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[bpt/emacs.git] / etc / FAQ

                       GNU Emacs FAQ: Introduction

[To find what has changed, view the `Changes' posting or inspect the change
 bars in the text of the questions.]

This is the introduction to a list of frequently asked questions (FAQ) about
GNU Emacs with answers.  This article contains a listing of the questions;
subsequent articles contain the questions and answers.

The FAQ is posted to reduce the noise level in the `gnu.emacs.help' newsgroup
(which is also the `help-gnu-emacs' mailing list) which results from the
repetition of frequently asked questions, wrong answers to these questions,
corrections to the wrong answers, corrections to the corrections, debate, name
calling, etc.  Also, it serves as a repository of the canonical "best" answers
to these questions.  However, if you know a better answer or even a slight
change that improves an answer, please tell me!

If you know the answer of a question is in the FAQ, please reply to the
question by e-mail instead of posting.  Help reduce noise!

The FAQ is crossposted to `comp.emacs' because some sites do not receive the
`gnu.*' newsgroups.  The FAQ is also crossposted to `news.answers'.

Please suggest new questions, answers, wording changes, deletions, etc.  The
most helpful form for suggestions is a context diff (ie., the output of `diff
-c').  Include `FAQ' in the subject of messages sent to me about the FAQ.

Please do not send questions to me just because you do not want to disturb a
lot of people and you think I would know the answer.  I do not have time to
answer questions individually.  :-(

Full instructions for getting the latest FAQ are in question 29.  Also see the
`Introduction to news.answers' posting in the `news.answers' newsgroup, or send
e-mail to `mail-server@pit-manager.mit.edu' with `help' on a body line, or use
FTP, WAIS, or Prospero to pit-manager.mit.edu.

Future plans for this FAQ list include:

  * A new section devoted to GNUS questions.
  * Verification for files available via FTP and for mailing lists.
  * Up-to-date IP addresses for sites mentioned for FTP access.
  * A Texinfo version.
  * Marking questions in the list below that have been changed recently.

-- 
Joe Wells <jbw@cs.bu.edu>

Member of the League for Programming Freedom --- send e-mail for details
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Notation Used in the Answers
  
1:   What do things like this mean: C-h, M-C-a, RET, etc.?
2:   What do you mean when you write things like this: type "ESC a"?
3:   What if I don't have a Meta key?
4:   What if I don't have an Escape key?
5:   What does "M-x command" mean?
6:   What do things like this mean: etc/SERVICE, src/config.h,
     lisp/default.el?
7:   What are FSF, LPF, OSF, GNU, RMS, FTP, and GPL?

Sources of Information and Help

8:   I'm just starting GNU Emacs; how do I do basic editing?
9:   How do I find out how to do something in GNU Emacs?
10:  Where can I get GNU Emacs on the net (or by snail mail)?
11:  Where can I get help in installing GNU Emacs?
12:  How do I get a printed copy of the GNU Emacs manual?
13:  How do I install a piece of Texinfo documentation?
14:  How do I print a Texinfo file?
15:  Can I view Info files without using GNU Emacs?
16:  Where can I get documentation on GNU Emacs Lisp?
17:  Has someone written an GNU Emacs Lisp package that does XXX?
18:  Where can I get GNU Emacs Lisp packages that don't come with Emacs?
19:  How do I submit code to the Emacs Lisp Archive?
20:  What informational files are available for GNU Emacs?
21:  Where can I get the latest VM, Supercite, GNUS, Calc, Calendar,
     Ange-FTP, VIP, Dired, Ispell, Epoch, Demacs, Freemacs, or Patch?
22:  What is the real legal meaning of the GNU copyleft?
23:  What are appropriate messages for gnu.emacs.help, gnu.emacs.bug,
     comp.emacs, etc.?
24:  How do I unsubscribe to this mailing list?
25:  What is the LPF and why should I join it?
26:  What is the current address of the FSF?
27:  What is the current address of the LPF?
28:  Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff?
29:  Where can I get the latest version of this document (the FAQ list)?

GNU Emacs and Various Computing Environments

30:  Where does the name "Emacs" come from?
31:  What is the latest version of GNU Emacs?
32:  When will GNU Emacs 19 be available?
33:  What will be different about GNU Emacs 19?
34:  Is there an Emacs that has better mouse and X window support?
35:  Where can I get the "unofficial HP GNU Emacs"?
36:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC?
37:  Where can I get Emacs for my Atari ST?
38:  Where can I get Emacs for my Amiga?
39:  Where can I get Emacs for my Apple computer?
40:  Where can I get Emacs with NeWS support?
41:  How do I get Emacs running on VMS under DECwindows?
42:  How do I use emacstool under SunView?
43:  How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters?
44:  How do I input 8-bit characters?
45:  How do I use an already running Emacs from another window?
46:  Where can I get an Emacs that can handle kanji characters?
47:  Where can I get an Emacs that can handle Chinese?
48:  Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets?

Binding Keys to Commands

49:  Why does Emacs say "Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters"?
50:  Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my
     .emacs file, but it works just fine after Emacs starts up?
51:  Other than that, why does my key binding fail?
52:  How do I use function keys under X Windows?
53:  How do I tell what characters my function or arrow keys emit?
54:  Why does Emacs spontaneously start displaying "I-search:" and beeping?
55:  How do I disable the use of C-s and C-q for flow control?
56:  What do I do if my terminal is sending C-s and C-q for flow control and
     I can't disable it?
57:  How do I make Emacs honor C-s and C-q for flow control instead of for
     commands?
58:  Why does Emacs never see C-s and C-q through my network connection?
59:  How do I use commands bound to C-s and C-q (or any key) if these keys
     are filtered out?
60:  How do I "swap" two keys?
61:  Why does the "BackSpace" key invoke help?
62:  How do I type DEL on PC terminal emulators?
63:  Can I make my "Compose" key behave like a "Meta" key?
64:  Why don't the arrow keys work?
65:  How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key?
66:  Why doesn't my Meta key work in an xterm window?
67:  Why doesn't my ExtendChar key work as a Meta key under HP-UX 8.0?
68:  Where can I get key bindings to make Emacs emulate WordStar?

Building/Installing/Porting Emacs and Machine/OS-Specific Bugs

69:  Why does Emacs crash with "Fatal error (6).Abort" under SunOS 4.1?
70:  Why do I get an "f68881_used undefined" error, when I build Emacs on my
     Sun 3?
71:  Why does Emacs ignore my X resources (my .Xdefaults file)?
72:  How do I get Emacs to compile with all features under OpenWindows?
73:  How do I build Emacs under HP-UX 8.0?
74:  What should I do if I have trouble building Emacs?

Weird/Confusing Problems

75:  Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes?
76:  Why does Emacs start up using the wrong directory?
77:  How do I edit a file with a "$" in its name?
78:  Why does Shell mode lose track of the shell's current directory?
79:  Why doesn't Emacs expand my aliases when sending mail?
80:  Why doesn't my change to load-path work?
81:  Why does the cursor always go to the wrong column when I move up or
     down one line?
82:  Why does Emacs hang with message "Unknown XMenu error" with X11R4?
83:  Why doesn't display-time show the load average in the mode line
     anymore?
84:  Why doesn't GNUS work anymore via NNTP?
85:  Why does ispell sometimes ignore the local dictionary?
86:  How do I get rid of the ^M junk in my Shell buffer?
87:  Are there any security risks in GNU Emacs?
88:  How do I recover my mail files after RMAIL munges their format?
89:  Why do I get "Process shell exited abnormally with code 1"?

Configuring Emacs for Yourself

90:  How do I set up a .emacs file properly?
91:  How do you debug a .emacs file?
92:  How do I turn on abbrevs by default just in mode XXX?
93:  How do I turn on Auto-Fill mode by default?
94:  How do I make Emacs use a certain major mode for certain files?
95:  What are the valid X resource settings (ie., stuff in .Xdefaults file)?
96:  How do I stop Emacs from beeping on a terminal?
97:  How do I turn down the bell volume in Emacs running under X Windows?
98:  How do I change load-path?
99:  How do I change the included text prefix in mail/news followups?

Emacs Lisp Programming

100: What dialect of Lisp is Emacs Lisp?
101: How close is Emacs Lisp to Common Lisp?
102: How do I execute a piece of Emacs Lisp code?
103: How do I make a set of operations work only within a region?
104: How can I highlight text in Emacs?
105: How do I change Emacs's idea of the tab character's length?

Carrying Out Common Tasks

106: How do I insert ">"'s in the beginning of every line in a buffer?
107: How do I insert "_^H" characters before each character in a paragraph
     to get an underlined paragraph?
108: How do I repeat a command as many times as possible?
109: How do I search for or delete unprintable (8-bit or control)
     characters?
110: How do I control Emacs's case-sensitivity when searching/replacing?
111: How do I tell Emacs to automatically indent a new line to the
     indentation of the previous line?
112: How do I make Emacs "typeover" or "overwrite" instead of inserting?
113: How do I show which parenthesis matches the one I'm looking at?
114: How do I make Emacs behave like this: when I go up or down, the cursor
     should stay in the same column even if the line is too short?
115: How do I read news under Emacs?
116: In C mode, can I show just the lines that will be left after #ifdef
     commands are handled by the compiler?
117: Is there an equivalent to the "." (dot) command of vi?
118: How do I make Emacs display the current line (or column) number?
119: How do I tell Emacs to iconify itself?
120: How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs?
121: How do I perform a replace operation across more than one file?
122: How do I make Emacs wrap words for me?
123: Where can I get a better spelling checker for Emacs?
124: How can I spell-check TeX or *roff documents?
125: How can I make Emacs automatically scroll horizontally?



Notation Used in the Answers                                                 -
  
  You may skip this section if you are reasonably familiar with GNU Emacs.
  Some of these are not actually frequently asked questions, but knowing
  them is important for understanding the answers to the rest of the
  questions.

1: What do things like this mean: C-h, M-C-a, RET, etc.?
  
  C-a means press the "a" key while holding down the "Control" key.  The
  ASCII code this sends will generally be the value that would be sent by
  pressing just "a" minus 96 or 64.  Either way it will be a number from 0
  to 31.
  
  M-a means press the "a" key while holding down the "Meta" key.  The
  ASCII code this sends is the sum of the ASCII code that would be sent by
  pressing just "a" and 128.
  
  M-C-a means press the "a" key while holding down both the "Control" key
  and the "Meta" key.  C-M-a is a synonym for M-C-a.
  
  * RET means press the "Return" key.  RET is the same as C-m.  This sends
    ASCII code 13.
  * LFD means press the "Linefeed" key.  LFD is also the same as C-j.  This
    sends ASCII code 10.  Under Unix, ASCII code 10 is more often called
    "Newline".
  * DEL means press the "Delete" key.  DEL is the same as C-?.  This sends
    ASCII code 127.  (WARNING: It is a misnomer to call C-? a "control" key,
    since 127 has both bits 6 and 7 turned ON, and the rule for control keys
    is that they have 6 and 7 turned OFF.  Also, on very few keyboards does
    Control-? generate ASCII code 127.  In fact, Control-? (which is
    actually Control-Shift-/) is more likely to generate C-_, ASCII code
    31!)
  * ESC means press the "Escape" key.  ESC is the same as C-[.  This sends
    ASCII code 27.
  * SPC means press the "Space" key.  This send ASCII code 32.
  * TAB means press the "Tab" key.  TAB is the same as C-i.  This send ASCII
    code 9.
  
  For C-@ and C-^, usually you don't have to hold down the shift key and you
  can type Control-2 or Control-6 instead.  For C-_, you may have to hold
  down the shift key, typing Control-Shift-Hyphen.  C-@ can often be
  generated by typing Control-Space.  C-@ is often called the NUL character,
  and has ASCII value 0.  C-_ can often be generated by typing Control-7 or
  Control-/.  C-? (aka DEL) may be generated by typing Shift-BackSpace or    +
  Control-BackSpace.  Try Control with all of the digits on your keyboard to +
  see what gets generated.
  
  To read more about this online, type "C-h i m emacs RET m characters
  RET", and also "C-h i m emacs RET m keys RET".
  
2: What do you mean when you write things like this: type "ESC a"?
  
  I will enclose key sequences that are longer than one key inside double
  quotes.  These notations refer to single key strokes (some with
  modifiers):
  
    C-x, M-x, M-C-x
    RET, LFD, DEL, ESC, SPC, TAB
  
  I separate these from other keys within double quotes by spaces.  Any
  real spaces that I write inside double quotes can be ignored, only SPC
  means press the space key.  All other characters within double quotes
  represent single keys (some shifted).
  
3: What if I don't have a Meta key?
  
  Instead of typing M-a, you can type "ESC a" instead.  In fact, Emacs
  converts M-a internally into "ESC a" anyway (depending on the value of
  meta-prefix-char).
  
4: What if I don't have an Escape key?
  
  Type C-[ instead.  This should send ASCII code 27 just like an Escape
  key would.
  
5: What does "M-x command" mean?
  
  "M-x command" means type M-x, then type the name of the command, then
  type RET.
  
  M-x is simply the default key sequence that invokes the command
  "execute-extended-command".  This command allows you to run any Emacs
  command if you can remember the command's name.  If you can't remember
  the command's name, you can type TAB and SPC for completion, and ? for a
  list of possibilities.  An Emacs "command" is any "interactive" Emacs
  function.
  
  NOTE: Your system administrator may have bound other key sequences to
  invoke execute-extended-command.  A function key labeled "Do" is a good
  candidate for this.
  
  To run non-interactive Emacs functions, use M-ESC instead and type a
  Lisp form that invokes the function (see question 102).
  
6: What do things like this mean: etc/SERVICE, src/config.h,
 lisp/default.el?
  
  These are the names of files that are part of the GNU Emacs
  distribution.  The GNU Emacs distribution is divided into several
  subdirectories; the important subdirectories are named "etc", "lisp",
  and "src".
  
  If you use GNU Emacs, but don't know where it is kept on your system,
  start Emacs, then type "C-h v exec-directory RET".  The directory name
  that is displayed by this will be the full pathname of the "etc"
  directory of your installed GNU Emacs distribution.
  
  Some of these files are available individually via FTP or e-mail, see
  question 20.
  
7: What are FSF, LPF, OSF, GNU, RMS, FTP, and GPL?
  
  FSF == Free Software Foundation
  LPF == League for Programming Freedom
  OSF == Open Software Foundation
  GNU == GNU's Not Unix
  RMS == Richard Matthew Stallman
  FTP == File Transfer Protocol
  GPL == GNU General Public Licence
  
  NOTE: Avoid confusing the FSF, the LPF, and the OSF.  The LPF opposes
  look-and-feel copyrights and software patents.  The FSF aims to make high
  quality free software available for everyone.  The OSF is a commercial
  organization which wants to provide an alternative, standardized version
  of Unix not controlled by AT&T.
  
  NOTE: The word "free" in the title of the Free Software Foundation refers
  to "freedom", not "zero dollars".  Anyone can charge any price for
  GPL-covered software that they want to.  However, in practice, the freedom
  enforced by the GPL leads to low prices, because you can always get the
  software for less money from someone else, because everyone has the right
  to resell or give away GPL-covered software.
  


Sources of Information and Help

8: I'm just starting GNU Emacs; how do I do basic editing?
  
  Type "C-h t" to invoke the self-paced tutorial.  Typing just C-h is
  how to enter the help system.
  
  WARNING: Your system administrator may have changed C-h to act like DEL.
  You can use M-x help-for-help instead to invoke help.  To discover what
  key (if any) invokes help on your system, type "M-x where-is RET
  help-for-help RET".  This will print a comma-separated list of key
  sequences in the echo area.  Ignore the last character in each key
  sequence listed.  Each of the resulting key sequences invokes help.
  
  NOTE: Emacs's help facility works best if help is invoked by a single
  key.  The variable help-char should hold the value of this character.  
  Andrew Arensburger <arensb@kong.gsfc.nasa.gov> wrote a patch that allows   +
  the help facility to work properly when invoked by multiple character      +
  sequences.                                                                 +
  
9: How do I find out how to do something in GNU Emacs?
  
  There are several methods for finding out how to do things in Emacs.
  
  * You should become familiar with the online documentation for Emacs.  The +
    complete text of the Emacs manual is available online in a hypertext
    format via the "Info" manual reader.  Type "C-h i" to invoke Info.
  
  * You can order a hardcopy of the manual from the FSF.  See question 12.   +
  
  * You can get a printed reference card listing commands and keys to invoke +
    them.  You can order one from the FSF for $1 (or 10 for $5), or you can
    print your own from the etc/refcard.tex file in the Emacs distribution.
  
  * You can list all of the commands whose names contain a certain word      +
    (actually which match a regular expression) using the "command-apropos"
    command.  Type "C-h a" to invoke this command.
  
  * You can list all of the functions and variables whose names contain a    +
    certain word using the "apropos" command.  M-x apropos invokes this
    command.
  
  * There are many other commands in Emacs for getting help and information. +
    To get a list of these commands, type "C-h C-h C-h".
  
  NOTE: You may find that command-apropos and apropos are extremely slow
  on your system.  This will be fixed in Emacs 19.  If you can't wait that
  long, there is a "fast-apropos.el" file available in the Emacs Lisp
  Archive (see question 18) that contains the fix.  This file
  also contains a "super-apropos" command that will list all the functions
  and variables whose documentation strings contain a certain word.
  
