 @include killing.texi
1260 @include display.texi
1261 @include search.texi
1263 @include kmacro.texi
1265 @include buffers.texi
1266 @include windows.texi
1267 @include frames.texi
1270 @include indent.texi
1272 @include programs.texi
1273 @include building.texi
1274 @include maintaining.texi
1275 @include abbrevs.texi
1277 @include picture-xtra.texi
1279 @include sending.texi
1282 @include calendar.texi
1284 @include custom.texi
1285 @include trouble.texi
1287 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top
1288 @appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
1291 @node GNU Free Documentation License, Emacs Invocation, Copying, Top
1292 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License
1293 @include doclicense.texi
1295 @include cmdargs.texi
1296 @include xresources.texi
1302 @include glossary.texi
1307 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version,
1308 @c because the index entries related to command-line options
1309 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash.
1310 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are
1311 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below.
1312 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that
1313 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line.
1314 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons.
1317 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top
1318 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index
1323 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top
1324 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index
1327 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top
1328 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index
1331 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top
1332 @unnumbered Command and Function Index
1337 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top
1338 @unnumbered Command and Function Index
1342 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top
1343 @unnumbered Variable Index
1346 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top
1347 @unnumbered Concept Index
1353 arch-tag: ed48740a-410b-46ea-9387-c9a9252a3392