* Typo fix.

[bpt/guile.git] / doc / intro.texi

@c $Id: intro.texi,v 1.5 2001-03-30 16:37:51 ossau Exp $

@page
@node What is Guile?
@chapter What is Guile?

Guile is an interpreter for the Scheme programming language, packaged
for use in a wide variety of environments.  Guile implements Scheme as
described in the
@tex
Revised$^5$
@end tex
@ifinfo
Revised^5
@end ifinfo
Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme (usually known as R5RS),
providing clean and general data and control structures.  Guile goes
beyond the rather austere language presented in R5RS, extending it with
a module system, full access to POSIX system calls, networking support,
multiple threads, dynamic linking, a foreign function call interface,
powerful string processing, and many other features needed for
programming in the real world.

Like a shell, Guile can run interactively, reading expressions from the
user, evaluating them, and displaying the results, or as a script
interpreter, reading and executing Scheme code from a file.  However,
Guile is also packaged as an object library, allowing other applications
to easily incorporate a complete Scheme interpreter.  An application can
use Guile as an extension language, a clean and powerful configuration
language, or as multi-purpose ``glue'', connecting primitives provided
by the application.  It is easy to call Scheme code from C code and vice
versa, giving the application designer full control of how and when to
invoke the interpreter.  Applications can add new functions, data types,
control structures, and even syntax to Guile, creating a domain-specific
language tailored to the task at hand, but based on a robust language
design.

Guile's module system allows one to break up a large program into
manageable sections with well-defined interfaces between them.  Modules
may contain a mixture of interpreted and compiled code; Guile can use
either static or dynamic linking to incorporate compiled code.  Modules
also encourage developers to package up useful collections of routines
for general distribution; as of this writing, one can find Emacs
interfaces, database access routines, compilers, GUI toolkit interfaces,
and HTTP client functions, among others.

In the future, we hope to expand Guile to support other languages like
Tcl and Perl by translating them to Scheme code.  This means that users
can program applications which use Guile in the language of their
choice, rather than having the tastes of the application's author
imposed on them.


@page
@node Whirlwind Tour
@chapter A Whirlwind Tour

This chapter presents a quick tour of all the ways that Guile can be
used.

@menu
* Running Guile Interactively::  
* Guile Scripts::               
* Linking Programs With Guile::  
* Writing Extensions for Guile::  
* Guile Modules::               
@end menu


@node Running Guile Interactively
@section Running Guile Interactively

In its simplest form, Guile acts as an interactive interpreter for the
Scheme programming language, reading and evaluating Scheme expressions
the user enters from the terminal.  Here is a sample interaction between
Guile and a user; the user's input appears after the @code{$} and
@code{guile>} prompts:

@example
$ guile
guile> (+ 1 2 3)                ; add some numbers
6
guile> (define (factorial n)    ; define a function
         (if (zero? n) 1 (* n (factorial (- n 1)))))
guile> (factorial 20)
2432902008176640000
guile> (getpwnam "jimb")        ; find my entry in /etc/passwd
#("jimb" ".0krIpK2VqNbU" 4008 10 "Jim Blandy" "/u/jimb"
  "/usr/local/bin/bash")
guile> @kbd{C-d}
$
@end example

@c [[When we get a fancier read-eval-print loop, with features for bouncing
@c around among modules, referring to the value of the last expression,
@c etc. then this section will get longer.]]


@node Guile Scripts
@section Guile Scripts

Like AWK, Perl, or any shell, Guile can interpret script files.  A Guile
script is simply a file of Scheme code with some extra information at
the beginning which tells the operating system how to invoke Guile, and
then tells Guile how to handle the Scheme code.

Before we present the details, here is a trivial Guile script:

@example
#!/usr/local/bin/guile -s
!#
(display "Hello, world!")
(newline)
@end example

@menu
* The Top of a Script File::    How to start a Guile script.
* Scripting Examples::          Simple Guile scripts, explained.
@end menu


@node The Top of a Script File
@subsection The Top of a Script File

The first line of a Guile script must tell the operating system to use
Guile to evaluate the script, and then tell Guile how to go about doing
that.  Here is the simplest case:

@itemize @bullet

@item
The first two characters of the file must be @samp{#!}.

