3 [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/kanaka/mal.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kanaka/mal)
7 Mal is a Clojure inspired Lisp interpreter.
9 Mal is implemented in 74 languages:
14 * BASIC (C64 and QBasic)
20 * Clojure (Clojure and ClojureScript)
29 * ES6 (ECMAScript 6 / ECMAScript 2015)
39 * Haxe (Neko, Python, C++ and JavaScript)
43 * JavaScript ([Online Demo](http://kanaka.github.io/mal))
51 * Matlab (GNU Octave and MATLAB)
52 * [miniMAL](https://github.com/kanaka/miniMAL)
66 * Python (2.X and 3.X)
87 Mal is a learning tool. See the [make-a-lisp process
88 guide](process/guide.md). Each implementation of mal is separated into
89 11 incremental, self-contained (and testable) steps that demonstrate
90 core concepts of Lisp. The last step is capable of self-hosting
91 (running the mal implementation of mal).
93 The mal (make a lisp) steps are:
95 * [step0_repl](process/guide.md#step0)
96 * [step1_read_print](process/guide.md#step1)
97 * [step2_eval](process/guide.md#step2)
98 * [step3_env](process/guide.md#step3)
99 * [step4_if_fn_do](process/guide.md#step4)
100 * [step5_tco](process/guide.md#step5)
101 * [step6_file](process/guide.md#step6)
102 * [step7_quote](process/guide.md#step7)
103 * [step8_macros](process/guide.md#step8)
104 * [step9_try](process/guide.md#step9)
105 * [stepA_mal](process/guide.md#stepA)
108 Mal was presented publicly for the first time in a lightning talk at
109 Clojure West 2014 (unfortunately there is no video). See
110 examples/clojurewest2014.mal for the presentation that was given at the
111 conference (yes, the presentation is a mal program). At Midwest.io
112 2015, Joel Martin gave a presentation on Mal titled "Achievement
113 Unlocked: A Better Path to Language Learning".
114 [Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgyOAiRtZGw),
115 [Slides](http://kanaka.github.io/midwest.io.mal/). More recently
116 Joel gave a presentation on "Make Your Own Lisp Interpreter in
117 10 Incremental Steps" at LambdaConf 2016:
118 [Part 1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVhupfthTEk),
119 [Part 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5OQBMGpaTU),
120 [Part 3](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mARZzGgX4U),
121 [Part 4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCO1SYR5kDU),
122 [Slides](http://kanaka.github.io/lambdaconf/).
124 If you are interesting in creating a mal implementation (or just
125 interested in using mal for something), please drop by the #mal
126 channel on freenode. In addition to the [make-a-lisp process
127 guide](process/guide.md) there is also a [mal/make-a-lisp
128 FAQ](docs/FAQ.md) where I attempt to answer some common questions.
130 ## Building/running implementations
132 The simplest way to run any given implementation is to use docker.
133 Every implementation has a docker image pre-built with language
134 dependencies installed. You can launch the REPL using a convenient
135 target in the top level Makefile (where IMPL is the implementation
136 directory name and stepX is the step to run):
139 make DOCKERIZE=1 "repl^IMPL^stepX"
140 # OR stepA is the default step:
141 make DOCKERIZE=1 "repl^IMPL"
147 *The Ada implementation was created by [Chris Moore](https://github.com/zmower)*
149 The Ada implementation was developed with GNAT 4.9 on debian. It also
150 compiles unchanged on windows if you have windows versions of git,
151 GNAT and (optionally) make. There are no external dependencies
152 (readline not implemented).
162 *The GNU awk implementation was created by [Miutsuru kariya](https://github.com/kariya-mitsuru)*
164 The GNU awk implementation of mal has been tested with GNU awk 4.1.1.
168 gawk -O -f stepX_YYY.awk
178 ### BASIC (C64 and QBasic)
180 The BASIC implementation uses a preprocessor that can generate BASIC
181 code that is compatible with both C64 BASIC (CBM v2) and QBasic. The
182 C64 mode has been tested with
183 [cbmbasic](https://github.com/kanaka/cbmbasic) (the patched version is
184 currently required to fix issues with line input) and the QBasic mode
185 has been tested with [qb64](http://www.qb64.net/).