10: Where can I get GNU Emacs on the net (or by snail mail)?
  
  Look in the files etc/DISTRIB and etc/FTP for information on nearby
  archive sites.  If you don't already have GNU Emacs, see question 20       !
  for how to get these two files.
  
  The latest version is always available via anonymous FTP at MIT
  (prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/emacs-18.58.tar.Z).                               !
  
11: Where can I get help in installing GNU Emacs?
  
  Look in the file etc/SERVICE for names of companies and individuals who
  will sell you this type of service.  An up-to-date version of the
  SERVICE file is available on prep.ai.mit.edu.  See question 20
  for how to retrieve this file.
  
12: How do I get a printed copy of the GNU Emacs manual?
  
  You can order a printed copy of the GNU Emacs manual from the FSF for
  $20.  For 6 or more manuals the price is $13 each.  {The price may be      !
  tax-deductible as a business expense.  Can someone tell me for certain?  I !
  know that pure donations to the FSF are tax-deductible, but I don't know   !
  about payments for manuals or tapes.}                                      !
  
  The full TeX source for the manual also comes in the "man" directory of
  the Emacs distribution, if you're daring enough to try to print out this
  300 page manual yourself (see question 14).
  
  If you absolutely have to print your own copy, and you don't have TeX, you
  can get a PostScript version via anonymous FTP (cs.ubc.ca:                 -
  src/gnu/manuals_ps/emacs-18.57.ps.Z, which site requests that you please
  CONFINE ANY MAJOR FTPING TO LATE EVENINGS OR EARLY MORNINGS OUR TIME
  (pacific time zone, GMT-8)).
  
  If you don't have TeX you can convert the Texinfo sources into
  {t,n,ps}roff format with the "texi2roff" program, which is available via
  anonymous FTP (archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:
  /pub/gnu/texi2roff/texi2roff.shar.Z)
  
  Carl Witty <cwitty@cs.stanford.edu> writes:
  
    The Emacs manual is also available online in the Info system, which is
    available by typing "C-h i".  In this form, it has hypertext links and
    is very easy to browse or search; many people prefer it to the printed
    manual.
  
13: How do I install a piece of Texinfo documentation?
  
  First create Info files from the Texinfo files with the "makeinfo"
  program.  makeinfo is available as part of the latest Texinfo package
  (prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu/texinfo-2.12.tar.Z).                             -
  
  For information about the Texinfo format, read the Texinfo manual which
  comes with Emacs.  This manual also comes installed in Info format, so you
  can read it online.
  
  Neither texinfo-format-buffer nor the makeinfo program install the
  resulting Info files in Emacs's Info tree.  To install Info files:
  
  1. Move the files to the "info" directory in the installed Emacs
     distribution.  See question 6 if you don't know where that
     is.
  
  2. Edit the file info/dir in the installed Emacs distribution, and add a
     line for the top level node in the Info package that you are
     installing.  Follow the examples are already in this file.  The format
     is:
  
       * Topic: (relative-pathname).  Short description of topic.
  
  If you want to install Info files and you don't have the necessary
  privileges, you have several options:                                      !
                                                                             !
  * Info files don't actually need to be installed before being used.  You   !
    can feed a file name to the Info-goto-node command (invoked by pressing
    "g" in Info mode) by typing the name of the file in parentheses.  This
    goes to the node named "Top" in that file.  For example, to view a Info
    file named "XXX" in your home directory, you can type this:
  
      C-h i g (~/XXX) RET
  
  * You can create your own Info directory.  You can tell Emacs where the    !
    Info directory is by setting the value of the variable Info-directory
    to its pathname.  For example, to use a private Info directory which
    is a subdirectory of your home directory named "Info", you could do
    this:
  
      (setq Info-directory (expand-file-name "~/Info"))
  
    You will need a top-level Info file named "dir" in this directory.
    You can include the system-wide Info directory in your private Info
    directory with symbolic links or by copying it.
  
  * You can use an enhanced version of lisp/info.el that handles multiple    +
    Info directories.  Then you can more easily use a mix of private and     +
    shared Info files.  Dave Gillespie <daveg@csvax.cs.caltech.edu> has      +
    written one such enhancement and I am told there are others.             +
  
14: How do I print a Texinfo file?
  
  NOTE: You can't get nice printed output from Info files; you must still    +
  have the original Texinfo source file for the manual you want to print.    +
  
  1. Make sure the first line of the Texinfo file looks like this:
  
       \input texinfo
  
     You may need to alter "texinfo" to the full pathname of the
     texinfo.tex file, which comes with Emacs as man/texinfo.tex (or copy
     or link it into the current directory).
  
  2. tex XXX.texinfo
  
  3. texindex XXX.??
  
     The "texindex" program comes with Emacs as man/texindex.c.
  
  4. tex XXX.texinfo
  
  5. Print the DVI file XXX.dvi in the normal way for printing DVI files
     at your site.
  
  To get more general instructions, retrieve the latest Texinfo package
  mentioned in question 13.
  
15: Can I view Info files without using GNU Emacs?
  
  Yes, the `info', `xinfo', and `ivinfo' programs do this.  info uses
  curses, xinfo uses standard X11R4 libraries, and ivinfo uses InterViews.
  You can get info as part of the latest Texinfo package (see question 13).
  xinfo is available separately (prep.ai.mit.edu:
  pub/gnu/xinfo-1.01.01.tar.Z).  ivinfo is available in a comp.sources.misc
  archive or from Tom Horsley <tom@ssd.csd.harris.com>.  For ivinfo, you
  need Stanford's InterViews C++ X library, available via anonymous FTP
  (interviews.stanford.edu).
  
16: Where can I get documentation on GNU Emacs Lisp?
  
  Within Emacs, you can type "C-h f" to get the documentation for a
  function, "C-h v" for a variable.
  
  For more information, obtain the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual for Emacs
  18 under Unix.  It is available from the FSF for $50 (or 5 for $200).  The
  latest revision available for FTP is edition 1.03 dated 28 January 1991.
  
  For online use, a set of pregenerated Info files is available with the
  Texinfo source for the Emacs Lisp manual via anonymous FTP (Emacs Lisp
  Archive, prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/elisp-manual-1.03.tar.Z).  (You can also  !
  create the Info files from the Texinfo source.)  See question 13 for
  details on how to install these files online.
  
  If you are daring enough to try to print this 550 page manual out
  yourself, for instructions see question 14.
  
  Also, as a popular USENET saying goes, "Use the Force, Read the Source".
  
17: Has someone written an GNU Emacs Lisp package that does XXX?
  
  Probably.  A listing of Emacs Lisp packages, called the Lisp Code
  Directory, is being maintained by Dave Brennan <brennan@hal.com> and       !
  Dave Sill <de5@ornl.gov>.  You can search through this list to find if
  someone has written something that fits your needs.
  
  This list is file "LCD-datafile.Z" in the Emacs Lisp Archive.  (See
  question 18 for methods for getting this file.)  The files "lispdir.el.Z"
  and "lispdir.doc.Z" in the archive contain information to help you use the
  list.  Once you have installed lispdir.el and LCD-datafile, then you can
  use the "M-x lisp-dir-apropos" command to look things up in the database.
  For example, the command "M-x lisp-dir-apropos RET ange-ftp RET" produces
  this (outdated) output:
  
                    GNU Emacs Lisp Code Apropos -- "ange-ftp"
  
    ange-ftp (3.112)  91-08-12
         Andy Norman, <ange@hplb.hpl.hp.com>
         archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:
           /pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/as-is/ange-ftp.el.Z
         transparent FTP Support for GNU Emacs
  
18: Where can I get GNU Emacs Lisp packages that don't come with Emacs?
  
  First, check the Lisp Code Directory to find the name of the package you
  are looking for.  (See question 17).  Then check local archives and
  the Emacs Lisp Archive to find a copy of the relevant files.  Then, if
  you still haven't found it, you can send e-mail to the author asking for
  a copy.
  
  NOTE: The archive maintainers do not have time to answer individual
  requests for packages or the list of packages in the archive.  If you
  cannot use FTP or UUCP to access the archive yourself, try to find a
  friend who can, but please don't ask the maintainers.
  
  You can access the Emacs Lisp Archive via anonymous FTP
  (archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/).  Fetch the
  file "README" first.
  
  NOTE: Any files with names ending in ".Z" are compressed, and you should
  use "binary" mode in FTP to retrieve them.  You should also use binary
  mode whenever you retrieve any files with names ending in ".elc".
  
19: How do I submit code to the Emacs Lisp Archive?
  
  Submissions should be mailed to elisp-archive@cis.ohio-state.edu.  Mail
  messages (submissions) are automatically saved and periodically archived.
  Urgent mail may be sent directly to Dave Sill <de5@ornl.gov> or Dave
  Brennan <brennan@hal.com> or should contain the string "urgent" in the     !
  subject.  The incomoing ftp directory is no longer available at the
  request of Ohio State.
  
  However, if someone has a submission with multiple files (which would be
  archived as a tar file) or binary files, then FTP transfer is preferred
  and can be arranged via an anonymous FTP site.  This is faster than
  uudecoding, unsharing, etc., and re-packaging files.
  
  Before submitting anything, please read the file "guidelines.Z", which is
  available in the archive.  Whenever possible submissions should contain
  a complete LCD entry since this helps reduce administrative overhead for
  the maintainers.  You can include an entry in this format:
  
    ;; LCD Archive Entry:
    ;; package name|author's name|email address
    ;; |description
    ;; |date|version|archive path
  
  For example:
  
    ;; LCD Archive Entry:
    ;; tex-complete|Sebastian Kremer|sk@thp.Uni-Koeln.DE
    ;; |Minibuffer name completion for editing [La]TeX.
    ;; |91-03-26|$Revision: 1.12 $|~/packages/tex-complete.el.Z
  
  Dave Brennan has software which automatically looks for data in this
  format.  The format is fairly flexible.  The entry ends when a line is
  reached with a different prefix or the seventh field terminator is
  seen.
  
20: What informational files are available for GNU Emacs?
  
  This isn't a frequently asked question, but it should be!  A variety of
  informational files about GNU Emacs and relevant aspects of the GNU
  project are available for you to read.
  
  The following files are available in the "etc" directory of the GNU
  Emacs distribution, and also the latest versions are available
  individually via anonymous FTP (prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu/etc/):
  
    APPLE -- Why the FSF doen't support GNU Emacs on Apple computers
    DISTRIB -- GNU Emacs Availability Information,
      including the popular "Free Software Foundation Order Form"
    FTP -- How to get GNU Software by Internet FTP or by UUCP
    GNU -- The GNU Manifesto
    INTERVIEW -- Richard Stallman discusses his public-domain
                       UNIX-compatible software system
                              with BYTE editors
    MACHINES -- Status of GNU Emacs on Various Machines and Systems
    MAILINGLISTS -- GNU Project Electronic Mailing Lists
    SERVICE -- GNU Service Directory
    SUN-SUPPORT -- including "Using Emacstool with GNU Emacs"                !
  
  These files are available in the "etc" directory of the GNU Emacs
  distribution:
  
    DIFF -- Differences between GNU Emacs and Twenex Emacs
    CCADIFF -- Differences between GNU Emacs and CCA Emacs
    GOSDIFF -- Differences between GNU Emacs and Gosling (Unipress??) Emacs
    COPYING -- GNU Emacs General Public License
    NEWS -- GNU Emacs News, a history of user-visible changes
    LPF -- Why you should join the League for Programming Freedom
    FAQ -- GNU Emacs Frequently Asked Questions (You're reading it)
    OPTIONS -- a complete explanation of startup option handling
  
  These files are available via anonymous FTP (prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu/):
  
    tasks -- GNU Task List
    standards.text -- GNU Coding Standards
  
  In addition, all of the above files are available directly from the FSF
  via e-mail.  Of course, please try to get them from a local source
  first.
  
  These additional files are available from the FSF via e-mail:
  
  * GNU's Bulletin, June, 1991 -- this file includes:
      GNU'S Who
      What Is the Free Software Foundation?
      What Is Copyleft?
      A Small Way to Help Free Software
      GNUs Flashes (important recent developments for project GNU)
      Free Software Support (and how to get it!)
      Copyrighted Programming Languages
      AT&T Threatens Users of X Windows (and other software patent threats)
      Project Gutenberg
      GNU Project Status Report
      GNU in Japan
      GNU Wish List
      Help Keep Government Software Free
      GNU Software Available Now
        Contents of the Emacs Tape
        Contents of the Compiler Tape
        Contents of the X11 Tapes
        VMS Emacs and Compiler Tapes
      GNU Documentation
      How to Get GNU Software
      Free Software for Microcomputers
        GNU Software on Apple computers
        GNU Software on the Amiga
        GNU Software on the Atari
        GNUish MS-DOS project
        Freemacs, an Extensible Editor for MS-DOS
      GNU in Japan
      FSF Order Form
      Thank GNUs
  * Legal issues about contributing code to GNU
  * GNU Project Status Report
  
21: Where can I get the latest VM, Supercite, GNUS, Calc, Calendar,
 Ange-FTP, VIP, Dired, Ispell, Epoch, Demacs, Freemacs, or Patch?
  
  {If you know of any other packages that are so substantial that they
  deserve to be mentioned here, please tell me.  Having its own mailing list
  or newsgroup or more than half a megabyte of source code are good signs.}
  
  * VM (View Mail) -- another mail reader within Emacs
  
    Author: Kyle Jones <kyle@uunet.uu.net>
    Latest released version: 4.41
    Beta test version: 5.31
    Anonymous FTP:
      Emacs Lisp Archive: packages/vm-4.41.tar.Z, as-is/timer.shar.Z         -
      ftp.uu.net:/pub/vm-{4.41,5.31beta}.tar.Z
    Newsgroups and mailing lists:
      Info-VM:
        gnu.emacs.vm.info
        info-vm-request@uunet.uu.net (for subscriptions)
        info-vm@uunet.uu.net (for submissions)                               +
      Bug-VM:
        gnu.emacs.vm.bug
        bug-vm-request@uunet.uu.net (for subscriptions)
        bug-vm@uunet.uu.net (for submissions)                                +
  
  * SuperCite -- mail and news citation package within Emacs
  
    Author: Barry Warsaw <bwarsaw@cen.com>
    Mailing list: supercite-request@anthem.nlm.nih.gov (for subscriptions)
                  supercite@anthem.nlm.nih.gov (for submissions)             +
    Latest version: 2.2
    Anonymous FTP:
      Emacs Lisp Archive: packages/sc-2.2.tar.Z
    Via e-mail:
      To: library@cme.nist.gov
      Subject: help
  
    NOTE: Superyank is an old version of SuperCite.
  
  * GNUS -- news reader within Emacs
  
    Author: Masanobu Umeda <umerin@mse.kyutech.ac.jp>
    Latest official version: 3.13
    Unofficial test version: 3.14.1
    Anonymous FTP:
      cs.umn.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z.
      aun.uninett.no:pub/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z
      wnoc-fuk.wide.ad.jp:pub/GNU/etc/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z
      liasun3.epfl.ch:pub/gnu/emacs/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z
      aix370.rrz.uni-koeln.de:/pub/gnu/emacs/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z
      funet.fi:/networking/news/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z
      src.doc.ic.ac.uk:/gnu/EmacsBits/gnus/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z
      Emacs Lisp Archive: packages/gnus-3.13.tar.Z
    Newsgroups and mailing lists:
      English-only:    
        gnu.emacs.gnus
        info-gnus-english-request@cis.ohio-state.edu (for subscriptions)
        info-gnus-english@cis.ohio-state.edu (for submissions)               +
      Japanese (and some English):
        info-gnus-request@flab.fujitsu.co.jp (for subscriptions)
        info-gnus@flab.fujitsu.co.jp (for submissions)                       +
  
  * Calc -- poor man's Mathematica within Emacs
  
    Author: Dave Gillespie <daveg@csvax.cs.caltech.edu>
    Latest released version: 2.02                                            !
    Anonymous FTP:
      csvax.cs.caltech.edu:pub/calc-2.02.tar.Z                               !
      prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/calc-2.02.tar.Z                                !
    NOTE: Unlike Wolfram Research, Dave has never threatened to sue anyone
      for having a program with a similar command language to Calc.  :-)
  
  * Calendar/Diary -- calendar manager within Emacs
  
    Author: Ed Reingold <reingold@cs.uiuc.edu>
    Latest version: 4.01
    Anonymous FTP:
      emr.cs.uiuc.edu:/pub/emacs/calendar
    Via e-mail:
      To: reingold@cs.uiuc.edu
      Subject: send-emacs-cal
      Put your best internet e-mail address in the body.
  
  * Ange-FTP -- adds transparent FTP access to Emacs's file access routines
  
    Author: Andy Norman <ange@hplb.hpl.hp.com>
    Latest version: 3.143
    Anonymous FTP:
      ftp.gnu.ai.mit.edu:ange-ftp/ange-ftp.el.Z
      Emacs Lisp Archive:
        as-is/ange-ftp.el.Z (current version)
        packages/ange-ftp.el.Z (old version)
    Mailing list: ange-ftp-lovers-request@anorman.hpl.hp.com (subscriptions) !
                  ange-ftp-lovers@anorman.hpl.hp.com (for submissions)       +
    NOTE: now with support for accessing VMS systems
  
  * VIP -- vi emulation for Emacs                                            -
  
    Author: Aamod Sane <sane@cs.uiuc.edu>
    Latest released version: 4.3                                             +
    Anonymous FTP:
      cs.uiuc.edu:pub/vip4.3.tar.Z
      Emacs Lisp Archive: modes/vip-mode.tar.Z
    NOTE: This version much more closely emulates vi than the one
      distributed with Emacs.
  