The operating system interprets this to mean that the rest of the line
is the name of an executable that can interpret the script.  Guile,
however, interprets these characters as the beginning of a multi-line
comment, terminated by the characters @samp{!#} on a line by themselves.
(This is an extension to the syntax described in R5RS, added to support
shell scripts.)

@item
Immediately after those two characters must come the full pathname to
the Guile interpreter.  On most systems, this would be
@samp{/usr/local/bin/guile}.

@item
Then must come a space, followed by a command-line argument to pass to
Guile; this should be @samp{-s}.  This switch tells Guile to run a
script, instead of soliciting the user for input from the terminal.
There are more elaborate things one can do here; see @ref{The Meta
Switch}.

@item
Follow this with a newline.

@item
The second line of the script should contain only the characters
@samp{!#} --- just like the top of the file, but reversed.  The
operating system never reads this far, but Guile treats this as the end
of the comment begun on the first line by the @samp{#!} characters.

@item
The rest of the file should be a Scheme program.

@end itemize

Guile reads the program, evaluating expressions in the order that they
appear.  Upon reaching the end of the file, Guile exits.

The function @code{command-line} returns the name of the script file and
any command-line arguments passed by the user, as a list of strings.

For example, consider the following script file:
@example
#!/usr/local/bin/guile -s
!#
(write (command-line))
(newline)
@end example

If you put that text in a file called @file{foo} in the current
directory, then you could make it executable and try it out like this:
@example
$ chmod a+x foo
$ ./foo
("./foo")
$ ./foo bar baz
("./foo" "bar" "baz")
$ 
@end example

As another example, here is a simple replacement for the POSIX
@code{echo} command:
@example
#!/usr/local/bin/guile -s
!#
(for-each (lambda (s) (display s) (display " "))
  (cdr (command-line)))
(newline)
@end example

@deffn procedure command-line
@deffnx primitive program-arguments
Return a list of the command-line arguments passed to the currently
running program.  If the program invoked Guile with the @samp{-s},
@samp{-c} or @samp{--} switches, these procedures ignore everything up
to and including those switches.
@end deffn


@node Scripting Examples
@subsection Scripting Examples

To start with, here are some examples of invoking Guile directly:

@table @code

@item guile -- a b c
Run Guile interactively; @code{(command-line)} will return @*
@code{("/usr/local/bin/guile" "a" "b" "c")}.

@item guile -s /u/jimb/ex2 a b c
Load the file @file{/u/jimb/ex2}; @code{(command-line)} will return @*
@code{("/u/jimb/ex2" "a" "b" "c")}.

@item guile -c '(write %load-path) (newline)'
Write the value of the variable @code{%load-path}, print a newline,
and exit.

@item guile -e main -s /u/jimb/ex4 foo
Load the file @file{/u/jimb/ex4}, and then call the function
@code{main}, passing it the list @code{("/u/jimb/ex4" "foo")}.

@item guile -l first -ds -l last -s script
Load the files @file{first}, @file{script}, and @file{last}, in that
order.  The @code{-ds} switch says when to process the @code{-s}
switch.  For a more motivated example, see the scripts below.

@end table


Here is a very simple Guile script:
@example
#!/usr/local/bin/guile -s
!#
(display "Hello, world!")
(newline)
@end example
The first line marks the file as a Guile script.  When the user invokes
it, the system runs @file{/usr/local/bin/guile} to interpret the script,
passing @code{-s}, the script's filename, and any arguments given to the
script as command-line arguments.  When Guile sees @code{-s
@var{script}}, it loads @var{script}.  Thus, running this program
produces the output:
@example
Hello, world!
@end example

Here is a script which prints the factorial of its argument:
@example
#!/usr/local/bin/guile -s
!#
(define (fact n)
  (if (zero? n) 1
    (* n (fact (- n 1)))))