187 Generate C64 code and run it using cbmbasic:
195 Generate QBasic code and load it into qb64:
199 make MODE=qbasic stepX_YYY.bas
203 Thanks to [Steven Syrek](https://github.com/sjsyrek) for the original
204 inspiration for this implementation.
209 The C implementation of mal requires the following libraries (lib and
210 header packages): glib, libffi6, libgc, and either the libedit or GNU readline
221 *The C++ implementation was created by [Stephen Thirlwall (sdt)](https://github.com/sdt)*
223 The C++ implementation of mal requires g++-4.9 or clang++-3.5 and
224 a readline compatible library to build. See the `cpp/README.md` for
238 The C# implementation of mal has been tested on Linux using the Mono
239 C# compiler (mcs) and the Mono runtime (version 2.10.8.1). Both are
240 required to build and run the C# implementation.
250 *The ChucK implementation was created by [Vasilij Schneidermann](https://github.com/wasamasa)*
252 The ChucK implementation has been tested with ChucK 1.3.5.2.
261 *The Common Lisp implementation was created by [Iqbal Ansari](https://github.com/iqbalansari)*
263 The implementation has been tested with SBCL, CCL, CMUCL, GNU CLISP, ECL and
264 Allegro CL on Ubuntu 16.04 and Ubuntu 12.04, see
265 the [README](common-lisp/README.org) for more details. Provided you have the
266 dependencies mentioned installed, do the following to run the implementation
276 For the most part the Clojure implementation requires Clojure 1.5,
277 however, to pass all tests, Clojure 1.8.0-RC4 is required.
281 lein with-profile +stepX trampoline run
287 sudo npm install -g coffee-script
294 *The Crystal implementation of mal was created by [Linda_pp](https://github.com/rhysd)*
296 The Crystal implementation of mal has been tested with Crystal 0.26.1.
300 crystal run ./stepX_YYY.cr
302 make # needed to run tests
308 *The D implementation was created by [Dov Murik](https://github.com/dubek)*
310 The D implementation of mal was tested with GDC 4.8. It requires the GNU
321 *The Dart implementation was created by [Harry Terkelsen](https://github.com/hterkelsen)*
323 The Dart implementation has been tested with Dart 1.20.
332 *The Emacs Lisp implementation was created by [Vasilij Schneidermann](https://github.com/wasamasa)*
334 The Emacs Lisp implementation of mal has been tested with Emacs 24.3
335 and 24.5. While there is very basic readline editing (`<backspace>`
336 and `C-d` work, `C-c` cancels the process), it is recommended to use
341 emacs -Q --batch --load stepX_YYY.el
342 # with full readline support
343 rlwrap emacs -Q --batch --load stepX_YYY.el
348 *The Elixir implementation was created by [Martin Ek (ekmartin)](https://github.com/ekmartin)*
350 The Elixir implementation of mal has been tested with Elixir 1.0.5.
355 # Or with readline/line editing functionality:
361 *The Elm implementation was created by [Jos van Bakel](https://github.com/c0deaddict)*
363 The Elm implementation of mal has been tested with Elm 0.18.0
373 *The Erlang implementation was created by [Nathan Fiedler (nlfiedler)](https://github.com/nlfiedler)*
375 The Erlang implementation of mal requires [Erlang/OTP R17](http://www.erlang.org/download.html)
376 and [rebar](https://github.com/rebar/rebar) to build.
382 MAL_STEP=stepX_YYY rebar compile escriptize # build individual step
386 ### ES6 (ECMAScript 6 / ECMAScript 2015)
388 The ES6 implementation uses the [babel](https://babeljs.io) compiler
389 to generate ES5 compatible JavaScript. The generated code has been
390 tested with Node 0.12.4.
395 node build/stepX_YYY.js
401 *The F# implementation was created by [Peter Stephens (pstephens)](https://github.com/pstephens)*
403 The F# implementation of mal has been tested on Linux using the Mono
404 F# compiler (fsharpc) and the Mono runtime (version 3.12.1). The mono C#
405 compiler (mcs) is also necessary to compile the readline dependency. All are
406 required to build and run the F# implementation.