    Version distributed with Emacs: 3.5
    Author: Masahiko Sato <ms@sail.stanford.edu,
                           masahiko@sato.riec.tohoku.junet>
  
  * Dired -- directory editor for Emacs
  
    Author: Sebastian Kremer <sk@thp.uni-koeln.de>
    Latest released version: 5.239                                           +
    Anonymous FTP: ftp.cs.buffalo.edu:pub/Emacs/diredall.tar.Z               -
                   ftp.uni-koeln.de:pub/gnu/emacs/diredall.tar.Z             -
    NOTE: This is a huge improvement over the Dired distributed with Emacs.
      This version will be in Emacs 19.
  
  * AUC TeX -- enhanced LaTeX mode                                           +
                                                                             +
    Author: Kresten Krab Thorup <krab@iesd.auc.dk>                           +
    Latest released version: 5.4                                             +
    Anonymous FTP: iesd.auc.dk:pub/emacs-lisp/auc-tex-5.4.tar.Z              +
    Mailing list:                                                            +
      auc-tex-request@iesd.auc.dk (for subscriptions)                        +
      auc-tex@iesd.auc.dk (for submissions)                                  +
      auc-tex_mgr@iesd.auc.dk (auc-tex development team)                     +
                                                                             +
  * Hyperbole -- extensible hypertext management system within Emacs         +
                                                                             +
    Author: Bob Weiner <rsw@cs.brown.edu>                                    +
    Anonymous FTP:                                                           +
      wilma.cs.brown.edu:pub/hyperbole/h*.tar.Z                              +
    Mailing lists:                                                           +
      hyperbole-announce -- Hyperbole release announcements only.            +
        Subscriptions:                                                       +
          To: hyperbole-request@cs.brown.edu                                 +
          Subject: Add <mailbox@domain.name> to hyperbole-announce.          +
      hyperbole -- Hyperbole discussion.                                     +
        Subscriptions:                                                       +
          To: hyperbole-request@cs.brown.edu                                 +
          Subject: Add <mailbox@domain.name> to hyperbole.                   +
        Submissions:                                                         +
          hyperbole@cs.brown.edu                                             +
        NOTE: Any member of the hyperbole mailing list is automatically a    +
          member of the hyperbole-announce mailing list.                     +
      NOTE: No .UUCP or ! addresses are allowed on these mailing lists.      +
                                                                             +
  * Ispell -- spell checker in C with interface for Emacs                    +
  
    Author: Geoff Kuenning <geoff@itcorp.com> (latest of many)
    Latest released version: 2.0.02
    Beta test version: 3.0 (9 patches)
    Anonymous FTP:
      archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:/pub/gnu/ispell/* (version 2.0.02)
      ftp.cs.ucla.edu:/pub/ispell/* (version 3.0, patches, dictionaries)
    NOTE: Do not send mail to Geoff asking him to send you the latest
      version of Ispell.  He does not have free e-mail.
  
  * Epoch -- enhanced GNU Emacs with better X interface
  
    Latest released version: 3.2
    Beta test version: 4.0 beta patchlevel 0                                 !
    Anonymous FTP:
      cs.uiuc.edu:pub/epoch-files/epoch/epoch-4.0b0.tar.Z                    !
      cs.uiuc.edu:pub/epoch-files/epoch/epoch-3.2{.tar.Z,-patch-{1,2.tar.Z}}
    Newsgroup and mailing lists:                                             !
      Epoch:                                                                 !
        gnu.emacs.epoch
        epoch-request@cs.uiuc.edu (for subscriptions)
        epoch@cs.uiuc.edu (for submissions)                                  +
      Epoch-Design:                                                          +
        epoch-design-request@cs.uiuc.edu (for subscriptions)                 +
        epoch-design@cs.uiuc.edu (for submissions)                           +
  
  * Demacs -- GNU Emacs altered to work under MS-DOS on 386 and 486 machines
  
    Authors: Manabu Higashida <manabu@sigmath.osaka-u.ac.jp>
             HIRANO Satoshi <hirano@tkl.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp>
    Latest released version: 1.2.0
    Anonymous FTP:
      utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp:GNU/demacs/* (nearest to U.S.A.)
      ftp.sigmath.osaka-u.ac.jp:pub/Msdos/Demacs/*
      wnoc-fuk.wide.ad.jp:pub/msdos/Demacs/*
      ftp.3com.com:pub/gnu/msdos/demacs/*                                    +
      mindseye.berkeley.edu:pub/kanji/demacs/*                               +
      ftp.hawaii.edu:pub/editors/demacs.tar.Z                                +
      ftp.math.ksu.edu:pub/pc/demacs/*                                       +
      wsmr-simtel20.army.mil:pd1:<msdos.demacs>*                             +
      ftp.uni-koeln.de: (PLEASE USE ONLY OUTSIDE WORKING HOURS!)             +
        msdos/gnuprogs/dem120e.zip (executables, lisp-code, doc)
        msdos/gnuprogs/dem120s.zip (sources, diffs)
      ftp.lysator.liu.se:pub/msdos/gnu/emacs/?????????????
      mizar.docs.uu.se:pub/gnu/demacs/*                                      +
      iamsun.unibe.ch:PC/demacs/*                                            +
      flop.informatik.tu-muenchen.de:outgoing/demacs.tar                     +
      ftp.funet.fi:pub/gnu/emacs/demacs/*                                    +
      garbo.uwasa.fi:pc/editor/dem120{e,s}.zip                               +
      ftp.win.tue.nl:pub/gnu/demacs/*                                        +
      ugle.unit.no:pub/gnu/Demacs/*                                          +
      {Does anyone know which sites have the Kanji version?}                 +
    Via e-mail:                                                              +
      From garbo.uwasa.fi:                                                   +
        To: mailserv@garbo.uwasa.fi                                          +
        Subject: garbo-request                                               +
        Body: send pc/editor/dem120e.zip                                     +
              send pc/editor/dem120s.zip                                     +
              quit                                                           +
    Downloading:
      EXEC-PC (Milwaukee, WI) 414-789-4210 (2400 bps)
        in the Mahoney MS-DOS file area in its Editors/wordprocessors
        library (F), named GNUEMACS.ZIP
      Channel 1 (Cambridge, MA) 617-345-8873 (9600 bps)
        in the New Uploads file area, named GNUEMACS.ZIP
    NOTE: Use the -d option of [pk]unzip for all .zip archives.  Some sites
      have Demacs lharc'ed.  {Can anyone tell me FTP sites for programs to
      extract lharc and zip format files?  Or even better, give me a pointer
      to another FAQ that answers these questions.}
    Mailing list:                                                            +
      NOTE: There is no mailing list for Demacs.  However, there is a list   +
        for DJGPP, which is the environment that Demacs runs in.  Many       +
        Demacs problems are actually issues with DJGPP.                      +
      DJGPP:                                                                 +
        Subscriptions:                                                       +
          To: listserv@sun.soe.clarkson.edu                                  +
          body: add <your-address> djgpp                                     +
          or put "help" in the body.                                         +
          If this fails, mail to djgpp-request@sun.soe.clarkson.edu.         +
        Submissions:                                                         +
          djgpp@sun.soe.clarkson.edu                                         +
  
  * Freemacs -- a small Emacs for MS-DOS
  
    Author: Russ Nelson <nelson@sun.soe.clarkson.edu>                        +
    Latest released version: 1.6a
    Anonymous FTP:
      simtel20.army.mil:PD:<MSDOS.FREEMACS>*
      grape.ecs.clarkson.edu:pub/msdos/freemacs/*
    Via e-mail:
      To: archive-server@sun.soe.clarkson.edu
      body: help
    Via snail mail:
      address: Russell Nelson, 11 Grant St., Potsdam, NY 13676
      Send $15 copying fee, and specify preferred floppy disk format:
        5.25", 360K, or 3.50", 720K
    Mailing lists: 
      Subscriptions:
        To: listserv@sun.soe.clarkson.edu
        body: add <your-address> <name-of-list>
        or put "help" in the body.
      List distribution addresses:
        freemacs-announce@sun.soe.clarkson.edu
        freemacs-help@sun.soe.clarkson.edu
        freemacs-workers@sun.soe.clarkson.edu (send bug reports here)
  
  * Patch -- program to apply "diffs" for updating files
  
    Author: Larry Wall <lwall@netlabs.com>
    Latest version: 2.0 patchlevel 12u5
      (This is the version that supports the new "unified" diff format.)
    Anonymous FTP:
      prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/patch-2.0.12u4.tar.Z
  
22: What is the real legal meaning of the GNU copyleft?
  
  RMS writes:
  
    The legal meaning of the GNU copyleft is less important than the spirit,
    which is that Emacs is a free software project and that work pertaining
    to Emacs should also be free software.  "Free" means that all users have
    the freedom to study, share, change and improve Emacs.  To make sure
    everyone has this freedom, pass along source code when you distribute
    any version of Emacs or a related program, and give the recipients the
    same freedom that you enjoyed.
  
    If you still want to find out about the legal meaning of the copyleft,
    please ask yourself if this means you are not paying attention to the
    spirit.
  
23: What are appropriate messages for gnu.emacs.help, gnu.emacs.bug,
 comp.emacs, etc.?
  
  The file etc/MAILINGLISTS discusses the purpose of each GNU
  mailing-list.  (See question 20 on how to get a copy.)  For
  those which are gatewayed with newsgroups, it lists both the newsgroup
  name and the mailing list address.
  
  comp.emacs is for discussion of Emacs programs in general.  This
  includes GNU Emacs along with various other implementations like JOVE,
  MicroEmacs, Freemacs, MG, Unipress, CCA, Epsilon, etc.
  
  Many people post GNU Emacs questions to comp.emacs because they don't
  receive any of the gnu.* newsgroups.  Arguments have been made both for
  and against posting GNU-Emacs-specific material to comp.emacs.  You have
  to decide for yourself.
  
  Messages advocating "non-free" software are considered unacceptable on any
  of the gnu.* newsgroups except for gnu.misc.discuss, which was created to
  hold the extensive flame-wars on the subject.  "non-free" software
  includes any software for which the end user can't get source code.  Be
  careful to remove the gnu.* groups from the "Newsgroups:" line when
  posting a followup that recommends such software.
  
  The correct place to report GNU Emacs bugs is by e-mail to
  bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu.  Anything sent here also appears in the
  newsgroup gnu.emacs.bug, but please use e-mail instead of news to submit
  the bug report.  This way a reliable return address is available so you
  can be contacted for further details.
  
  RMS explains:                                                              !
  
    Sending bug reports to help-gnu-emacs (which has the effect of posting
    on gnu.emacs.help) is undesirable because it takes the time of an
    unnecessarily large group of people, most of whom are just users and
    have no idea how to fix these problem.  bug-gnu-emacs reaches a much
    smaller group of people who are more likely to know what to do and have
    expressed a wish to receive more messages about Emacs than the others.
  
  However, RMS says there are circumstances when it is okay to post to       +
  gnu.emacs.help:                                                            +
                                                                             +
    If you have reported a bug and you don't hear about a possible fix, then +
    after a suitable delay (such as a week) it is okay to post on            +
    gnu.emacs.help asking if anyone can help you.                            +
  
  If you are unsure whether you have a bug, RMS describes how to tell:       !
  
    ... if Emacs crashes, that is a bug.  If Emacs gets compilation errors
    while building, that is a bug.  If Emacs crashes while building, that is
    a bug.  If Lisp code does not do what the documentation says it does,
    that is a bug.
  
24: How do I unsubscribe to this mailing list?
  
  If you are receiving a GNU mailing list named "XXX", you might be able
  to unsubscribe to it by sending a request to the address
  "XXX-request@prep.ai.mit.edu".  However, this will not work if you are
  not listed on the main mailing list, but instead recieve the mail from a
  distribution point.  In that case, you will have to track down at which
  distribution point you are listed.  Inspecting the "Received:" headers
  on the mail messages may help, along with liberal use of the "EXPN" or
  "VRFY" sendmail commands through "telnet <site-address> smtp".  Ask your
  postmaster for help.
  
25: What is the LPF and why should I join it?
  
  The LPF opposes the expanding danger of software patents and
  look-and-feel copyrights.  Write to league@prep.ai.mit.edu for more
  information.  You can get papers describing the LPF's views via
  anonymous FTP (prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/lpf/*) or via anonymous UUCP
  (osu-cis!~/lpf/*).
  
26: What is the current address of the FSF?
  
  Snail mail address:
    Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    675 Massachusetts Avenue
    Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
  
  Phone number:
    (617) 876-3296
  
  E-mail addresses:
    gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu
  
27: What is the current address of the LPF?
  
  Snail mail address:
    League for Programming Freedom
    1 Kendall Square, Number 143
    Post Office Box 9171
    Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
  
  Phone number:
    (617) 243-4061 { or 243-4091, I'm not sure ... }
    {Will someone please tell me which of the above numbers is correct?}
  
  E-mail address:
    league@prep.ai.mit.edu
  
28: Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff?
  
  The most up-to-date official GNU stuff is normally kept on
  prep.ai.mit.edu and is available for anonymous FTP.  See the files
  etc/DISTRIB and etc/FTP for more information.  (To get copies of these
  files, see question 20.)
  
  For Europeans, the site nic.funet.fi duplicates the directory /pub/gnu
  from prep.ai.mit.edu.
  
29: Where can I get the latest version of this document (the FAQ list)?
  
  The GNU Emacs FAQ is available in several ways:
  
  1. Via USENET.  If you can read news, the FAQ should be available in your  +
     news spool, in both the "gnu.emacs.help" and "comp.emacs" newsgroups.
     Every news reader of which I know will allow you to read any news
     article that is still in the news spool, even if you have read the
     article before.  You may need to read the instructions for your news
     reader to discover how to do this.  In "rn", this command will do this
     for you at the "article selection level":
  
       ?GNU Emacs FAQ?rc:m
  
     In GNUS, you should type "C-u G" from the *Subject* buffer or "C-u SPC"
     from the *Newsgroup* buffer to view all articles in a newsgroup.
  
     The FAQ articles' message IDs are:
  
       <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-0.92Feb23210646@bigbird.bu.edu>                        !
       <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-1.92Feb23210646@bigbird.bu.edu>                        !
       <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-2.92Feb23210646@bigbird.bu.edu>                        !
       <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-3.92Feb23210646@bigbird.bu.edu>                        +
  
     If you are viewing this in the GNUS `*Article*' buffer, you can move
     point within one of the above message IDs and type "r" to fetch the
     referenced article into the `*Article*' buffer.  Type "o" in the
     `*Article*' buffer to restore the previous contents of the `*Article*'
     buffer.  If you are not viewing this in the GNUS `*Article*' buffer,
     use M-x gnus-Article-refer-article instead of "r".  GNUS must be
     running and you must display the `*Article*' buffer to see the results.
  
     If the FAQ articles have expired and been deleted from your news spool,
     it might (or might not) do some good to complain to your news
     administrator, because the most recent FAQ should not expire before
     April 15, 1992.                                                         !
  
  2. Via anonymous FTP.  You can fetch the FAQ articles via anonymous FTP    +
     (pit-manager.mit.edu:pub/usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part?).      !
  
  3. Via e-mail.  You can send the following magical incantation in the body +
     of a message to mail-server@pit-manager.mit.edu:
  
       send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part0                          !
       send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part1                          !
       send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part2                          +
       send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part3                          +
                                                                             +
  4. Via WAIS.  The GNU Emacs FAQ is available via WAIS indexed on a         +
     per-question basis from the "faq" database on bigbird.bu.edu on the     +
     non-standard IP port number of 2210.  This is probably the best way to  +
     find out if there is something in the FAQ related to your question.  I  +
     use this myself to answer questions I see posted on gnu.emacs.help.     !
                                                                             !
     The articles of the GNU Emacs FAQ are also available from the "usenet"  !
     database on pit-manager.mit.edu (on the standard IP port: 210), along   !
     with a lot of other FAQ articles.  However, these are all indexed at    !
     the whole article level instead of at the question level.  This is a    !
     better place to look if you want to fetch the entire FAQ.               !
                                                                             !
  5. In the GNU Emacs distribution.  Since GNU Emacs 18.56, the latest       !
     available version of the FAQ at the time of release has been part of
     the GNU Emacs distribution as file etc/FAQ.  18.58 is the latest        !
     version, and it was released in February 1992.                          !



GNU Emacs and Various Computing Environments

30: Where does the name "Emacs" come from?
  
  EMACS originally was an acronym for Editor MACroS.  The first Emacs was
  a set of macros written by Richard Stallman and Guy Steele for the
  editor TECO (Text Editor and COrrector (originally Tape Editor and
  COrrector)) on a PDP-10.  (Amusing fact: many people have told me that
  TECO code looks a lot like line noise.  See alt.lang.teco if you are
  interested.)
  