(display (fact (string->number (cadr (command-line)))))
(newline)
@end example
In action:
@example
$ fact 5
120
$
@end example

However, suppose we want to use the definition of @code{fact} in this
file from another script.  We can't simply @code{load} the script file,
and then use @code{fact}'s definition, because the script will try to
compute and display a factorial when we load it.  To avoid this problem,
we might write the script this way:

@example
#!/usr/local/bin/guile \
-e main -s
!#
(define (fact n)
  (if (zero? n) 1
    (* n (fact (- n 1)))))

(define (main args)
  (display (fact (string->number (cadr args))))
  (newline))
@end example
This version packages the actions the script should perform in a
function, @code{main}.  This allows us to load the file purely for its
definitions, without any extraneous computation taking place.  Then we
used the meta switch @code{\} and the entry point switch @code{-e} to
tell Guile to call @code{main} after loading the script.
@example
$ fact 50
30414093201713378043612608166064768844377641568960512000000000000
@end example

Suppose that we now want to write a script which computes the
@code{choose} function: given a set of @var{m} distinct objects,
@code{(choose @var{n} @var{m})} is the number of distinct subsets
containing @var{n} objects each.  It's easy to write @code{choose} given
@code{fact}, so we might write the script this way:
@example
#!/usr/local/bin/guile \
-l fact -e main -s
!#
(define (choose n m)
  (/ (fact m) (* (fact (- m n)) (fact n))))

(define (main args)
  (let ((n (string->number (cadr args)))
        (m (string->number (caddr args))))
    (display (choose n m))
    (newline)))
@end example

The command-line arguments here tell Guile to first load the file
@file{fact}, and then run the script, with @code{main} as the entry
point.  In other words, the @code{choose} script can use definitions
made in the @code{fact} script.  Here are some sample runs:
@example
$ choose 0 4
1
$ choose 1 4
4
$ choose 2 4
6
$ choose 3 4
4
$ choose 4 4
1
$ choose 50 100
100891344545564193334812497256
@end example


@node Linking Programs With Guile
@section Linking Programs With Guile

The Guile interpreter is available as an object library, to be linked
into applications using Scheme as a configuration or extension
language.  This chapter covers the mechanics of linking your program
with Guile on a typical POSIX system.

Parts III and IV of this manual describe the C functions Guile provides.
Furthermore, any Scheme function described in this manual as a
``Primitive'' is also callable from C; see @ref{Scheme Primitives}.

The header file @code{<libguile.h>} provides declarations for all of
Guile's functions and constants.  You should @code{#include} it at the
head of any C source file that uses identifiers described in this
manual.  Once you've compiled your source files, you need to link them
against the Guile object code library, @code{libguile}.

On most systems, you should not need to do tell the compiler and linker
explicitely where they can find @file{libguile.h} and @file{libguile}.
When Guile has been installed in a peculiar way, or when you are on a
peculiar system, things might not be so easy and you might need to pass
additional @code{-I} or @code{-L} options to the compiler.  Guile
provides the utility program @code{guile-config} to help you find the
right values for these options.  You would typically run
@code{guile-config} during the configuration phase of your program and
use the obtained information in the Makefile.

@menu
* Guile Initialization Functions::  What to call first.
* A Sample Guile Main Program::  Sources and makefiles.
@end menu


@node Guile Initialization Functions
@subsection Guile Initialization Functions

To initialize Guile, you can use one of two functions.  The first,
@code{scm_boot_guile}, is the most portable way to initialize Guile.  It
should be used whenever you have control over the main function of your
program because it never returns.  The second function,
@code{scm_init_guile}, does return and can thus be used in more
situations.  However, @code{scm_init_guile} is not as widely available
as @code{scm_boot_guile} because it needs to rely on non-portable code
to find the stack bounds.  When Guile does not know how to find these
bounds on your system, it will not provide @code{scm_init_guile}.

When you can tolerate the limits of @code{scm_boot_guile}, you should
use it in favor of @code{scm_init_guile} since that will make your
program more portable.