416 *The Factor implementation was created by [Jordan Lewis (jordanlewis)](https://github.com/jordanlewis)*
418 The Factor implementation of mal has been tested with Factor 0.97
419 ([factorcode.org](http://factorcode.org)).
423 FACTOR_ROOTS=. factor -run=stepX_YYY
428 *The Fantom implementation was created by [Dov Murik](https://github.com/dubek)*
430 The Fantom implementation of mal has been tested with Fantom 1.0.70.
434 make lib/fan/stepX_YYY.pod
440 *The Forth implementation was created by [Chris Houser (chouser)](https://github.com/chouser)*
449 The Go implementation of mal requires that go is installed on on the
450 path. The implementation has been tested with Go 1.3.1.
461 The Groovy implementation of mal requires Groovy to run and has been
462 tested with Groovy 1.8.6.
467 groovy ./stepX_YYY.groovy
472 *The Guile implementation was created by [Mu Lei (NalaGinrut)](https://github.com/NalaGinrut).*
476 guile -L ./ stepX_YYY.scm
481 *The Smalltalk implementation was created by [Vasilij Schneidermann](https://github.com/wasamasa)*
483 The Smalltalk implementation of mal has been tested with GNU Smalltalk 3.2.91.
492 The Haskell implementation requires the ghc compiler version 7.10.1 or
493 later and also the Haskell parsec and readline (or editline) packages.
501 ### Haxe (Neko, Python, C++ and JavaScript)
503 The Haxe implementation of mal requires Haxe version 3.2 to compile.
504 Four different Haxe targets are supported: Neko, Python, C++, and
514 python3 ./stepX_YYY.py
525 The Hy implementation of mal has been tested with Hy 0.13.0.
534 *The Io implementation was created by [Dov Murik](https://github.com/dubek)*
536 The Io implementation of mal has been tested with Io version 20110905.
545 The Java implementation of mal requires maven2 to build.
550 mvn -quiet exec:java -Dexec.mainClass=mal.stepX_YYY
552 mvn -quiet exec:java -Dexec.mainClass=mal.stepX_YYY -Dexec.args="CMDLINE_ARGS"
565 The Julia implementation of mal requires Julia 0.4.
574 *The Kotlin implementation was created by [Javier Fernandez-Ivern](https://github.com/ivern)*
576 The Kotlin implementation of mal has been tested with Kotlin 1.0.
581 java -jar stepX_YYY.jar
586 *The LiveScript implementation was created by [Jos van Bakel](https://github.com/c0deaddict)*
588 The LiveScript implementation of mal has been tested with LiveScript 1.5.
593 node_modules/.bin/lsc stepX_YYY.ls
598 *The Logo implementation was created by [Dov Murik](https://github.com/dubek)*
600 The Logo implementation of mal has been tested with UCBLogo 6.0.
609 The Lua implementation of mal has been tested with Lua 5.2. The
610 implementation requires that luarocks and the lua-rex-pcre library
615 make # to build and link linenoise.so
621 Running the mal implementation of mal involves running stepA of one of
622 the other implementations and passing the mal step to run as a command
627 IMPL_STEPA_CMD ../mal/stepX_YYY.mal
640 *The NASM implementation was created by [Ben Dudson](https://github.com/bendudson)*
642 The NASM implementation of mal is written for x86-64 Linux, and has been tested
643 with Linux 3.16.0-4-amd64 and NASM version 2.11.05.