31: What is the latest version of GNU Emacs?
  
  GNU Emacs 18.58 is the current version.  Fixes from 18.57 include better   !
  mail address parsing, an X visual bell speedup, a call-process             !
  enhancement, a regexp matching change, the ability to apply a numeric      !
  argument to a self-inserting digit, getting X resource values from the     !
  RESOURCE_MANAGER property, more reliable shell mode job control, and a     !
  change to copy-keymap.  Also, support has been added for many new system   !
  types.                                                                     !
  
  The June 1991 GNU's Bulletin says this about the status of Emacs:          +
  
    GNU Emacs 18.57 is the current version.  The undo facility has been
    completely rewritten and now holds unlimited data temporarily, and a
    user-specified amount for the long term.
  
    Berkeley is distributing GNU Emacs with the 4.3 BSD distribution, and
    numerous companies distribute it also.
  
    Emacs 18 maintenance continues for simple bug fixes.
  
  To visit a file with information about what has changed in recent          !
  versions, type "C-h n".                                                    !
  
32: When will GNU Emacs 19 be available?
  
  Good question, I don't know.  For that matter, neither do the developers.
  It will undoubtedly be available sometime in the 1990s.  :-)  People are
  actually using alpha-test version of Emacs 19, which is a good sign.  Work
  has begun on features for Emacs 20.
  
  RMS writes:
  
    Work is progressing steadily on 19 and it the to-do list is getting
    smaller.  But I don't want to make the mistake of predicting when it
    will be ready.
  
33: What will be different about GNU Emacs 19?
  
  From the June 1991 GNU's Bulletin:
  
    Version 19 approaches release, counting among its new features: before
    and after change hooks, source-level debugging of Emacs Lisp programs, X
    selection processing (including clipboard selections), scrollbars,
    support for European character sets, floating point numbers, per-buffer
    mouse commands, X resource manager interfacing, mouse-tracking,
    Lisp-level binding of function keys, multiple X windows (`screens' to
    Emacs), a new input system---all input now arrives in the form of Lisp
    objects---and buffer allocation, which uses a new mechanism capable of
    returning storage to the system when a buffer is killed.
  
    Thanks go to Alan Carroll and the people who worked on Epoch for
    generating initial feedback to a multi-windowed Emacs.  Emacs 19
    supports two styles of multiple windows, one with a separate screen for
    the minibuffer, and another with a minibuffer attached to each screen.
  
    Features being considered for later releases of Emacs include:
    associating property lists with regions of text in a buffer; multiple
    fonts, color, and pixmaps defined by those properties; different
    visibility conditions for the regions, and for various windows showing
    one buffer; hooks to be run if point or mouse moves outside a certain
    range; incrementally saving undo history in a file; static menu bars;
    and better pop-up menus.
  
  Mention of these two items disappeared in the January 1991 GNU's bulletin:
  
  * Incremental syntax analysis for various programming languages (Leif).
  * A more sophisticated emacsclient/server model, which would provide
    network transparent Emacs widget functionality.
  
34: Is there an Emacs that has better mouse and X window support?
  
  Emacs 18 has some limited X Window System support, but there are
  problems.  Emacs 19 will have amazing mouse and window support.  Right
  now, there is a modified version of Emacs 18.55 called "Epoch" which has
  greatly improved mouse and window support.  To obtain Epoch, see
  question 21.
  
  There are numerous Emacs Lisp packages that have been written to extend
  Emacs 18's mouse handling capabilities.  Some of these packages also have
  patches to the C code to provide enhanced capabilities.  Look up "mouse"
  in the Lisp Code Directory (see question 17).
  
  NOTE: Epoch only works with the X Window System; it does not work on
  ordinary terminals.
  
35: Where can I get the "unofficial HP GNU Emacs"?
  
  The unofficial HP GNU Emacs is available via anonymous FTP
  (me10.lbl.gov:pub/interex/HUGE/HUGE.{README.HP,tar.Z.??},
  ee.utah.edu:HUGE/*, PLEASE FTP DURING NON-WORK HOURS!!!) and takes about
  35 megabytes of disk space to build.  It is useful for non-HP machines,
  but some of the added features will only work under HP-UX.
  
  You will need to get patches to work with HP-UX 8.0 or on 700 series
  machines via e-mail from Darryl Okahata <darrylo@sr.hp.com>.
  
36: Where can I get Emacs for my PC?
  
  ** Demacs
  
  For 386 or 486 PCs, there is a version of GNU Emacs called Demacs.  To get
  Demacs see question 21.
  
  From the announcement message:
  
    Demacs is almost a full set of GNU Emacs but does not support some
    features: asynchronous process, locking a file, etc.
  
    Demacs provides following DOS specific features:
  
      * File type: text or binary file translation.
      * "8bit clean" display mode.
      * 8086 software interrupt call by int86 lisp function.
      * Machine specific features such as function key support.
      * File name completion with drive name.
      * Child process (suspend-emacs, call-process).
      * Enhanced dired mode which can work without 'ls.exe'.
  
    To our regret `shell-mode' does not work, but `compile' command works
    properly.
  
  Demacs was developed using an MS-DOS version of gcc called djgpp by D. J.
  Delorie <dj@ctron.com> which can compile and run large programs under
  MS-DOS, but not under MS Windows.  Demacs was derived from Nemacs rather
  than straight from GNU Emacs.
  
  There are a variety of other Emacses for MS-DOS including among them the
  following.
  
  ** Freemacs
  
  Russ Nelson <nelson@sun.soe.clarkson.edu>, the author, describes
  Freemacs:
  
    * Freemacs is free, and it was designed from the start to be
      programmable.
    * Freemacs is the only IBM-PC editor that tries to be like GNU Emacs.
    * Freemacs can only edit files less than 64K in length.
    * Freemacs doesn't have undo.
  
  Carl Witty <cwitty@cs.stanford.edu> describes Freemacs:
  
    Better is Freemacs, which follows the tradition of ITS and GNU Emacs by
    having an full, turing-complete extension language which is incompatible
    with everything else.  In fact, it's even closer to ITS Emacs than GNU
    Emacs is, because Mint (Freemacs' extension language) is absolutely
    illegible without weeks of study, much like TECO.
  
  To get Freemacs see question 21.
  
  ** MicroEmacs
  
  MicroEmacs is a descendant of Microemacs {originally by Dave Conroy?}.  It +
  is programmable in a BASIC-like language.  Many of the keybindings are     +
  different from GNU Emacs.  It is rumored that MicroEmacs can not correctly +
  edit files larger than memory.  The author is Daniel Lawrence              +
  <dan@mdbs.uucp, dan@midas.mgmt.purdue.edu, nwd@j.cc.purdue.edu>.  The      -
  latest version is 3.10 and it is available via anonymous FTP
  (midas.mgmt.purdue.edu (non-working hours only), durer.cme.nist.gov,
  wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/memacs/*).  Version 3.11 is in beta
  test.
  
  ** JOVE
  
  Another Emacs for small machines is JOVE (Jonathan's Own Version of
  Emacs).  The latest official version is 4.14.  There appears to be a newer
  version.  People rumored to be working on JOVE include Mark Moraes
  <moraes@cs.toronto.edu> and Bill Marsh <bmarsh@cod.nosc.mil>.  It is
  available via anonymous FTP (cs.rochester.edu:/pub/jove.tar.4.14.Z,
  cs.toronto.edu:/pub/moraes/jove4.14.3.tar.Z, ftp.uu.net:????).             +
  
  ** MG
  
  MG is another descendant of Microemacs.  MG used to stand for
  MicroGNUEmacs, but now just stands for MG.  The look-and-feel of MG is     +
  intended to be close to that of GNU Emacs.  It is rumored that MG can not  +
  correctly edit files larger than memory.  The current version is rumored   +
  to be 2.  There is a version 3 in beta which works on the Amiga.  It is
  also available via anonymous FTP (ftp.white.toronto.edu:pub/mg/*,
  wuarchive.wustl.edu: /mirrors/unix-c/editors/mg*, procyon.cis.ksu.edu
  (source and executable)).
  
37: Where can I get Emacs for my Atari ST?
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    cs.uni-sb.de:/pub/atari/emacs/????????
  
38: Where can I get Emacs for my Amiga?
  
  All of the files are lharc-ed.
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    oes.orst.edu:/pub/almanac/comp/amiga/software/gnuemacs-1.10/*
  
  Via e-mail:
    To: almanac@oes.orst.edu:
    body:
      mode uuencode
      send computer amiga software gnuemacs <file>
    <file> is replaced by one of the following:
      Required: d1.lzh d2.lzh
      Recommended: d3_info.lzh d3_infolisp.lzh
      Optional: d3_autoloaded.lzh d3_entertainmentetc.lzh
        d3_entertainmentlisp.lzh d4_src.lzh d5_languagelisp.lzh
        d5_viclone.lzh d6_gnulibsrc.lzh d6_mailpackage.lzh
        d6_mathpackage.lzh d6_misc.lzh d6_textformat.lzh
    The `d#' at the beginning of each file is its disk number, which is
    referred to by the documentation.
  
39: Where can I get Emacs for my Apple computer?
  
  The FSF is a participant in a boycott of Apple because of Apple's "look
  and feel" copyright suits.  See the file etc/APPLE for more details.
  Because of this boycott, the FSF doesn't include support in GNU software
  for Apple computers such as the Macintosh.
  
  Please don't help people port or develop software for Apple computers.
  
40: Where can I get Emacs with NeWS support?
  
  Chris Maio's NeWS support package for GNU Emacs is available via
  anonymous FTP (columbia.edu:pub/ps-emacs.tar.Z,                            -
  archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/ps-emacs.tar.Z) and via e-mail    !
  (body: send NeWS emacs-support, To: archive-server@columbia.edu).          +
  
41: How do I get Emacs running on VMS under DECwindows?
  
  Hal R. Brand <BRAND@addvax.llnl.gov> is said to have a VMS save set with a
  ready-to-run VMS version of Emacs 18.55 for X Windows.  It is available
  via anonymous FTP (addvax.llnl.gov).  It is possible that the VMS versions +
  of Emacs at other sites have X support compiled in.  See etc/FTP for       +
  locations.                                                                 +
  
  Johan Vromans <jv@mh.nl> writes:
  
    Getting Emacs to run on VMS with DECwindows requires a number of changes
    to the sources. Fortunately this has been done already.  Joshua Marantz
    <josh@viewlogic.com> did most of the work for Emacs 18.52, and the mods
    were ported to 18.55 by Johan Vromans <jv@mh.nl>. Also included is the
    handling of DEC's LK201 keyboard.  You need to apply the changes to a
    fresh Emacs 18.55 distribution on a Unix system, and then you can copy
    the sources to VMS to perform the compile/link/build.
  
    The set of changes have been posted a number of times three times the
    last 12 months, so they should be widely available.
  
42: How do I use emacstool under SunView?
  
  First read the man page for emacstool (etc/emacstool.1).  The file         !
  etc/SUN-SUPPORT includes further information.                              +
  
43: How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters?
  
  There is a patch called the `8-bit ctl-arrow patch' that allows Emacs to
  display characters with codes from 128 to 255.  {It appears to be by
  Kenneth Cline <cline@proof.ergo.cs.cmu.edu>.}
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    cs.purdue.edu:pub/ygz/cemacs.tar.Z:cemacs/8bit-patch-18.57
    sics.se:archive/emacs-18.55-8bit-diff (new version not available)
    laas.laas.fr:pub/emacs/patch-8bit-18.5{5,7}
  
  Via e-mail:                                                                +
    To: mail-server@sics.se
    body: send emacs-18.55-8bit-diff
  
  Anders Edenbrandt <anderse@dna.lth.se> has produced a more comprehensive
  patch that allows for 8-bit input and output.
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    sics.se:archive/emacs-8bit-diff-lth
    gatekeeper.dec.com:pub/GNU/DS-emacs-18.57-8bit-diff-lth
  
  The most comprehensive patches for 8-bit output are by Howard Gayle for    -
  Emacs 18.55.  These patches allow displaying any arbitrary string for a
  given 8-bit character (except TAB and C-j).  Also supported is defining    +
  the sorting order and the uppercase and lowercase translations.  It is     +
  reported that the 8-bit character support in Emacs 19 is largely based on  +
  these patches.  Thomas Bellman <Bellman@lysator.liu.se> has updated these  !
  patches for Emacs 18.57.                                                   !
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    sics.se:archive/emacs-gayle.tar.Z (patches for 18.55)                    +
    ftp.lysator.liu.se:pub/emacs/gayle-18.57.diff.tar.Z (patches for 18.57)  +
    ftp.lysator.liu.se:pub/emacs/emacs-18.57-gayle.tar.Z (patched 18.57)     +
                                                                             +
  Nemacs displays 8-bit characters, and it may be useful for displaying the  +
  8-bit ISO-8859 alphabet, but I don't know for sure.  See question 46.      +
  
44: How do I input 8-bit characters?
  
  Minor modes for ISO Latin-1 that allow one to easily input this character
  set have been written by several people.  Such modes have been written by  !
  Matthieu Herrb <matthieu@laas.fr> (laas.laas.fr:pub/emacs/iso-latin-1.el), !
  Johan Vromans <jv@mh.nl> {FTP site??}, and Marc Shapiro                    +
  <shapiro@sor.inria.fr> {FTP site??}.                                       +
  
  These approaches differ from the one taken by Anders Edenbrandt in that
  his method uses direct 8-bit input, while these methods use a compose
  sequence for 8-bit characters.  {I have heard conflicting reports on
  whether this results in losing the Meta key.  Perhaps this depends on
  whether Emacs is running under X.  Can someone resolve this?}
  
  Karl Heuer <karl@haddock.ima.isc.com> is said to have a patch to allow     !
  8-bit input.
  
45: How do I use an already running Emacs from another window?
  
  The `emacsclient' program is for editing a file using an already running
  Emacs rather than starting up a new Emacs.  It does this by sending a
  request to the already running Emacs, which must be expecting the request. +
                                                                             +
  * Setup                                                                    +
                                                                             +
    Emacs must have executed the `server-start' function for emacsclient to  !
    work.  This can be done either by a command line option:
  
      emacs -f server-start
  
    or by invoking server-start from the .emacs file:
  
      (if (some conditions are met) (server-start))
  
    When this is done, Emacs starts a subprocess running a program called
    `server'.  `server' creates a Unix domain socket in the user's home
    directory named `.emacs_server'.
  
    To get your news reader, mail reader, etc., to invoke emacsclient, try   +
    setting the environment variable EDITOR (or sometimes VISUAL) to the     +
    value `emacsclient'.  You may have to specify the full pathname of the   +
    emacsclient program instead.  Examples:                                  +
                                                                             +
      # csh commands:                                                        +
      setenv EDITOR emacsclient                                              +
      setenv EDITOR /usr/local/emacs/etc/emacsclient  # using full pathname  +
                                                                             +
      # sh command:                                                          +
      EDITOR=emacsclient export EDITOR                                       +
                                                                             +
  * Normal use                                                               +
  
    When emacsclient is run, it connects to the `.emacs_server' socket and   !
    passes its command line options to `server'.  When `server' receives     -
    these requests, it sends this information on the the Emacs process,
    which at the next opportunity will visit the files specified.  (Line
    numbers can be specified just like with Emacs.)  When the user is done
    editing a file, the user can type "C-x #" to indicate this.  This will
    switch to another buffer created at the request of emacsclient if there
    are any.  When "C-x #" has been invoked on all of the files that the
    emacsclient requested to be edited, Emacs will send notification of this
    to `server' which will pass this on to the emacsclient, which will then
    exit.
  
  NOTE: `emacsclient' and `server' must be running on machines which share   +
  the same filesystem for this to work.  The pathnames that emacsclient      +
  specifies should be correct for the filesystem that the Emacs process      +
  sees, which is not necessarily the same as the one the emacsclient sees.   +
  The Emacs process should not be suspended at the time emacsclient is       +
  invoked.  Thus, emacsclient should either be invoked from another X window +
  or from a shell window inside Emacs itself.                                +
  
  There is an enhanced version of emacsclient/server called `gnuserv' by     !
  Andy Norman <ange@hplb.hpl.hp.com> which is available in the Emacs Lisp
  Archive.  gnuserv uses Internet domain sockets, so it can work across most
  network connections.  It also supports the execution of arbitrary Emacs
  Lisp forms, not just the ability to visit files, and also does not require +
  the client program to wait for completion.  It is available via anonymous  +
  FTP (Emacs Lisp Archive: packages/gnuserv.shar).
  
46: Where can I get an Emacs that can handle kanji characters?               -
  
  Nemacs 3.3.2 (Nihongo GNU Emacs) is a modified version of GNU Emacs 18.55
  that handles kanji characters.  It is available via anonymous FTP
  (crl.nmsu.edu:pub/misc/nemacs-3.3.2.tar.Z, uhccux.uhcc.hawaii.edu:
  editors/Nemacs-3.3.2/*, miki.cs.titech.ac.jp:
  JAPAN/nemacs/nemacs-3.3.2.tar.Z).  You might also need files for "wnn", a
  kanji input method (wnn-4.0.3{-README,.tar.Z} {on which machine?}).  You   +
  need a terminal (or terminal emulator) that can display text encoded in    +
  JIS, Shift-JIS, or EUC (Extended Unix Code), or the ability to run Nemacs  +
  as a direct X Window client.                                               +
  
47: Where can I get an Emacs that can handle Chinese?
  