@deftypefun void scm_boot_guile (int @var{argc}, char **@var{argv}, void (*@var{main_func}) (), void *@var{closure})
Initialize the Guile Scheme interpreter.  Then call @var{main_func},
passing it @var{closure}, @var{argc}, and @var{argv}.  @var{main_func}
should do all the work of the program (initializing other packages,
defining application-specific functions, reading user input, and so on)
before returning.  When @var{main_func} returns, call @code{exit (0)};
@code{scm_boot_guile} never returns.  If you want some other exit value,
have @var{main_func} call exit itself.

@code{scm_boot_guile} arranges for the Scheme @code{command-line}
function to return the strings given by @var{argc} and @var{argv}.  If
@var{main_func} modifies @var{argc} or @var{argv}, it should call
@code{scm_set_program_arguments} with the final list, so Scheme code
will know which arguments have been processed.

Why must the caller do all the real work from @var{main_func}?  Guile's
garbage collector scans the stack to find all local variables that
reference Scheme objects.  To do this, it needs to know the bounds of
the stack that might contain such references.  Because there is no
protable way in C to find the base of the stack, @code{scm_boot_guile}
assumes that all references are above its own stack frame.  If you try
to manipulate Scheme objects after this function returns, it's the luck
of the draw whether Guile's storage manager will be able to find the
objects you allocate.  So, @code{scm_boot_guile} function exits, rather
than returning, to discourage you from making that mistake.

See @code{scm_init_guile}, below, for a function that can find the real
base of the stack, but not in a portable way.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void scm_init_guile ()
Initialize the Guile Scheme interpreter.

In contrast to @code{scm_boot_guile}, this function knows how to find
the true base of the stack and thus does not need to usurp the control
flow of your program.  However, since finding the stack base can not be
done portably, this function might not be available in all installations
of Guile.  If you can, you should use @code{scm_boot_guile} instead.

Note that @code{scm_init_guile} does not inform Guile about the command
line arguments that should be returned by the Scheme function
@code{comamnd-line}.  You can use @code{scm_set_program_arguments} to do
this.
@end deftypefun

One common way to use Guile is to write a set of C functions which
perform some useful task, make them callable from Scheme, and then link
the program with Guile.  This yields a Scheme interpreter just like
@code{guile}, but augmented with extra functions for some specific
application --- a special-purpose scripting language.

In this situation, the application should probably process its
command-line arguments in the same manner as the stock Guile
interpreter.  To make that straightforward, Guile provides this
function:

@deftypefun void scm_shell (int @var{argc}, char **@var{argv})
Process command-line arguments in the manner of the @code{guile}
executable.  This includes loading the normal Guile initialization
files, interacting with the user or running any scripts or expressions
specified by @code{-s} or @code{-e} options, and then exiting.
@xref{Invoking Guile}, for more details.

Since this function does not return, you must do all
application-specific initialization before calling this function.
@end deftypefun


@node A Sample Guile Main Program
@subsection A Sample Guile Main Program

Here is @file{simple-guile.c}, source code for a @code{main} and an
@code{inner_main} function that will produce a complete Guile
interpreter.

@example
/* simple-guile.c --- how to start up the Guile
   interpreter from C code.  */

/* Get declarations for all the scm_ functions.  */
#include <libguile.h>

static void
inner_main (void *closure, int argc, char **argv)
@{
  /* module initializations would go here */
  scm_shell (argc, argv);
@}

int
main (int argc, char **argv)
@{
  scm_boot_guile (argc, argv, inner_main, 0);
  return 0; /* never reached */
@}
@end example

The @code{main} function calls @code{scm_boot_guile} to initialize
Guile, passing it @code{inner_main}.  Once @code{scm_boot_guile} is
ready, it invokes @code{inner_main}, which calls @code{scm_shell} to
process the command-line arguments in the usual way.