653 *The Nim implementation was created by [Dennis Felsing (def-)](https://github.com/def-)*
655 The Nim implementation of mal has been tested with Nim 0.17.0.
667 The Object Pascal implementation of mal has been built and tested on
668 Linux using the Free Pascal compiler version 2.6.2 and 2.6.4.
678 The Objective C implementation of mal has been built and tested on
679 Linux using clang/LLVM 3.6. It has also been built and tested on OS
690 *The OCaml implementation was created by [Chris Houser (chouser)](https://github.com/chouser)*
698 ### MatLab (GNU Octave and MATLAB)
700 The MatLab implementation has been tested with GNU Octave 4.2.1.
701 It has also been tested with MATLAB version R2014a on Linux. Note that
702 MATLAB is a commercial product.
707 octave -q --no-gui --no-history --eval "stepX_YYY();quit;"
708 matlab -nodisplay -nosplash -nodesktop -nojvm -r "stepX_YYY();quit;"
709 # OR with command line arguments
710 octave -q --no-gui --no-history --eval "stepX_YYY('arg1','arg2');quit;"
711 matlab -nodisplay -nosplash -nodesktop -nojvm -r "stepX_YYY('arg1','arg2');quit;"
716 [miniMAL](https://github.com/kanaka/miniMAL) is small Lisp interpreter
717 implemented in less than 1024 bytes of JavaScript. To run the miniMAL
718 implementation of mal you need to download/install the miniMAL
719 interpreter (which requires Node.js).
722 # Download miniMAL and dependencies
724 export PATH=`pwd`/node_modules/minimal-lisp/:$PATH
725 # Now run mal implementation in miniMAL
731 For readline line editing support, install Term::ReadLine::Perl or
732 Term::ReadLine::Gnu from CPAN.
741 *The Perl 6 implementation was created by [Hinrik Örn Sigurðsson](https://github.com/hinrik)*
743 The Perl 6 implementation was tested on Rakudo Perl 6 2016.04.
752 The PHP implementation of mal requires the php command line interface
762 *The Picolisp implementation was created by [Vasilij Schneidermann](https://github.com/wasamasa)*
764 The Picolisp implementation requires libreadline and Picolisp 3.1.11
772 ### PL/pgSQL (Postgres SQL Procedural Language)
774 The PL/pgSQL implementation of mal requires a running Postgres server
775 (the "kanaka/mal-test-plpgsql" docker image automatically starts
776 a Postgres server). The implementation connects to the Postgres server
777 and create a database named "mal" to store tables and stored
778 procedures. The wrapper script uses the psql command to connect to the
779 server and defaults to the user "postgres" but this can be overridden
780 with the PSQL_USER environment variable. A password can be specified
781 using the PGPASSWORD environment variable. The implementation has been
782 tested with Postgres 9.4.
786 ./wrap.sh stepX_YYY.sql
788 PSQL_USER=myuser PGPASSWORD=mypass ./wrap.sh stepX_YYY.sql
791 ### PL/SQL (Oracle SQL Procedural Language)
793 The PL/pgSQL implementation of mal requires a running Oracle DB
794 server (the "kanaka/mal-test-plsql" docker image automatically
795 starts an Oracle Express server). The implementation connects to the
796 Oracle server to create types, tables and stored procedures. The
797 default SQL*Plus logon value (username/password@connect_identifier) is
798 "system/oracle" but this can be overridden with the ORACLE_LOGON
799 environment variable. The implementation has been tested with Oracle
800 Express Edition 11g Release 2. Note that any SQL*Plus connection
801 warnings (user password expiration, etc) will interfere with the
802 ability of the wrapper script to communicate with the DB.
806 ./wrap.sh stepX_YYY.sql
808 ORACLE_LOGON=myuser/mypass@ORCL ./wrap.sh stepX_YYY.sql
811 ### Postscript Level 2/3
813 The Postscript implementation of mal requires ghostscript to run. It
814 has been tested with ghostscript 9.10.
818 gs -q -dNODISPLAY -I./ stepX_YYY.ps
823 The PowerShell implementation of mal requires the PowerShell script
824 language. It has been tested with PowerShell 6.0.0 Alpha 9 on Linux.
828 powershell ./stepX_YYY.ps1
831 ### Python (2.X and 3.X)
840 You must have [rpython](https://rpython.readthedocs.org/) on your path
841 (included with [pypy](https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/)).
845 make # this takes a very long time
851 The R implementation of mal requires R (r-base-core) to run.
855 make libs # to download and build rdyncall
861 The Racket implementation of mal requires the Racket
862 compiler/interpreter to run.