  `cemacs' by Stephen G. Simpson <simpson@math.psu.edu> is a patch to Emacs
  18.57 (the ctl-arrow patch) and some Emacs Lisp code that combined with
  Cxterm allows using Chinese characters.  It is available via anonymous FTP
  (crl.nmsu.edu:pub/chinese/cemacs.tar.Z, cs.purdue.edu:
  pub/ygz/cemacs.tar.Z).  Cxterm is available from the same place
  (cs.purdue.edu: pub/ygz/cxterm-11.5.1.tar.Z).
  
48: Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets?
  
  Joel M. Hoffman <joel@wam.umd.edu> writes:
  
    A couple of years ago a wrote a hebrew.el file that allows right-to-left
    editing of Hebrew.  I relied on the hardware to display the Hebrew
    letters, given the right codes, but not for any right-to-left support;
    the hardware also doesn't have to send any specific char. codes.  Emacs
    keeps track of when the user is typing Hebrew vs. English.  (The VT-*
    terminals in Israel contain built-in support for Hebrew.)
  
    To get it to work I had to modify only a few lines of GNU Emacs's source
    code --- just enough to make it 8-bit clean.
  
    [and in a separate message:]
  
    It doesn't produce time-order ["sefer" format] (I wouldn't recommend
    trying that with emacs, because converting time-order to screen-order
    with arbitrarily long lines is a bit tricky), but I also concocted a
    quick filter to convert screen-order into time-order.  I'll be happy to
    send you the requisite files if you want them.  If you're using it for
    anything large, however, you'll want something that works better.
  
  Joseph Friedman <yossi@Neon.Stanford.EDU> wrote something for Emacs that
  provides Hebrew support under X Windows.
  
  Warren Burstein <warren@itex.jct.ac.il> says he has mapped 7-bit keys by
  modifying self-insert-command "for Hebrew input on 7-bit keyboards".
  
  A good suggestion is to query archie for files named with "hebrew".
  


Binding Keys to Commands

49: Why does Emacs say "Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters"?
  
  Most likely, it failed because the key sequence you were binding started
  with "ESC [" and this sequence was already bound to a command.  Evaluate
  this form first:
  
    (define-key esc-map "[" nil)
  
  NOTE: By default, "ESC [" is bound to backward-paragraph, and if you do    !
  this you will lose this key binding.  For most people, this is not a
  problem.
  
50: Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my
 .emacs file, but it works just fine after Emacs starts up?
  
  This is because you're trying to do something in your .emacs file that
  needs to be postponed until after the terminal/window-system setup code
  is loaded.  This is a result of the order in which things are done
  during the startup of Emacs.  For more details see question 64.
  
  In order to postpone the execution of Emacs Lisp code until after the
  terminal/window-system setup, set the value of the variable
  term-setup-hook or window-setup-hook to be a function which does what
  you want.
  
  See etc/OPTIONS for a complete explanation of what Emacs does every time
  it is started.
  
  Here is a simple example of how to set term-setup-hook:
  
    (setq term-setup-hook
          (function
           (lambda ()
             (cond ((string-match "\\`vt220" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
                    ;; Make vt220's "Do" key behave like M-x:
                    (define-key CSI-map "29~" 'execute-extended-command))
                   ))))
  
51: Other than that, why does my key binding fail?
  
  One possible reason that I've seen many times is improperly specifying
  the character ESC in the key binding string.  In an Emacs Lisp string,
  ESC is specified as "\e".  (ESC can also be specified as itself, the
  ASCII character with value 27, but this can cause serious problems when
  you try to print/view/mail the file.)  Thus, for example, to bind the
  key sequence "ESC O D" to the command 'my-backward-char, the simplest
  incantation is this:
  
    (global-set-key "\eOD" 'my-backward-char)
  
  These are also correct (and represent what the above command actually
  does):
  
    (define-key global-map "\eOD" 'my-backward-char)
    (define-key esc-map "OD" 'my-backward-char)
  
  The string forms for the keys RET, LFD, DEL, ESC, SPC, and TAB are
  respectively "\r", "\n", "\C-?", "\e", " ", and "\t".
  
52: How do I use function keys under X Windows?
  
  This depends on whether you are running Emacs inside a terminal emulator
  window, or whether you are allowing Emacs to create its own X window.
  You can tell which you are doing by noticing whether Emacs creates a new
  window when you start it.
  
  If you are running Emacs inside a terminal emulator window, then it
  behaves exactly as it does on any other tty.  In this case, for function
  keys to be useful, they must generate character sequences that are sent
  to the programs running inside the window as input.  The "xterm" program
  has two different sets of character sequences that it generates when
  function keys are pressed, depending on the sunFunctionKeys X resource
  and the -sf and +sf command line options.  (To find out what these key
  sequences are, see question 53.)  In addition, with xterm,
  you can override what key sequence a specific function key (or any other
  key) will generate with the "translations" resource.  This, for example:
  
    XTerm.VT100.Translations: #override \
      <KeyPress>F1: string(0x1b) string("[xyzzy")
  
  makes the function key F1 generate the character sequence "ESC [xyzzy".
  
  On the other hand, if Emacs is managing its own X window, the following
  description applies.  Emacs receives `KeyPress' events from the X server
  when a key is pressed while the keyboard focus is in its window.  The
  KeyPress event contains an X `keysym' code, which is simply an arbitrary
  number corresponding to the name of the keysym, and information on which
  "modifiers" such as `control' and `shift' are active.  For example, the
  `Tab' keysym is 0xff09.  (Generally, a key on the keyboard will generate a
  keysym whose name is the same as the label on the key, ie. the `Tab' key
  will normally generate the `Tab' keysym.  This can be changed with the
  xmodmap program.)  Emacs recognizes all the keysyms that correspond to
  standard ASCII characters and internally uses the ASCII character instead.
  
  (WARNING: I am about to describe a gross, disgusting hack to you, have
  your barf bag ready.)
  
  When Emacs receives the X keysym of one of the arrow keys, it behaves
  the same as if it had received a letter key with the control modifier
  down as follows (this is hard-coded):
  
    Up    becomes C-p
    Down  becomes C-n
    Right becomes C-f
    Left  becomes C-b
  
  The way Emacs treats other keysyms depends on what kind of machine it was
  compiled on.  The type of the display machine is irrelevant!  Function     +
  keys are mapped internally to escape sequences, while other keys are
  completely ignored.
  
  1. If compiled on a Sun, Emacs recognizes these X keysyms that
     are normally on a Sun keyboard:
  
       F1 through F9
       L1 through L10 (same as F11 through F20)
       R1 through R15 (same as F21 through F35)
         (The keys labelled R8, R10, R12, and R14 usually are mapped to the  !
          X keysyms Up, Left, Right, and Down.)
       Break (the "Alternate" key is given this keysym)
  
     These keys work like Sun function keys.  When Emacs recieves the
     keysym, it will internally use character sequences that look like "ESC
     [ ### z", where ### is replaced by a number.  The character sequences
     are identical to those generated by Sun's keyboard under SunView.  Any
     function key not listed above generates "ESC [ - 1 z".
  
     In order to use these key sequences, they should be bound to commands
     using the standard key binding methods, just as if Emacs were running
     on a regular terminal.
  
     WARNING: F11 and L1 are the same keysym in X, as are F12 and L2, etc.
     {Yes, this is stupid.  Complain to the X consortium.}
  
  2. If not compiled on a Sun, the function keys will appear to Emacs in a
     way remarkably similar to the keys of a DEC LK201 keyboard (used on
     some VT series terminals).  These X keysyms will be recognized:
  
       F1 through F20
       Help (treated same as F15)
       Menu (treated same as F16, is the LK201 "Do" key)
       Find
       Insert (LK201 "Insert Here" key)
       Select
  
     These keysyms are supposed to be recognized, but they are not due to a
     bug (which is fixed in Emacs 18.58):                                    +
  
       Prior (LK201 "Prev Screen" key)
       Next (LK201 "Next Screen" key)
  
     And finally, the LK201 key labelled `Remove' (or `Delete') is often     !
     mapped to the Delete keysym which generates the DEL character (C-?)     !
     instead of the key sequence given by the LK201 `Remove' key.  It may    +
     also be mapped to some other keysym, such as `_Remove', in which case   +
     you can't use it from within Emacs at all.                              +
  
     Each function key will be internally converted to a character sequence
     that looks like "ESC [ ## ~", where ## is replaced by a number.  The
     character sequences are identical to those generated by a LK201
     keyboard.  Any function key not listed above generates "ESC [ - 1 ~".
  
  For the complete list of the numbers which are generated by the function
  keys, look in the file src/x11term.c at the definitions of the function
  "stringFuncVal".
  
  If you are running Emacs on a Sun machine, even if your X display is
  running on a non-Sun machine (eg., an X terminal), you get the setup
  described above for Suns.  The determining factor is what type of
  machine Emacs is running (was compiled) on, not what type of machine
  your X display is on.
  
  If you have function keys not listed above on your keyboard, you can use   +
  `xmodmap' to change their keysym assignments to get keys that Emacs will   !
  recognize, but that may screw up other programs.                           !
  
  X resources are not used by Emacs to affect the key sequences generated.
  In particular, there are no X key "translations" for Emacs.                +
  
  If you have function keys not listed above and you don't want to use
  xmodmap to change their names, you might want to make a modification to
  your Emacs.  Johan Vromans <jv@mh.nl> explains:
  
    There are a number of tricks that can be helpful. The most elegant
    solution, however, is to use the function "x-rebind-key". This function
    is commented out in the source for good reasons --- it's buggy.
  
    It is rather easy to replace this function with the function
    epoch:rebind-key from the Epoch distribution.
  
    After implementing this, all keyboard keys can be configured to send
    user definable sequences, e.g.
  
      (x-rebind-key "KP_F1" 0 "\033OP")
  
    This will have the keypad key PF1 send the sequence "ESC O P", just like
    an ordinary VT series terminal.
  
  This is what I do in my Emacs.  Note that you need to add an entry to
  syms_of_xfns at the bottom of src/x11fns.c.  I can send a patch that has   +
  the necessary changes, so you don't have to get the Epoch sources.         +
  
53: How do I tell what characters my function or arrow keys emit?            +
  
  Use this function by Randal L. Schwartz <merlyn@iwarp.intel.com>:
  
    (defun see-chars ()
      "Displays characters typed, terminated by a 3-second timeout."
      (interactive)
      (let ((chars "")
            (inhibit-quit t))
        (message "Enter characters, terminated by 3-second timeout.")
        (while (not (sit-for 3))
          (setq chars (concat chars (list (read-char)))
                quit-flag nil))         ; quit-flag maybe set by C-g
        (message "Characters entered: %s" (key-description chars))))
  
  Alternatively, use the "C-h l" view-lossage command, which will display
  the last 100 characters Emacs has seen in its input stream.  Kevin         +
  Gallagher <kgallagh@digi.lonestar.org> suggests typing some unique string  +
  like "wxyz", typing the key in question, then typing "C-h l".  The         +
  characters that appear between "wxyz" and "C-h l" were generated by the    +
  key.                                                                       +
  
54: Why does Emacs spontaneously start displaying "I-search:" and beeping?
  
  Your terminal (or something between your terminal and the computer) is
  sending C-s and C-q for flow control, and Emacs is receiving these
  characters and interpreting them as commands.  (The C-s character normally
  invokes the isearch-forward command.)  The best solution is to disable the
  use of C-s and C-q for flow control.  If you can't do that, you can make
  Emacs treat C-s and C-q as flow control characters by evaluating this
  form:
  
    (set-input-mode nil t)
  
  If you are fixing this for yourself, simply put the form in your .emacs
  file.  If you are fixing this for your entire site, the best place to put
  it is unclear.  I don't know if this has any effect when used in
  lisp/site-init.el when building Emacs; I've never tried that.  {Can
  someone tell me whether it works?}  Putting things in users' .emacs files
  has a number of problems.  Putting this form in lisp/default.el has the
  problem that if the user's .emacs file has an error, this will prevent
  lisp/default.el from being loaded and Emacs may be unusable for the user,
  even for correcting their .emacs file (unless they're smart enough to move
  it to another name).
  
  If some of your users are connecting through XON/XOFF flow-controlled
  connections, but some are not, then here is a possible solution.  Disable
  C-s and C-q by setting keyboard-translate-table in lisp/site-init.el,
  either with swap-keys (see question 60) or with the following form:
  
    ;; by Roger Crew <crew@cs.stanford.edu>:
    (setq keyboard-translate-table
          "\C-@\C-a\C-b\C-c\C-d\C-e\C-f\C-g\C-h\C-i\C-j\C-k\C-l\C-m\C-n\C-o\C-p\C-^\C-r\C-\\\C-t\C-u\C-v\C-w\C-x\C-y\C-z\C-[\C-s\C-]\C-q\C-_")
  
  Then in lisp/default.el, if it is determined to be safe, they can be
  reenabled (being careful not to screw up any other key mappings users
  might have established using keyboard-translate-table, use swap-keys for
  this), or else set-input-mode can be called to further disable C-s and
  C-q.
  
  For further discussion of this issue, read the file etc/PROBLEMS in the    +
  Emacs distribution.
  
55: How do I disable the use of C-s and C-q for flow control?
  
  Your terminal may be using C-s and C-q for XON/XOFF flow control.  For     +
  example, VT series terminals do this.  On some terminals, it may be        +
  possible to turn this off from a setup menu.  This is also true for some   +
  terminal emulation programs on PCs.                                        +
                                                                             +
  If you are using a dialup connection, the modems may be using XON/XOFF     +
  flow control.  I don't know how to get around this.  Also, some network    +
  box between the terminal and your computer may be using XON/XOFF flow      !
  control.  You will probably have to ask your local network experts for
  help with this.
  
56: What do I do if my terminal is sending C-s and C-q for flow control and
 I can't disable it?
  
  See question 54.
  
57: How do I make Emacs honor C-s and C-q for flow control instead of for
 commands?
  
  See question 54.
  
58: Why does Emacs never see C-s and C-q through my network connection?
  
  Eirik Fuller <eirik@theory.tn.cornell.edu> writes:
  
    Some versions of rlogin (and possibly telnet) do not pass flow control
    characters to the remote system to which they connect.  On such systems,
    Emacs on the remote system cannot disable flow control on the local
    system.  Sometimes "rlogin -8" will avoid this problem.
  
    One way to cure this is to disable flow control on the local host (the
    one running rlogin, not the one running rlogind) using the stty command,
    before starting the rlogin process.  On many systems, "stty start u stop
    u" will do this.
  
    Some versions of tcsh will prevent even this from working.  One way
    around this is to start another shell before starting rlogin, and issue
    the stty command to disable flow control from that shell.
  
59: How do I use commands bound to C-s and C-q (or any key) if these keys
 are filtered out?
  
  I suggest swapping C-s with C-\ and C-q with C-^:
  
    (swap-keys ?\C-s ?\C-\\)
    (swap-keys ?\C-q ?\C-^)
  
  See question 60 for the implementation of swap-keys.  This method          +
  has the advantage that it simultaneously swaps the characters everywhere   +
  throughout Emacs, while just switching the keybindings will miss important +
  places where the character codes are stored (eg., the search-repeat-char   +
  variable, major mode keymaps, etc.).                                       +
                                                                             +
  WARNING: If you do this for an entire site, the users will be confused by  +
  the disparity between what the documentation says and how Emacs actually   +
  behaves.                                                                   +
  
60: How do I "swap" two keys?
  
  When Emacs receives a character, you can make Emacs behave as though it
  received another character by setting the value of
  keyboard-translate-table.  The following Emacs Lisp will do this for you,
  allowing you to "swap" keys.  After arranging for this Lisp to be
  evaluated by Emacs, you can evaluate `(swap-keys ?A ?B)' to swap A and B.
  The function `show-mapped-keys' will allow you to see what low-level key   +
  mappings are in effect.                                                    +
  
  WARNING: the value of C-g (7) is still hard coded in one place in the
  minibuffer code.  Thus, swapping C-g with another key may cause a minor
  problem.  (Fixed in Emacs 18.58.)
  