Here is a Makefile which you can use to compile the above program.  It
uses @code{guile-config} to learn about the necessary compiler and
linker flags.
@example
# Use GCC, if you have it installed.
CC=gcc

# Tell the C compiler where to find <libguile.h>
CFLAGS=`guile-config compile`

# Tell the linker what libraries to use and where to find them.
LIBS=`guile-config link`

simple-guile: simple-guile.o
        $@{CC@} simple-guile.o $@{LIBS@} -o simple-guile

simple-guile.o: simple-guile.c
        $@{CC@} -c $@{CFLAGS@} simple-guile.c
@end example

If you are using the GNU Autoconf package to make your application more
portable, Autoconf will settle many of the details in the Makefile above
automatically, making it much simpler and more portable; we recommend
using Autoconf with Guile.  Guile also provides the @code{GUILE_FLAGS}
macro for autoconf that performs all necessary checks.  Here is a
@file{configure.in} file for @code{simple-guile} that uses this macro.
Autoconf can use as this file as template to generate a @code{configure}
script.  In order for Autoconf to find the @code{GUILE_FLAGS} macro, you
will need to run @code{aclocal} first.  This is not really Guile
specific, so you should refer to the Autoconf documentation REFFIXME
when in doubt.
@example
AC_INIT(simple-guile.c)

# Find a C compiler.
AC_PROG_CC

# Check for Guile
GUILE_FLAGS

# Generate a Makefile, based on the results.
AC_OUTPUT(Makefile)
@end example

Here is a @code{Makefile.in} template, from which the @code{configure}
script produces a Makefile customized for the host system:
@example
# The configure script fills in these values.
CC=@@CC@@
CFLAGS=@@GUILE_CFLAGS@@
LIBS=@@GUILE_LDFLAGS@@

simple-guile: simple-guile.o
        $@{CC@} simple-guile.o $@{LIBS@} -o simple-guile
simple-guile.o: simple-guile.c
        $@{CC@} -c $@{CFLAGS@} simple-guile.c
@end example

The developer should use Autoconf to generate the @file{configure}
script from the @file{configure.in} template, and distribute
@file{configure} with the application.  Here's how a user might go about
building the application:

@example
$ ls
Makefile.in     configure*      configure.in    simple-guile.c
$ ./configure
creating cache ./config.cache
checking for gcc... (cached) gcc
checking whether the C compiler (gcc  ) works... yes
checking whether the C compiler (gcc  ) is a cross-compiler... no
checking whether we are using GNU C... (cached) yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... (cached) yes
checking for Guile... yes
creating ./config.status
creating Makefile
$ make
gcc -c -I/usr/local/include simple-guile.c
gcc simple-guile.o -L/usr/local/lib -lguile -lqthreads -lpthread -lm -o simple-guile
$ ./simple-guile
guile> (+ 1 2 3)
6
guile> (getpwnam "jimb")
#("jimb" "83Z7d75W2tyJQ" 4008 10 "Jim Blandy" "/u/jimb"
  "/usr/local/bin/bash")
guile> (exit)
$ 
@end example

@node Writing Extensions for Guile
@section Writing Extensions for Guile

The previous sections have briefly explained how to write programs that
make use of an embedded Guile interpreter.  But sometimes, all you want
to do is make new primitive procedures and data types available to the
Scheme programmer.  Writing a new version of @code{guile} is
inconvenient in this case and it would in fact make the life of the
users of your new features needlessly hard.

@c [[ the following is probably a bit longwinded ]]

For example, suppose that there is a program @code{guile-db} that is a
version of Guile with additional features for accessing a database.
People who want to write Scheme programs that use these features would
have to use @code{guile-db} instead of the usual @code{guile} program.
Now suppose that there is also a program @code{guile-gtk} that extends
Guile with access to the popular Gtk+ toolkit for graphical user
interfaces.  People who want to write GUIs in Scheme would have to use
@code{guile-gtk}.  Now, what happens when you want to write a Scheme
application that uses a GUI to let the user accessa a database?  You
would have to write a @emph{third} program that incorporates both the
database stuff and the GUI stuff.  This might not be easy (because
@code{guile-gtk} might be a quite obscure program, say) and taking this
example further makes it easy to see that this approach can not work in
practice.