871 *The Rexx implementation was created by [Dov Murik](https://github.com/dubek)*
873 The Rexx implementation of mal has been tested with Regina Rexx 3.6.
878 rexx -a ./stepX_YYY.rexxpp
888 ### Rust (1.0.0 nightly)
890 The rust implementation of mal requires the rust compiler and build
891 tool (cargo) to build.
895 cargo run --release --bin stepX_YYY
898 Alternative out-of-tee Rust implementations:
900 * [by Tim Morgan](https://github.com/seven1m/mal-rust).
901 * [by vi](https://github.com/vi/mal-rust-vi) - using [Pest](https://pest.rs/) grammar, not using typical Mal infrastructure (cargo-ized steps and built-in converted tests).
905 Install scala and sbt (http://www.scala-sbt.org/0.13/tutorial/Installing-sbt-on-Linux.html):
909 sbt 'run-main stepX_YYY'
912 scala -classpath target/scala*/classes stepX_YYY
915 ### Scheme (R7RS) ###
917 *The Scheme implementation was created by [Vasilij Schneidermann](https://github.com/wasamasa)*
919 The Scheme implementation of mal has been tested with Chibi-Scheme
920 0.7.3, Kawa 2.4, Gauche 0.9.5, CHICKEN 4.11.0, Sagittarius 0.8.3,
921 Cyclone 0.6.3 (Git version) and Foment 0.4 (Git version). You should
922 be able to get it running on other conforming R7RS implementations
923 after figuring out how libraries are loaded and adjusting the
924 `Makefile` and `run` script accordingly.
930 scheme_MODE=chibi ./run
933 scheme_MODE=kawa ./run
935 scheme_MODE=gauche ./run
938 scheme_MODE=chicken ./run
940 scheme_MODE=sagittarius ./run
943 scheme_MODE=cyclone ./run
945 scheme_MODE=foment ./run
950 *The Skew implementation was created by [Dov Murik](https://github.com/dubek)*
952 The Skew implementation of mal has been tested with Skew 0.7.42.
963 *The Swift implementation was created by [Keith Rollin](https://github.com/keith-rollin)*
965 The Swift implementation of mal requires the Swift 2.0 compiler (XCode
966 7.0) to build. Older versions will not work due to changes in the
967 language and standard library.
977 The Swift 3 implementation of mal requires the Swift 3.0 compiler. It
978 has been tested with Swift 3 Preview 3.
988 *The Tcl implementation was created by [Dov Murik](https://github.com/dubek)*
990 The Tcl implementation of mal requires Tcl 8.6 to run. For readline line
991 editing support, install tclreadline.
995 tclsh ./stepX_YYY.tcl
1000 *The TypeScript implementation was created by [vvakame](https://github.com/vvakame)*
1002 The TypeScript implementation of mal requires the TypeScript 2.2 compiler.
1003 It has been tested with Node.js v6.
1013 *The VHDL implementation was created by [Dov Murik](https://github.com/dubek)*
1015 The VHDL implementation of mal has been tested with GHDL 0.29.
1020 ./run_vhdl.sh ./stepX_YYY
1025 *The Vimscript implementation was created by [Dov Murik](https://github.com/dubek)*
1027 The Vimscript implementation of mal requires Vim 8.0 to run.
1031 ./run_vimscript.sh ./stepX_YYY.vim
1034 ### Visual Basic.NET ###
1036 The VB.NET implementation of mal has been tested on Linux using the Mono
1037 VB compiler (vbnc) and the Mono runtime (version 2.10.8.1). Both are
1038 required to build and run the VB.NET implementation.
1043 mono ./stepX_YYY.exe
1046 ### WebAssembly (wasm) ###
1048 The WebAssembly implementation is written in
1049 [Wam](https://github.com/kanaka/wam) (WebAssembly Macro language) and
1050 runs under the [wac/wace](https://github.com/kanaka/wac) WebAssembly
1056 wace ./stepX_YYY.wasm
1061 *The Yorick implementation was created by [Dov Murik](https://github.com/dubek)*
1063 The Yorick implementation of mal was tested on Yorick 2.2.04.
1067 yorick -batch ./stepX_YYY.i
1074 ### Functional tests
1076 The are over 600 generic functional tests (for all implementations)
1077 in the `tests/` directory. Each step has a corresponding test file
1078 containing tests specific to that step. The `runtest.py` test harness
1079 launches a Mal step implementation and then feeds the tests one at
1080 a time to the implementation and compares the output/return value to
1081 the expected output/return value.