    (defun swap-keys (key1 key2)
      "Swap keys KEY1 and KEY2 using map-key."
      (map-key key1 key2)
      (map-key key2 key1))
  
    (defun map-key (from to)
      "Make key FROM behave as though key TO was typed instead."
      (setq keyboard-translate-table
            (concat keyboard-translate-table
                    (let* ((i (length keyboard-translate-table))
                           (j from)
                           (k i)
                           (str (make-string (max 0 (- j (1- i))) ?X)))
                      (while (<= k j)
                        (aset str (- k i) k)
                        (setq k (1+ k)))
                      str)))
      (aset keyboard-translate-table from to)
      (let ((i (1- (length keyboard-translate-table))))
        (while (and (>= i 0) (eq (aref keyboard-translate-table i) i))
          (setq i (1- i)))
        (setq keyboard-translate-table
              (if (eq i -1)
                  nil
                (substring keyboard-translate-table 0 (1+ i))))))
  
    (defun show-mapped-keys ()                                               +
      "Analyze keyboard-translate-table and display mapped keys."            +
      (interactive)                                                          +
      (let (mapping-alist                                                    +
            (l (length keyboard-translate-table))                            +
            (i 0)                                                            +
            e pair)                                                          +
        (while (< i l)                                                       +
          (setq e (aref keyboard-translate-table i))                         +
          (or (eq i e)                                                       +
              (setq mapping-alist (cons (cons i e) mapping-alist)))          +
          (setq i (1+ i)))                                                   +
        (cond (mapping-alist                                                 +
               (princ "Mapped Keys: ")                                       +
               (setq mapping-alist (nreverse mapping-alist)))                +
              (t                                                             +
               (princ "No keys mapped")))                                    +
        (while mapping-alist                                                 +
          (setq pair (car mapping-alist)                                     +
                i (car pair)                                                 +
                e (cdr pair))                                                +
          (princ (single-key-description i))                                 +
          (cond ((eq i (cdr (setq pair (assq e mapping-alist))))             +
                 (setq mapping-alist (delq pair mapping-alist))              +
                 (princ " <=> "))                                            +
                (t                                                           +
                 (princ " => ")))                                            +
          (princ (single-key-description e))                                 +
          (setq mapping-alist (cdr mapping-alist))                           +
          (if mapping-alist (princ ", ")))))                                 +
  
  NOTE: You must evaluate the definition of swap-keys before calling it!
  The easiest way is to list it first in the file (eg., your .emacs file).
  
61: Why does the "BackSpace" key invoke help?
  
  The BackSpace key (on every keyboard I've used) generates ASCII code 8.    !
  C-h sends the same code.  In Emacs by default C-h invokes `help-command'.
  This is intended to be easy to remember since the first letter of `help'
  is `h'.  The easiest solution to this problem is to use C-h (and
  BackSpace) for help and DEL (the Delete key) for deleting the previous
  character.
  
  For many people this solution may be problematic:
  
  * They normally use BackSpace outside of Emacs for deleting the previous   !
    character typed.  This can be solved by making DEL be the command for
    deleting the previous character outside of Emacs.  This command will do
    this on many Unix systems:
  
      stty erase '^?'
  
  * The person may prefer using the BackSpace key for deleting the previous  !
    character because it is more conveniently located on their keyboard or
    because they don't even have a separate Delete key.  In this case, the
    BackSpace key should be made to behave like Delete.  There are several   !
    methods.                                                                 !
                                                                             !
    * Under X Windows, the easiest solution is to change the BackSpace key   !
      into a Delete key like this:                                           !
                                                                             !
        xmodmap -e "keysym BackSpace = Delete"                               !
                                                                             !
    * Some terminals (eg., VT3## terminals) allow the character generated by !
      the BackSpace key to be changed from a setup menu.                     !
                                                                             !
    * You may be able to get a keyboard that is completely programmable.     !
                                                                             !
    * Under X or on a dumb terminal, it is possible to swap the BackSpace and !
      Delete keys inside Emacs:                                              +
  
        (swap-keys ?\C-h ?\C-?)
  
      See question 60 for the implementation of swap-keys.
  
    * Another approach is to switch keybindings and put help on "C-x h"      !
      instead:
  
        (global-set-key "\C-h" 'delete-backward-char)
        (global-set-key "\C-xh" 'help-command) ; override mark-whole-buffer
  
      Other popular key bindings for help are M-? and "C-x ?".               +
  
      WARNING: This method fails to correctly bind BackSpace in the various  !
      major and minor modes that define their own backward character         !
      deletion or help commands, such as C mode and Lisp mode.  To actually
      do that for every mode is a lot of work.  There are probably other     +
      places where the correspondence between help and C-h is hardcoded.     +
  
62: How do I type DEL on PC terminal emulators?
  
  Someone whose name I forgot wrote:
  
    Most PCs have deficient keyboards that don't have both BackSpace and
    Delete keys.  Whether C-h (BackSpace) or DEL is generated by the
    BackSpace key varies from one terminal emulator to another.  If you're   !
    lucky, you can reconfigure the keyboard so that it generates DEL.  If
    not, you will have to hunt to figure out what keystroke will do it ---
    possibilities include various shifted and controlled versions of
    BackSpace, the `Del' key on the numeric keypad (which might depend on    !
    Shift or NumLock), or perhaps C-? (Control-?).                           !
  
  If this is too hard, you may want to swap the Delete key with some other
  key.  See question 61.
  
63: Can I make my "Compose" key behave like a "Meta" key?
  
  On a dumb terminal such as a VT220, no.  It is rumored that certain VT220
  clones could have their Compose key configured this way.  If you're on an
  X workstation, you might have luck using the "xmodmap" program.
  
64: Why don't the arrow keys work?
  
  When Emacs starts up, it doesn't know anything about arrow keys at all
  (except when running under X, see question 52).  During the
  process of starting up, Emacs will load a terminal-specific initialization
  file for your terminal type (as determined by the environment variable
  TERM), if one exists.  This file has the responsibility for enabling the
  arrow keys.
  
  There are several things that can go wrong:
  
  1. There is no initialization file for your terminal.
  
     You can determine this by looking in the lisp/term directory.  If your
     terminal type (as determined by the TERM environment variable) is
     xxx-yy-z, then the first of these files in the lisp/term directory will
     be loaded as the terminal-specific initialization file: xxx-yy-z.el,
     xxx-yy.el, or xxx.el.
  
     If there is none there, one can be made for your terminal, or you can
     just add code to your own .emacs to handle this problem for yourself.
     For example, if your terminal's arrow keys send these character
     sequences:
  
       Up:    ESC [ A
       Down:  ESC [ B
       Right: ESC [ C
       Left:  ESC [ D
  
     then you can bind these keys to the appropriate commands with code in
     your .emacs like this:
  
       (setq term-setup-hook
             (function
              (lambda ()
                (cond ((string-match "\\`xyzzy" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
                       ;; First, must unmap the binding for M-[
                       (or (keymapp (lookup-key global-map "\e["))
                           (define-key global-map "\e[" nil))
                       ;; Enable terminal type xyzzy's arrow keys:
                       (define-key global-map "\e[A" 'previous-line)
                       (define-key global-map "\e[B" 'next-line)
                       (define-key global-map "\e[C" 'forward-char)
                       (define-key global-map "\e[D" 'backward-char))
                      ((string-match "\\`abcde" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
                       ;; Do something different for terminal type abcde
                       ;; .....
                       ))))))
  
     This technique allows you to easily add more `cond' cases for different
     terminal types.
  
     NOTE: You will have to restart Emacs to get this change to take effect
     when using this technique.
  
     NOTE: Your arrow keys may send sequences beginning with "ESC O" when    +
     Emacs is running, even if they send sequences beginning with "ESC [" at +
     all other times.  This is because Emacs uses any command there may be   +
     in your terminal's termcap entry for putting the terminal into          +
     `Application Keypad Mode'.  Just map these sequences the same way as    +
     above.                                                                  +
  
  The next two cases are problems even if there is a initialization file for
  your terminal type.
  
  2. Your terminal's arrow keys send individual control characters.
  
     For example, the arrow keys on an ADM-3 send C-h, C-j, C-k, and C-l.    +
  
     There is not much Emacs can do in this situation, since all the control
     characters except for C-^ and C-\ are already used as Emacs commands.
     It may be possible to convince the terminal to send something else when +
     you press the arrow keys; it is worth investigating.                    +
  
     You have to make the hard choices of how to rebind keys to commands to
     make things work the way you want.  Another alternative is to start     +
     learning the standard Emacs keybindings for moving point around: C-b,   +
     C-f, C-p, and C-n.  Personally, I no longer use the arrow keys when     +
     editing.                                                                +
  
  3. Your terminal's arrow keys send sequences beginning with "ESC [".
  
     Due to an extremely poor design decision (ie., these sequences are ANSI
     standard), none of the the terminal-specific initialization files that
     are distributed with Emacs will bind these character sequences to the
     appropriate commands by default.  (This also applies to any other
     function keys which generate character sequences starting with "ESC
     [".)  This is because it was deemed far more important to preserve the
     binding of M-[ to the backward-paragraph command.  It appears that this
     will change in Emacs 19.
  
     Some of the terminal-specific initialization files that come with Emacs
     provide a command `enable-arrow-keys' that will fix this problem.  To
     get this automatically invoked, put this in your .emacs:
  
       (setq term-setup-hook
             (function
              (lambda ()
                (if (fboundp 'enable-arrow-keys) (enable-arrow-keys)))))
  
     We put this in our lisp/default.el file, so users don't have to worry
     about it:
  
       ;; don't override a user's term-setup-hook
       (or term-setup-hook
           (setq term-setup-hook
                 (function
                  (lambda ()
                    (and (fboundp 'enable-arrow-keys)
                         ;; don't override a user key mapping
                         (eq 'backward-paragraph (lookup-key esc-map "["))
                         (enable-arrow-keys))))))
  
     If your terminal type is `sun', you should put this in your .emacs
     instead (or in addition to the above):
  
       (setq sun-esc-bracket t)
  
     If your terminal type is `xterm', you will have to bind the arrow keys
     as in part 1 above, since the xterm.el file doesn't do anything useful.
  
     It is possible that the terminal-specific initialization file for your
     terminal type was written locally and does not follow the rule
     mentioned above.  In this case you may need to inspect it to find out
     how to enable the arrow keys.  (Actually, if it was written locally, it
     probably enables the arrow keys by default.)
  
65: How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key?
  
  Unless you're using Emacs under emacstool (or xvetool?) or you have a
  working version of x-rebind-key (see question 52), you can't do this
  with Emacs alone.  When using emacstool, Emacs sees different character
  sequences for the combination of a modifier and a function key from what
  it sees for the function key alone.  See etc/emacstool.1 for more
  information.  Since Emacs sees different character sequences, you can bind
  these different sequences to different commands.
  
  If you are running Emacs inside a terminal emulator window like xterm, you
  can modify its translation tables to make it generate different character
  sequences for the combination of a modifier and a function key.  For
  example, this X resource setting:
  
    XTerm.VT100.Translations: #override \
      Shift<KeyPress>F1: string(0x1b) string("[xyzzy")
  
  makes Shift-F1 generate the character sequence "ESC [ xyzzy".  You can
  bind these character sequences in Emacs as normal.
  
66: Why doesn't my Meta key work in an xterm window?
  
  Try all of these methods before asking for further help:
  
  * If you are using `olwm' as your window manager, switch to another window +
    manager.  :-)  {Seriously though, does anyone know a good generic        +
    solution to allow the use of the Meta key with Emacs under olwm?}        +
                                                                             +
  * For X11R4: Make sure it really is a Meta key.  Use "xev" to find out     +
    what keysym your Meta key generates.  It should be either Meta_L or
    Meta_R.  If it isn't, use xmodmap to fix the situation.
  
  * Make sure the pty the xterm is using is passing 8 bit characters.
    "stty -a" (or "stty everything") should show "cs8" somewhere.  If it
    shows "cs7" instead, use "stty cs8 -istrip" (or "stty pass8") to fix
    it.
  
  * If there is an rlogin connection between the xterm and the Emacs, the
    "-8" argument may need to be given to rlogin to make it pass all 8
    bits of every character.
  
  * If the Emacs is running under Ultrix, it is reported that evaluating     !
    (set-input-mode t nil) helps.                                            +
  
  * If all else fails, you can make xterm generate "ESC W" when you type
    M-W, which is the same conversion Emacs would make if it got the M-W
    anyway.  In X11R4, the following resource specification will do this:
  
      XTerm.VT100.EightBitInput: false
  
    (This changes the behavior of the insert-eight-bit action.)
  
    With older xterms, you can specify this behavior with a translation:
  
      XTerm.VT100.Translations: #override \
        Meta<KeyPress>: string(0x1b) insert()
  
    You might have to replace "Meta" with "Alt".
  
67: Why doesn't my ExtendChar key work as a Meta key under HP-UX 8.0?
  
  This is a result of an internationalization extension in X11R4 and the
  fact that HP is now using this extension.  Emacs assumes that
  XLookupString returns the same result regardless of the Meta key state
  which is no longer necessarily true.  Until Emacs is fixed, the temporary
  kludge is to run this command after each time the X server is started but
  preferably before any xterm clients are:
  
    xmodmap -e 'remove mod1 = Mode_switch'
  
  NOTE:  This will disable the use of the extra keysyms systemwide, which
  may be undesirable if you actually intend to use them.
  
68: Where can I get key bindings to make Emacs emulate WordStar?
  
  Look for the package `wordstar' in the Emacs Lisp Archive (see question
  18).



Building/Installing/Porting Emacs and Machine/OS-Specific Bugs               -

69: Why does Emacs crash with "Fatal error (6).Abort" under SunOS 4.1?
  
  I had hoped this question would go away after Emacs 18.57 was released,
  but people continue to compile 18.55.
  
  There is a bug in the "localtime" routine supplied with SunOS 4.1.  A
  private function called by tzsetwall zeroes the byte just past an eight
  byte region it mallocs.  This corrupts GNU malloc's memory pool.  When GNU
  malloc detects this it aborts.
  
  In the 18.57 release "#define SYSTEM_MALLOC" was added to the              !
  configuration file for SunOS 4.1, which allowed Emacs to work.  However,   !
  Sun's realloc behaves horribly when alternated with malloc, so your        +
  process size can balloon rapidly in certain situations quickly using up    +
  all available memory.  Thus, you may prefer the approach taken by Emacs    +
  18.58, which has a different fix that makes GNU's malloc always allocate   +
  at least 16 bytes.                                                         +
                                                                             +
  Eirik Fuller <eirik@theory.tn.cornell.edu> supplies most of the following  +
  information:                                                               +
  
  In SunOS 4.1.1, it appears that Sun has still not fixed their bug, since
  the localtime.o file did not change.  They must be aware of it since they
  suggest using "#define SYSTEM_MALLOC" to compile Emacs in their
  documentation.  It is reported that this same bug causes mysterious
  behavior in Sun's /usr/etc/rpc.mountd.
  
  For people who want to fix this problem for real, there is a fixed version
  of the localtime.o file available via anonymous FTP (titan.rice.edu:
  incoming/localtime.tar.Z).  {Someone has reported that this file is now
  missing.}  The new localtime.o file should be installed in the
  /usr/lib/libc{.a,.so.*} files.  Read the `ar' man page and the README file
  in /usr/lib/shlib.etc for instructions.                                    -
    
  Now stop asking this question!  :-)  :-)
  
70: Why do I get an "f68881_used undefined" error, when I build Emacs on my
 Sun 3?
  
  Barry A. Warsaw <warsaw@cme.nist.gov> writes:
  
    Some of the code that is being linked on the "ld" line of emacs' build
    command has been compiled with the -f68881 option.  Most common reason
    is that you're linking with X libraries which were built with -f68881
    option set.  You need to either remove all dependencies to the 68881
    (may mean a recompile of the X libraries with -fswitch or -fsoft
    option), or you need to link emacs with the 68881 startup file
    /usr/lib/Mcrt1.o.  Make this change to src/ymakefile:
  
      change: #define START_FILES crt0.o
      to:     #define START_FILES crt0.o /usr/lib/Mcrt1.o
  
    The order of these start files is critical.
  
71: Why does Emacs ignore my X resources (my .Xdefaults file)?
  
  * Try compiling Emacs with the XBACKWARDS macro defined.  There is a bug
    in some implementations of XGetDefault, which do not correspond to the
    documentation or the header files.
  
  * Make sure you are either using the class name of `Emacs' or the correct
    instance name.  The instance name is normally the same as the name of
    the file Emacs is in (ie., the last part of argv[0]), but this can be
    overridden by -rn command line option or the WM_RES_NAME environment
    variable.
  
    WARNING: The advice the man page gives to use `emacs' is often wrong.
  
    WARNING: Older versions of Emacs got the class name wrong.
  
  * Emacs currently ignores the -xrm command line argument.                  !
  
  * Emacs does not yet handle X11R5 screen-specific resources.
  
  * Emacs has a bug where it ignores color specifications if running on a
    1-bit display (ie. a non-color display).
  
72: How do I get Emacs to compile with all features under OpenWindows?
  
  Problems fixed in 18.58: the reference to include file <X11/X10.h>,        !
  linking with the OpenWindows libX11.a.                                     !
  
  If libX11.a is missing, you may need to use `add_services' to add the      +
  `OpenWindows Programmers' optional software category from the CD-ROM.  To  +
  get the Xmenu stuff to work, you need to find a copy of MIT's liboldX.a.
  
  Questions for the net {please send me answers!}:
  
  * Are compiled versions of liboldX.A for Sun 4s running SunOS 4.*
    available for FTP anywhere?
  * What is the solution to the "not a sun window" problem with xvetool?     -
  
73: How do I build Emacs under HP-UX 8.0?
  
  Problems fixed in 18.58: missing errnet.h, "Cannot do arithmetic with      !
  pointers to objects of unknown size" (void *), not finding -lX11, unexec   !
  making a bad dumped emacs due to shared libraries ("Fatal Error(11)-       !
  Segmentation Fault", I think).                                             !
                                                                             !
  If libX11.a is missing, you may need to run `update' again to load the     !
  X11-PRG "fileset".  This may be missing even if you specified "all         !
  filesets" the first time.                                                  !
  
74: What should I do if I have trouble building Emacs?
  