It would have been much better if both the database features and the GUI
feature had been provided as libraries that can just be linked with
@code{guile}.  Guile makes it easy to do just this, and we encourage you
to make your extensions to Guile available as libraries whenever
possible.

You write the new primitive procedures and data types in the normal
fashion, and link them into a shared library instead of into a
standalone program.  The shared library can then be loaded dynamically
by Guile.

@menu
* A Sample Guile Extension::    
@end menu

@node A Sample Guile Extension
@subsection A Sample Guile Extension

This section explains how to make the Bessel functions of the C library
available to Scheme.  First we need to write the appropriate glue code
to convert the arguments and return values of the functions from Scheme
to C and back.  Additionally, we need a function that will add them to
the set of Guile primitives.  Because this is just an example, we will
only implement this for the @code{j0} function, tho.

Consider the following file @file{bessel.c}.

@smallexample
#include <math.h>
#include <libguile.h>

SCM
j0_wrapper (SCM x)
@{
  return scm_make_real (j0 (scm_num2dbl (x, "j0")));
@}

void
init_bessel ()
@{
  scm_make_gsubr ("j0", 1, 0, 0, j0_wrapper);
@}
@end smallexample

This C source file needs to be compiled into a shared library.  Here is
how to do it on GNU/Linux:

@smallexample
gcc -shared -o libguile-bessel.so -fPIC bessel.c
@end smallexample

For creating shared libraries portably, we recommend the use of
@code{GNU Libtool}.

A shared library can be loaded into a running Guile process with
@code{dynamic-link}.  After it has been linked you can call its exported
functions via @code{dynamic-call}.  For our example, we are going to
call the function @code{init_bessel} which will make @code{j0_wrapper}
available to Scheme programs with the name @code{j0}.  Note that we do
not specify a filename extension such as @file{.so} when invoking
@code{dynamic-link}.  The right extension for the host platform will be
provided automatically.

@smalllisp
(define bessel-lib (dynamic-link "libguile-bessel"))
(dynamic-call "init_bessel" bessel-lib)
(j0 2)
@result{} 0.223890779141236
@end smalllisp

For this to work, @code{dynamic-link} must be able to find
@file{libguile-bessel}, of course.  It will look in the places that are
usual for your operating system, and it will additionally look into the
directories listed in the @code{LTDL_LIBRRAY_PATH} environment variable.

To see how these Guile extensions via shared libraries relate to the
module system, see below REFFIXME.

@node Guile Modules
@section Guile Modules

Guile has support for dividing a program into @dfn{modules}.  By using
modules, you can group related code together and manage the
composition of complete programs from largely independent parts.

(The module system is in flux, and will likely look very different in
the future.  Feel free to use the existing system anyway.  Guile will
provide reasonable backwards compatability.)

@menu
* Using Guile Modules::         
* Writing New Modules::         
* Modules and Extensions::      
@end menu

@node Using Guile Modules
@subsection Using Existing Modules

To be written.

@node Writing New Modules
@subsection Writing New Modules

To be written.

@node Modules and Extensions
@subsection Modules and Extensions

In addition to Scheme code you can also put new procedures and other
named features that are provided by an extension into a module.

You do this by writing a small Scheme file that defines the module.
That Scheme file in turn invokes @code{dynamic-link} and
@code{dynamic-call} as explained above to make the extension
available.

Suppose we want to put the Bessel function @code{j0} from the example
extension into a module called @code{(math bessel)}.  We would have to
write a Scheme file with this contents

@smallexample
(define-module (math bessel))

(dynamic-call "init_bessel" (dynamic-link "libguile-bessel"))
@end smallexample

The file should of course be saved in the right place for autoloading,
for example as @file{/usr/local/share/guile/math/bessel.scm}.

@page
@node Reporting Bugs
@chapter Reporting Bugs

Any problems with the installation should be reported to
@email{bug-guile@@gnu.org}.

[[how about an explanation of what makes a good bug report?]]
[[don't complain to us about problems with contributed modules?]]


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