1083 To simplify the process of running tests, a top level Makefile is
1084 provided with convenient test targets.
1086 * To run all the tests across all implementations (be prepared to wait):
1092 * To run all tests against a single implementation:
1102 * To run tests for a single step against all implementations:
1112 * To run tests for a specific step against a single implementation:
1115 make "test^IMPL^stepX"
1118 make "test^ruby^step3"
1119 make "test^ps^step4"
1122 ### Self-hosted functional tests
1124 * To run the functional tests in self-hosted mode, you specify `mal`
1125 as the test implementation and use the `MAL_IMPL` make variable
1126 to change the underlying host language (default is JavaScript):
1128 make MAL_IMPL=IMPL "test^mal^step2"
1131 make "test^mal^step2" # js is default
1132 make MAL_IMPL=ruby "test^mal^step2"
1133 make MAL_IMPL=python "test^mal^step2"
1136 ### Starting the REPL
1138 * To start the REPL of an implementation in a specific step:
1141 make "repl^IMPL^stepX"
1144 make "repl^ruby^step3"
1145 make "repl^ps^step4"
1148 * If you omit the step, then `stepA` is used:
1158 * To start the REPL of the self-hosted implementation, specify `mal` as the
1159 REPL implementation and use the `MAL_IMPL` make variable to change the
1160 underlying host language (default is JavaScript):
1162 make MAL_IMPL=IMPL "repl^mal^stepX"
1165 make "repl^mal^step2" # js is default
1166 make MAL_IMPL=ruby "repl^mal^step2"
1167 make MAL_IMPL=python "repl^mal"
1170 ### Performance tests
1172 Warning: These performance tests are neither statistically valid nor
1173 comprehensive; runtime performance is a not a primary goal of mal. If
1174 you draw any serious conclusions from these performance tests, then
1175 please contact me about some amazing oceanfront property in Kansas
1176 that I'm willing to sell you for cheap.
1178 * To run performance tests against a single implementation:
1186 * To run performance tests against all implementations:
1191 ### Generating language statistics
1193 * To report line and byte statistics for a single implementation:
1201 * To report line and bytes statistics for general Lisp code (env, core
1204 make "stats-lisp^IMPL"
1207 make "stats-lisp^js"
1210 ## Dockerized testing
1212 Every implementation directory contains a Dockerfile to create
1213 a docker image containing all the dependencies for that
1214 implementation. In addition, the top-level Makefile contains support
1215 for running the tests target (and perf, stats, repl, etc) within
1216 a docker container for that implementation by passing *"DOCKERIZE=1"*
1217 on the make command line. For example:
1220 make DOCKERIZE=1 "test^js^step3"
1223 Existing implementations already have docker images built and pushed
1224 to the docker registry. However, if
1225 you wish to build or rebuild a docker image locally, the toplevel
1226 Makefile provides a rule for building docker images:
1229 make "docker-build^IMPL"
1234 * Docker images are named *"kanaka/mal-test-IMPL"*
1235 * JVM-based language implementations (Groovy, Java, Clojure, Scala):
1236 you will probably need to run this command once manually
1237 first `make DOCKERIZE=1 "repl^IMPL"` before you can run tests because
1238 runtime dependencies need to be downloaded to avoid the tests timing
1239 out. These dependencies are downloaded to dot-files in the /mal
1240 directory so they will persist between runs.
1242 ## Projects using mal
1244 * [malc](https://github.com/dubek/malc) - Mal (Make A Lisp) compiler. Compiles a Mal program to LLVM assembly language, then binary.
1245 * [frock](https://github.com/chr15m/frock) - Clojure-flavoured PHP. Uses mal/php to run programs.
1249 Mal (make-a-lisp) is licensed under the MPL 2.0 (Mozilla Public
1250 License 2.0). See LICENSE.txt for more details.