  First look in the file etc/PROBLEMS to see if there is already a solution
  for your problem.  Next check the FAQ (you're reading it).  If you don't
  find a solution, then report your problem via e-mail to
  bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu.  Please do not post it to gnu.emacs.help or
  e-mail it to help-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu.  For further guidelines, see  +
  question 23.                                                               +
  


Weird/Confusing Problems                                                     -

75: Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes?
  
  Most installed versions of GNU Emacs will use 24-bit signed integers (and  +
  24-bit pointers) internally.  This limits the file size that Emacs can     !
  handle to 8,388,607 bytes (2^23 - 1).                                      !
  
  Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@lucid.com> suggests putting the following two      !
  lines in src/config.h before compiling Emacs to allow for 26-bit integers  !
  and pointers (and thus filesizes of up to 33,554,431 bytes):               +
  
    #define VALBITS 26
    #define GCTYPEBITS 5
  
  WARNING: This method may result in `ILLEGAL DATATYPE' errors on some       +
  machines.                                                                  +
  
  David Gillespie <daveg@csvax.cs.caltech.edu> gives an explanation of why
  Emacs uses 24 bit integers and pointers:
  
    Emacs is largely written in a dialect of Lisp; Lisp is a freely-typed
    language in the sense that you can put any value of any type into any
    variable, or return it from a function, and so on.  So each value must
    carry a "tag" along with it identifying what kind of thing it is, e.g.,
    integer, pointer to a list, pointer to an editing buffer, and so on.
    Emacs uses standard 32-bit integers for data objects, taking the top 8
    bits for the tag and the bottom 24 bits for the value.  So integers (and
    pointers) are somewhat restricted compared to true C integers and
    pointers.
  
    Emacs uses 8-bit tags because that's a little faster on byte-oriented
    machines, but there are only really enough tags to require 6 bits.       -
  
76: Why does Emacs start up using the wrong directory?
  
  Most likely, you have an environment variable named PWD that is set to a
  value other than the name of your current directory.  This is most
  likely caused by using two different shell programs.  "ksh" and (some
  versions of) "csh" set and maintain the value of the PWD environment
  variable, but "sh" doesn't.  If you start sh from ksh, change your
  current directory inside sh, and then start Emacs from inside sh, PWD
  will have the wrong value but Emacs will use this value.  See the
  etc/OPTIONS file for more details.
  
  Perhaps an easier solution is not to use two shells.  The "chsh" program
  can often be used to change one's default login shell.
  
77: How do I edit a file with a "$" in its name?
  
  When entering a filename in the minibuffer, Emacs will attempt to expand
  a "$" followed by a word as an environment variable.  To suppress this
  behavior, type "$$" instead.
  
78: Why does Shell mode lose track of the shell's current directory?
  
  Emacs has no way of knowing when the shell actually changes its directory.
  This is an intrinsic limitation of Unix.  So it tries to guess by
  recognizing "cd" commands.  If you type "cd" followed by a directory name
  with a variable reference ("cd $HOME/bin") or with a shell metacharacter
  ("cd ../lib*"), Emacs will fail to correctly guess the shell's new current
  directory.  A huge variety of fixes and enhancements to Shell mode for     !
  this problem have been written to handle this problem.  Check the Lisp
  Code Directory (see question 17).
  
79: Why doesn't Emacs expand my aliases when sending mail?
  
  * You must separate multiple addresses in the headers of the mail buffer   +
    with commas.  This is because Emacs supports RFC822 standard addresses
    like this one:
  
      To: Willy Smith <wks@xpnsv.lwyrs.com>                                  +
  
    However, you do not need to separate addresses with commas in your       +
    .mailrc file.                                                            +
                                                                             +
    WARNING: Emacs breaks up aliases in the .mailrc file into multiple       +
    addresses both on commas and on whitespace, regardless of any use of     +
    quotes.  This is probably a bug.  You can get around this by directly    +
    setting the value of mail-aliases.                                       +
  
  * Emacs normally only reads the ".mailrc" file once per session, when you
    start to compose your first mail message.  If you edit .mailrc, you can
    type "M-ESC (build-mail-aliases) RET" to make Emacs reread .mailrc.
    (You have to include the parentheses where they are shown!)
  
  * Emacs does not interpret vendor-specific additions to the format of the
    .mailrc file such as the `source' command.  It also ignores any `set'    +
    commands.  The only commands it looks at are `alias' and `group'         +
    commands.                                                                +
  
80: Why doesn't my change to load-path work?
  
  If you added a directory name containing a tilde (~) to your load-path,
  expecting the tilde to be interpreted as your home directory, then you
  need to do something like this:
  
    (setq load-path (mapcar 'expand-file-name load-path))
  
81: Why does the cursor always go to the wrong column when I move up or
 down one line?
  
  You have inadvertently typed "C-x C-n" (set-goal-column) which sets the
  "goal-column" to the column where the cursor was.  To undo this type
  "C-u C-x C-n".
  
  If you make this mistake frequently, you might want to unbind or disable
  this command by doing one of these two:
  
    (define-key ctl-x-map "\C-n" nil)
    (put 'set-goal-column 'disabled t)
  
82: Why does Emacs hang with message "Unknown XMenu error" with X11R4?       +
  
  Many different X errors can produce this message.  Here is the solution
  to one problem:
  
  X11 Release 4 (and later, including OpenWindows) enforces some conditions  !
  in the X protocol that were previously allowed to pass unnoticed.  You
  need to put the X11R4 server into X11R3 bug compatibility mode for Emacs's
  Xmenu code to work.  You can do this with the command "xset bc".
  
83: Why doesn't display-time show the load average in the mode line
 anymore?
  
  In GNU Emacs 18.56, a change was made in the display-time code.
  Formerly, in version 18.55, Emacs used a program named "loadst" to
  notify Emacs of the change in time every minute.  loadst also sent Emacs
  the system load average if it was installed with sufficient privilege to
  get that information (or was on a system where no such privilege was
  needed).  Emacs then displayed this information in the mode line.
  
  In version 18.56, this code was changed to use a program named "wakeup".
  wakeup doesn't send Emacs any information, it's only purpose is to send
  Emacs *something* every minute, thus invoking the filter function in
  Emacs once a minute.  The filter function in Emacs does all the work of
  finding the time, date, and load average.  However, getting the load
  average requires the privilege to read kernel memory on most systems.
  Since giving Emacs this privilege would destroy any security a system
  might have, for almost everyone this is not an option.  In addition,
  Emacs does not have the code built into it to get this information on
  the systems which have special system calls for this purpose, even
  though loadst had code for this.
  
  The solution I use is to get the files lisp/display-time.el and
  etc/loadst.c from version 18.55 and use those with 18.58.  (I have heard   !
  a rumor that loadst disappeared because of the legal action Unipress
  threatened against IBM.)
  
  WARNING:  Do not install Emacs setgid kmem unless you wish to destroy
  any security your system might have!!!!!!!!!!
  
  If you are using Emacs 18.55 or earlier, or already using the solution I
  describe above, read further:
  
  The most likely cause of the problem is that "loadst" can't read the
  special file /dev/kmem.  To properly install loadst, it should be either
  setuid to the owner of /dev/kmem, or is should be setgid to the group to
  which /dev/kmem belongs.  In either case, /dev/kmem should be readable by
  its owner or its group, respectively.
  
  Another possibility is that your version of Unix doesn't have the load
  average data available in /dev/kmem.  Your version of Unix might have a
  special system call to retrieve this information (eg., inq_stats under
  UMAX), and loadst might not have been enhanced to cope with this.
  
84: Why doesn't GNUS work anymore via NNTP?
  
  There is a bug in NNTP version 1.5.10, such that when multiple requests
  are sent to the NNTP server, the server only handles the first one before
  blocking waiting for more input which never comes.  NNTP version 1.5.11
  claims to fix this.
  
  You can work around the bug inside Emacs like this:
  
    (setq nntp-maximum-request 1)
  
  I also have a patch for NNTP 1.5.10 by Mike Pelletier
  <stealth@engin.umich.edu> that is based on the timeout code that was in
  1.5.9.  However, please try to upgrade to 1.5.11 first.
  
  You can find out what version of NNTP your news server is running by
  telnetting to the NNTP port (usually 119) on the news server machine (ie.,
  `telnet server-machine 119').  The server should give its version number
  in the welcome message.  Type `quit' to get out.
  
85: Why does ispell sometimes ignore the local dictionary?
  
  You need to update the version of ispell to 2.0.02.  (Or you can switch to
  version 3.0 which is still in beta-testing.)  A patch is available via
  anonymous FTP (archive.cis.ohio-state.edu: /pub/gnu/ispell/patch2.Z).
  
  You also need to change a line in ispell.el from:
  
    (defconst ispell-version "2.0.01") ; Check against output of "ispell -v".
  
  to:
  
    (defconst ispell-version "2.0.02") ; Check against output of "ispell -v".
  
86: How do I get rid of the ^M junk in my Shell buffer?
  
  For tcsh, put this in your ".cshrc" (or ".tcshrc") file:
  
    if ($?EMACS) then
        if ("$EMACS" == t) then
            if ($?tcsh) unset edit
            stty nl
        endif
    endif
  
  Or put this in your .emacs_tcsh file:
  
    unset edit
    stty nl
  
  Alternatively, use csh in your Shell buffers instead of tcsh.  One way
  is:
  
    (setq explicit-shell-file-name "/bin/csh") 
  
  and another is to do this in your .cshrc (or .tcshrc) file:
  
    setenv ESHELL /bin/csh
  
  (You must start Emacs over again with the environment variable properly
  set for this to take effect.)
  
87: Are there any security risks in GNU Emacs?
  
  1. the `movemail' incident (No, this is not a risk.)
  
     Cliff Stoll in his book "The Cuckoo's Egg" describes this in chapter 4.
     The site at LBL had installed the `etc/movemail' program setuid root.
     Since `movemail' had not been designed for this situation, a security
     hole was created and users could get root priveleges.
  
     `movemail' has since been changed so that even if it is installed
     setuid root this security hole will not be a result.
  
     I have heard reports that the Internet worm took advantage of this
     configuration problem.
  
  2. the file-local-variable feature (Yes, a risk, but easy to change.)
  
     There is an Emacs feature that allows the setting of local values for
     variables when editing a file by including specially formatted text
     near the end of the file.  This feature also includes the ability to
     have arbitrary Emacs Lisp code evaluated when the file is visited.
     Obviously, there is a potential for Trojan horses to exploit this
     feature.
  
     However, if you set the variable inhibit-local-variables to a non-nil
     value, Emacs will display the special local variable settings of a file
     that you visit and ask you if you really want them.  It is reasonable
     to do this in lisp/site-init.el before building Emacs:
  
       (setq inhibit-local-variables t)
  
     If Emacs has already been built, the expression can be put in
     lisp/default.el instead, or an individual can put it in their own
     .emacs file.
  
     The ability to exploit this feature by sending e-mail to an RMAIL user
     was fixed sometime after Emacs 18.52.  However, any new package that
     uses find-file or find-file-noselect has to be careful about this.
  
88: How do I recover my mail files after RMAIL munges their format?
  
  Users who just want to try RMAIL out to see how it works end up trapped
  using it because saved mail in their `mbox' file has been converted into   !
  an incompatible format (BABYL) that only RMAIL understands.  RMAIL
  provides no obvious way to reverse this transformation.  To convert a mail
  file back to standard Unix format, there are several methods:
  
  * Use the rmail-output ("C-o") command within RMAIL on each message in the
    file.  First use M-x rmail or M-x rmail-input to visit the RMAIL file in
    Rmail mode.  Type "1 j" to go to the first message.  Use the C-o command
    to output the message to a Unix format file.  Type "n" to go to the next
    message.  Repeat.
  
  * If the file contains hundreds of messages, you may not want to repeat
    this for all of them.  Instead of the above, after getting to the first
    message type this (where "mbox" is the file you want to put the messages
    in):
  
      C-x ( C-o mbox RET M-s ^From: RET M-0 C-x )
  
    (The rmail-search command ("M-s") is used instead of just "n" because it
    is the only command which will cause an error when it reaches the last
    message in the file, which is necessary to terminate the keyboard macro.
    This will fail if there are messages in the file that don't have a
    `From:' header.  This assumes rmail-delete-after-output is nil.)
  
    It is wise to save a copy of the RMAIL file first, in case you make a
    mistake.
  
  * There are software packages available for converting files or even
    entire directories of BABYL files to standard Unix format.  These are
    helpful in this situation, but are intended mainly for people who have
    used RMAIL for a long time and are converting to some other mail reader.
    Lookup `rmail', `vm', and `babyl' in the Emacs Lisp Archive (see
    question 18).
  
  You may wish to disable RMAIL to avoid accidentally destroying your mbox
  file (I have this in my .emacs):
  
    (put 'rmail 'disabled t)            ; avoid mbox destruction
  
89: Why do I get "Process shell exited abnormally with code 1"?
  
  The most likely reason for this message is that the "env" program is not
  properly installed.  This program should be compiled and installed with
  execute permission for everyone in Emacs's program directory, which is
  normally /usr/local/emacs/etc.  You can find what this directory is at
  your site by inspecting the value of the variable exec-directory by typing
  "C-h v exec-directory RET".
  
  See also etc/PROBLEMS for other possible causes of this message.           +
  


Configuring Emacs for Yourself                                               -

90: How do I set up a .emacs file properly?
  
  See the section of the manual on the .emacs file, inside the section on
  customization.  To reach this section of the online Info manual, type
  this:
  
    C-h i m emacs RET g init SPC file RET
  
  WARNING:  In general, new Emacs users should not have .emacs files,
  because it causes confusing non-standard behavior.  Then they send
  questions to help-gnu-emacs asking why Emacs isn't behaving as
  documented.  :-)
  
91: How do you debug a .emacs file?
  
  First start Emacs with the "-q" command line option.  Then, in the
  *scratch* buffer, type the following:
  
    (setq debug-on-error t) LFD
    (load-file "~/.emacs") LFD
  
  (Type LFD by pressing C-j.)
  
  If you have an error in your .emacs file, this will invoke the debugger
  when the error occurs.  If you don't know how to use the debugger do
  (setq stack-trace-on-error t) instead.
  
  WARNING: this will not discover errors caused by trying to do something
  that requires the terminal/window-system initialization code to have
  been loaded.  See question 50.
  
92: How do I turn on abbrevs by default just in mode XXX?
  
  Put this in your .emacs file:
  
    (condition-case ()
        (read-abbrev-file nil t)
      (file-error nil))
  
    (setq XXX-mode-hook
          (function
           (lambda ()
             (setq abbrev-mode t))))
  
93: How do I turn on Auto-Fill mode by default?
  
  To turn on Auto-Fill mode just once for one buffer, you type "M-x
  auto-fill-mode".  To turn it on for every buffer in, for example, Text
  mode, do this:
  
    (setq text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill)
  
  If you want Auto-Fill mode on in all major modes, do this:
  
    (setq-default auto-fill-hook 'do-auto-fill)
  
94: How do I make Emacs use a certain major mode for certain files?
  
  If you want to use XXX mode for all files which end with the extension
  ".YYY", this will do it for you:
  
    (setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("\\.YYY\\'" . XXX-mode) auto-mode-alist))
  
  Otherwise put this somewhere in the first line of any file you want to
  edit in XXX mode:
  
    -*-XXX-*-
  
95: What are the valid X resource settings (ie., stuff in .Xdefaults file)?
  
  See the Emacs man page, or the etc/OPTIONS file.  Ignore the information
  in etc/XDOC which is way out of date.
  
96: How do I stop Emacs from beeping on a terminal?
  
  Martin R. Frank <martin@cc.gatech.edu> writes:
  
    Tell Emacs to use the 'visible bell' instead of the audible bell, and
    set the visible bell to nothing.
  
    Put this in your TERMCAP environment variable:
  
      ... :vb=: ...                       
  
    And evaluate this:
  
      (setq visible-bell t)
  
97: How do I turn down the bell volume in Emacs running under X Windows?
  
  Under Epoch you can do:
  
    (setq epoch::bell-volume 20)
  
  Under normal GNU Emacs you must modify the XTfeep function in
  src/x11term.c.  This simplest fix is to change the number 50 to -50 in the !
  call the XBell.  Then "xset b 0" will turn off Emacs's beeping.            !
  
  Explanation: After "xset b BASE":                                          +
  
    XBell (disp,  VAL) beeps with volume BASE - (BASE*VAL)/100 + VAL,
    XBell (disp, -VAL) beeps with volume BASE - (BASE*VAL)/100.
  
  Stu Grossman <grossman@sunburn.stanford.edu> wrote a patch that allows the +
  bell volume to be adjusted from inside Emacs.                              +
  
98: How do I change load-path?
  
  In general, you should only *add* to the load-path.  You can add
  directory /XXX/YYY to the load path like this:
  
    (setq load-path (append load-path '("/XXX/YYY/")))
  
  To do this relative to your home directory:
  
    (setq load-path (append load-path (list (expand-file-name "~/YYY/"))))
  
99: How do I change the included text prefix in mail/news followups?
  
  Many people want Emacs to prefix included text with something like " > "   !
  instead of with three spaces.  One way is to change the code of the        !
  function `mail-yank-original' in lisp/sendmail.el that prefixes with       !
  spaces.  A more flexible solution is to use SuperCite, which provides wide !
  configurability in how you format included text in replies.  See question
  21.  Both of these solutions work for Rmail and GNUS.                      !
                                                                             !
  A related problem is how to prevent Emacs from including various headers   !
  of the replied-to message.  For this, you should set the value of          !
  mail-yank-ignored-headers, which takes a regexp value.                     !
  


Emacs Lisp Programming                                                       -

100: What dialect of Lisp is Emacs Lisp?
  
  Quite simply, it is the dialect of Lisp called GNU Emacs Lisp.  People     !
  also call it elisp or e-lisp.  (NOTE: The term "Elisp" is trademarked by
  someone else.  {I believe it is by Uniworks Inc., the sellers of CCA       !
  Emacs.})                                                                   !
  
101: How close is Emacs Lisp to Common Lisp?
  
  They are not close.  GNU Emacs Lisp is case-sensitive, uses dynamic
  scoping, doesn't have packages, doesn't have multiple return values,
  doesn't have reader macros, doesn't have rational, floating point, or
  arbitrary size numbers, etc.  For people used to Common Lisp, some of the
  functions in Common Lisp that are not in Emacs Lisp by default are
  provided in the file lisp/cl.el.  There is a Texinfo manual describing
  these functions in man/cl.texinfo.
  
102: How do I execute a piece of Emacs Lisp code?
  
  There are a number of ways to execute (called "evaluate") an Emacs Lisp
  "form":
  
  * If you want it evaluated every time you run Emacs, put it in a file
    named ".emacs" in your home directory.
  
  * You can type the form in the "*scratch*" buffer, and then type LFD (or
    C-j) after it.  The result of evaluating the form will be inserted in
    the buffer.
  
  * In in Emacs-Lisp mode, typing M-C-x evaluates a top-level form before
    or around point.
  
  * Typing "C-x C-e" in any buffer evaluates the Lisp form immediately
    before point and prints its value in the echo area.
  
  * Typing M-ESC or M-x eval-expression allows you to type a Lisp form in
    the minibuffer which will be evaluated.
  
  * You can use M-x load-file to have Emacs evaluate all the Lisp forms in
    a file.  (To do this from Lisp use the function "load" instead.)
  
  These functions are also used for evaluating Lisp forms:
  
    load-library, eval-region, eval-current-buffer, require, autoload
  
103: How do I make a set of operations work only within a region?            !
  
  Use narrow-to-region inside of save-restriction.
  
104: How can I highlight text in Emacs?
  
  There are ways to get highlighting (reverse video) in GNU Emacs 18.58, but !
  either they require patching the C code of Emacs and rebuilding, or they
  are slow and the highlighting disappears if you scroll or redraw the
  screen and it can not follow the point.  Howard Gayle's patches for 8-bit  !
  output appear to allow highlighting (see question 43).  Another            !
  patch for highlighting is by Kenichi Handa <handa@etl.go.jp>.  There is a  !
  patch for use with X by Andy Norman <ange@hplb.hpl.hp.com> (and modified   +
  for 18.57 by Matthieu Herrb <matthieu@laas.fr>), which is available for    +
  FTP (laas.laas.fr:pub/emacs/patch-X11-18.5{5,7}).                          +
  
  You can highlight regions in a variety of ways in Epoch.  GNU Emacs 19
  will have everything you need, but won't be out soon.
  
  Similar comments apply to displaying text in different fonts, except that  +
  it is even harder.                                                         +
  
105: How do I change Emacs's idea of the tab character's length?
  
  Example: (setq default-tab-width 10).
  


Carrying Out Common Tasks                                                    -

106: How do I insert ">"'s in the beginning of every line in a buffer?
  
  Type "M-x replace-regexp RET ^ RET > RET".  ("replace-regexp" can be
  shortened to "repl TAB r".)
  
  To do this only in the region, type "C-x n M-x replace-regexp RET ^ RET
  > RET C-x w".                                                              -
  
  WARNING: The command narrow-to-region (C-x n) is disabled by default
  because it can be very confusing (ie., "Oh no!  Where did my file go?").
  
107: How do I insert "_^H" characters before each character in a paragraph
 to get an underlined paragraph?
  
  M-x underline-region.
  
108: How do I repeat a command as many times as possible?
  
  Use "C-x (" and "C-x )" to make a keyboard macro that invokes the command
  and then type "M-0 C-x e".
  
  WARNING: any messages your command prints in the echo area will be
  suppressed.
  
109: How do I search for or delete unprintable (8-bit or control)
 characters?
  
  To search for a single character that appears in the buffer as, for
  example, \237, you can type "C-s C-q 2 3 7".  (This assumes the value of
  search-quote-char is 17 (C-q).)
  
  Searching for ALL unprintable characters is best done with a "regexp"
  search.  The easiest regexp to use for the unprintable chars is the
  complement of the regexp for the printable chars.
  
  Regexp for the printable chars: [\t\n\r\f -~]
  
  Regexp for the unprintable chars: [^\t\n\r\f -~]
  
  To type some of these special characters (\t, \n, \r, \f) as an
  interactive argument to isearch-forward-regexp or re-search-forward, you
  need to use C-q.
  
  So, to search for unprintable characters using re-search-forward:
  
    M-x re-search-forward RET [^ TAB C-q LFD C-q RET C-q C-l SPC -~] RET
  
  Using isearch-forward-regexp:
  
    M-C-s [^ TAB RET C-q RET C-q C-l SPC -~]
  
  To delete all unprintable characters, simply use a replace-regexp:
  
    M-x replace-regexp RET [^ TAB C-q LFD C-q RET C-q C-l SPC -~] RET RET
  
  Notes:
  
  * With isearch, you can type RET to get a quoted LFD (not a quoted RET).
  
  * You don't need to quote TAB with either isearch or typing something in
    the minibuffer.
  
  Here are the Emacs Lisp forms of the above regexps:
  
    ;; regexp matching all printable characters:
    "[\t\n\r\f -~]"
  
    ;; regexp matching all unprintable characters:
    "[^\t\n\r\f -~]"
  
    ;; alternative regexps for all unprintable characters:
    "[\C-@-\C-h\C-k\C-n-\C-_\C-?-\377]"
    "[\000-\010\013\016-\037\177-\377]"
  
  (To use "[\000-\010\013\016-\037\177-\377]" interactively, type:
  
    [ C-q 000 - C-q 010 C-q 013 C-q 016 - C-q 037 C-q 177 - C-q 377 ]
  
  )
  
110: How do I control Emacs's case-sensitivity when searching/replacing?     +
    
  For searching, the value of the variable case-fold-search determines
  whether they are case sensitive:
  
    (setq case-fold-search nil) ; make searches case sensitive
    (setq case-fold-search t)   ; make searches case insensitive
  
  Similarly, for replacing the variable case-replace determines whether
  replacements preserve case.
  
  To change the case sensitivity just for one major mode, use the major      +
  mode's hook.  For example:                                                 +
                                                                             +
    (setq XXX-mode-hook                                                      +
          (function                                                          +
           (lambda ()                                                        +
             (setq case-fold-search nil))))                                  +
  
111: How do I tell Emacs to automatically indent a new line to the
 indentation of the previous line?
  
  One solution is the major mode Indented Text Mode (M-x indented-tex-mode).
  
  If you have Auto-Fill mode on (a minor mode, see question 93),
  you can tell Emacs to prefix every line with a certain character
  sequence, the "fill prefix".  Type the prefix at the beginning of a
  line, position point after it, and then type "C-x ." (set-fill-prefix)
  to set the fill prefix.  Thereafter, auto-filling will automatically put
  the fill prefix at the beginning of new lines, and M-q (fill-paragraph)
  will maintain any fill prefix when refilling the paragraph.
  
  NOTE: If you have paragraphs with different levels of indentation, you
  will have to set the fill prefix to the correct value each time you move
  to a new paragraph.  To avoid this hassle, try one of the many packages
  available from the Emacs Lisp Archive.  Look up "fill" and "indent" in the
  Lisp Code Directory for guidance.
  
112: How do I make Emacs "typeover" or "overwrite" instead of inserting?     -
  
  M-x overwrite-mode (a minor mode).
  
113: How do I show which parenthesis matches the one I'm looking at?
  
  If you're looking at a right parenthesis (or brace or bracket) you can
  delete it and reinsert it.  Emacs will blink the cursor on the matching
  parenthesis.
  
  M-C-f (forward-sexp) and M-C-b (backward-sexp) will skip over balanced
  parentheses, so you can see which parentheses match.  (You can train it
  to skip over balanced brackets and braces at the same time by modifying
  the syntax table.)
  
  Here is some Emacs Lisp that will make the % key show the matching
  parenthese, like in vi.  In addition, if the cursor isn't over a
  parenthese, it simply inserts a % like normal.
  
    ;; By an unknown contributor                                             !
  
    (global-set-key "%" 'match-paren)
  
    (defun match-paren (arg)
      "Go to the matching parenthesis if on parenthesis otherwise insert %."
      (interactive "p")
      (cond ((looking-at "\\s\(") (forward-list 1) (backward-char 1))
            ((looking-at "\\s\)") (forward-char 1) (backward-list 1))
            (t (self-insert-command (or arg 1)))))
  
114: How do I make Emacs behave like this: when I go up or down, the cursor
 should stay in the same column even if the line is too short?
  
  M-x picture-mode.  (This is a minor mode, in theory anyway ...)
  
115: How do I read news under Emacs?
  
  There are at least three news reading packages that operate inside Emacs.
  "rnews" comes with Emacs.  "GNUS" and "Gnews" come separately.  rnews will
  be replaced by GNUS in Emacs 19.
  
  rnews works only with a local news spool directory.  Both GNUS and Gnews
  handle reading news remotely via NNTP in addition to reading from a local
  news spool.  GNUS supports reading mail stored in MH folders or articles
  saved by GNUS.
  
  Gnews is styled after `rn' and seems to work like Rmail.  GNUS feels more
  like VM.  People have complained that GNUS uses a lot of CPU time (it
  does).  Some people have complained that Gnews is slower than GNUS.
  
  For more information about GNUS, see question 21.
  
  Gnews was written by Matthew P. Wiener <weemba@libra.wistar.upenn.edu>.
  The latest version seems to be 2.0, posted October 3, 1988.  Matthew
  posted some fixes on October 26, 1988.  Gnews does not appear to have been
  supported after this date.  In particular, it has been reported that Gnews
  does not work with Emacs 18.57.  There is a newsgroup for Gnews called
  gnu.emacs.gnews.
  
116: In C mode, can I show just the lines that will be left after #ifdef
 commands are handled by the compiler?
  
  M-x hide-ifdef-mode.  (This is a minor mode.)
  
  You may have to (load "hideif") first.  If you want to do this
  regularly, put this in your .emacs file:
  
    (autoload 'hide-ifdef-mode "hideif" nil t)
  
  {Yes, I know, this should be in lisp/loaddefs.el already.}
  
117: Is there an equivalent to the "." (dot) command of vi?
  
  ("." is the redo command in vi.  It redoes the last insertion/deletion.)
  
  No, not really.
  
  You can type "C-x ESC" (repeat-complex-command) to reinvoke commands
  that used the minibuffer to get arguments.  In repeat-complex-command
  you can type M-p and M-n to scan through all the different complex
  commands you've typed.
  
  To repeat something on each line I recommend using keyboard macros.
  
118: How do I make Emacs display the current line (or column) number?        !
  
  To find out what line of the buffer you are on right now, do "M-x
  what-line".  Use "M-x goto-line" to go to a specific line.  To find the    +
  current column number, type "M-ESC (current-column)".                      +
  
  Typing "C-x l" will also tell you what line you are on, provided the
  buffer isn't separated into "pages" with C-l characters.  In that case, it
  will only tell you what line of the current "page" you are on.  WARNING:
  "C-x l" gives the wrong value when point is at the beginning of a line.
  
  There is no "correct" way to constantly display the current line (or       !
  column) number on the mode line in Emacs 18, or to display the line        +
  numbers next to the lines.  Emacs is not a line-oriented editor, and       +
  really has no idea what "lines" of the buffer are displayed in the window. +
  It would require a lot of work at the C code level to make Emacs keep      +
  track of this.  It would not be that hard to get the column number, but it +
  would still require changes at the C code level.                           +
                                                                             +
  vi emulation mode does not emulate this capability of vi (as far as I      +
  know).                                                                     +
                                                                             +
  Emacs 19 will probably be able to show the line number on the mode-line,   +
  but probably very inefficiently.                                           +
                                                                             +
  People have written various kludges to display line numbers.  Look in the  +
  Lisp Code Directory.  (See question 17.)
  
119: How do I tell Emacs to iconify itself?
  
  You need to modify C source and recompile.  Either that or get Epoch
  instead.  For the interested I have a patch by Robert Forsman
  <thoth@reef.cis.ufl.edu> to allow Emacs to iconify itself and a patch by
  Matt Wette <mwette@mr-ed.jpl.nasa.gov> to allow Emacs to start up
  iconified.  I don't know whether these two patches work together.
  
  {Are either of these two patches available via anonymous FTP anywhere?}
  
120: How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs?
  
  This is documented in the Emacs manual.  To read the manual section
  online, type "C-h i m emacs RET m regexps RET".
  
  WARNING: The `or' operator is `\|', not `|', and the grouping operators
  are `\(' and `\)'.  Also, the string syntax for a backslash is "\\".
  Thus, the string syntax for a regular expression like xxx\(foo\|bar\) is
  "xxx\\(foo\\|bar\\)".  Notice the duplicated backslashes!
  
  WARNING: Unlike in Unix grep, sed, etc., a complement character set
  ([^...])  can match a newline character (LFD aka C-j aka \n), unless
  newline is mentioned as one of the characters not to match.
  
  WARNING: The character syntax regexps (eg. `\sw') are not meaningful       +
  inside character set regexps (eg. `[aeiou]').  (This is typical for regexp +
  syntax.)                                                                   +
  
121: How do I perform a replace operation across more than one file?
  
  The "tags" feature of Emacs includes the command tags-query-replace
  which performs a query-replace across all the files mentioned in the
  TAGS file.  To read the relevant online manual section, type "C-h i m
  emacs RET m tags RET m tags search RET".
  
  In addition, Martin Boyer has written a package named global-replace
  which will perform a query-replace across all the files mentioned in the
  *compilation* buffer (usually done after a "grep"), which is available
  via anonymous FTP (ireq-robot.hydro.qc.ca:
  /pub/emacs/lisp/{compile,global-replace,query}.el.Z).
  
122: How do I make Emacs wrap words for me?
  
  M-x auto-fill-mode.  The default maximum line width is 74, determined by
  the variable fill-column.  To find how to turn this on automatically see
  question 93.
  
123: Where can I get a better spelling checker for Emacs?
  
  Use Ispell.  See question 21.
  
124: How can I spell-check TeX or *roff documents?
  
  If you want to spell-check TeX or *roff documents with Ispell, you need to !
  arrange for a filter program that understands how to strip TeX or *roff    !
  formatting commands to be run.  In the TeX distribution, there are several !
  different programs named `detex', all with incompatible options, and a     !
  very old pair of programs named `detex' and `delatex', which should        !
  probably be avoided.  The most useful one for Ispell is `detex' by Daniel  !
  Trinkle.  A more recent version is available via FTP                       +
  (arthur.cs.purdue.edu: pub/trinkle/detex-2.3.tar.Z).  Raphael Cerf         !
  <cerf@clipper.ens.fr> recently released a program named `xetal'            !
  (spi.ens.fr:pub/unix/tex/???).  There is a program that comes with Unix    !
  named `deroff' for stripping formatting commands from *roff files.         !
                                                                             !
  Here is an example of code you can put in a .emacs file to use these       !
  programs:                                                                  !
                                                                             !
    ;; Based on suggestions by David G. Grubbs <dgg@ksr.com> and Paul Palmer !
    ;; <palmerp@math.orst.edu>.                                              !
                                                                             !
    ;; Assuming the use of detex 2.3 by Daniel Trinkle:                      !
    ;; -w means one word per line.                                           !
    ;; -n means don't expand \input or \include commands.                    !
    ;; -l means force LaTeX mode.                                            !
                                                                             !
    (require 'ispell) ; for the make-variable-buffer-local statements        !
    (setq plain-TeX-mode-hook                                                !
          (function                                                          !
           (lambda ()                                                        !
             (setq ispell-filter-hook "detex")                               +
             (setq ispell-filter-hook-args '("-nw")))))                      !
    (setq LaTeX-mode-hook                                                    !
          (function
           (lambda ()
             (setq ispell-filter-hook "detex")                               !
             (setq ispell-filter-hook-args '("-lnw")))))                     !
    (setq nroff-mode-hook
          (function
           (lambda ()
             (setq ispell-filter-hook "deroff")
             (setq ispell-filter-hook-args '("-w")))))                       +
                                                                             +
  You will have to adjust the arguments for programs other than Trinkle's    +
  detex or for other versions of deroff.  Experiment running the command     +
  from the shell to find the correct options.  If you don't have a filter    +
  that knows how to output one word per line, you must pipe its output       +
  through another filter to break up the output.                             +
  
125: How can I make Emacs automatically scroll horizontally?
  
  Sorry, you can't.  The best you can do is rewrite a large number of
  commands and make them check if the point is still on the screen after
  they are done.  {Has someone done this already?}