GNU Emacs @value{EMACSVER}.
@end ifnotinfo
-Copyright @copyright{} 1990-1991, 2001-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1990-1991, 2001-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
Type @kbd{d B} to view the solutions in more readable notation.
Type @w{@kbd{d C}} to view them in C language notation, @kbd{d T}
to view them in the notation for the @TeX{} typesetting system,
-and @kbd{d L} to view them in the notation for the La@TeX{} typesetting
+and @kbd{d L} to view them in the notation for the @LaTeX{} typesetting
system. Type @kbd{d N} to return to normal notation.
@noindent
Calc has added annotations to the file to help it remember the modes
that were used for this formula. They are formatted like comments
in the @TeX{} typesetting language, just in case you are using @TeX{} or
-La@TeX{}. (In this example @TeX{} is not being used, so you might want
+@LaTeX{}. (In this example @TeX{} is not being used, so you might want
to move these comments up to the top of the file or otherwise put them
out of the way.)
Here things like powers, square roots, and quotients and fractions
are displayed in a two-dimensional pictorial form. Calc has other
language modes as well, such as C mode, FORTRAN mode, @TeX{} mode
-and La@TeX{} mode.
+and @LaTeX{} mode.
@smallexample
@group
@kindex Z ?
@pindex calc-help
The @kbd{?} key (@code{calc-help}) displays a series of brief help messages.
-Some keys (such as @kbd{b} and @kbd{d}) are prefix keys, like Emacs'
+Some keys (such as @kbd{b} and @kbd{d}) are prefix keys, like Emacs's
@key{ESC} and @kbd{C-x} prefixes. You can type
@kbd{?} after a prefix to see a list of commands beginning with that
prefix. (If the message includes @samp{[MORE]}, press @kbd{?} again
@texline @math{15\times 19\times 28 = 7980} years.
@infoline 15*19*28 = 7980 years.
This is the length of a Julian cycle. Working backwards, the previous
-year in which all three cycles began was 4713 BC, and so Scalinger
+year in which all three cycles began was 4713 BC, and so Scaliger
chose that year as the beginning of a Julian cycle. Since at the time
there were no historical records from before 4713 BC, using this year
as a starting point had the advantage of avoiding negative year
@noindent
The commands in this section change Calc to use a different notation for
entry and display of formulas, corresponding to the conventions of some
-other common language such as Pascal or La@TeX{}. Objects displayed on the
+other common language such as Pascal or @LaTeX{}. Objects displayed on the
stack or yanked from the Calculator to an editing buffer will be formatted
in the current language; objects entered in algebraic entry or yanked from
another buffer will be interpreted according to the current language.
and would have written the formula back with notations (like implicit
multiplication) which would not have been valid for a C program.
-As another example, suppose you are maintaining a C program and a La@TeX{}
+As another example, suppose you are maintaining a C program and a @LaTeX{}
document, each of which needs a copy of the same formula. You can grab the
-formula from the program in C mode, switch to La@TeX{} mode, and yank the
-formula into the document in La@TeX{} math-mode format.
+formula from the program in C mode, switch to @LaTeX{} mode, and yank the
+formula into the document in @LaTeX{} math-mode format.
Language modes are selected by typing the letter @kbd{d} followed by a
shifted letter key.
convert to lower-case for display and input.
@node TeX and LaTeX Language Modes, Eqn Language Mode, C FORTRAN Pascal, Language Modes
-@subsection @TeX{} and La@TeX{} Language Modes
+@subsection @TeX{} and @LaTeX{} Language Modes
@noindent
@kindex d T
The @kbd{d T} (@code{calc-tex-language}) command selects the conventions
of ``math mode'' in Donald Knuth's @TeX{} typesetting language,
and the @kbd{d L} (@code{calc-latex-language}) command selects the
-conventions of ``math mode'' in La@TeX{}, a typesetting language that
-uses @TeX{} as its formatting engine. Calc's La@TeX{} language mode can
-read any formula that the @TeX{} language mode can, although La@TeX{}
+conventions of ``math mode'' in @LaTeX{}, a typesetting language that
+uses @TeX{} as its formatting engine. Calc's @LaTeX{} language mode can
+read any formula that the @TeX{} language mode can, although @LaTeX{}
mode may display it differently.
Formulas are entered and displayed in the appropriate notation;
@texline @math{\sin(a/b)}
@infoline @expr{sin(a/b)}
will appear as @samp{\sin\left( @{a \over b@} \right)} in @TeX{} mode and
-@samp{\sin\left(\frac@{a@}@{b@}\right)} in La@TeX{} mode.
+@samp{\sin\left(\frac@{a@}@{b@}\right)} in @LaTeX{} mode.
Math formulas are often enclosed by @samp{$ $} signs in @TeX{} and
-La@TeX{}; these should be omitted when interfacing with Calc. To Calc,
+@LaTeX{}; these should be omitted when interfacing with Calc. To Calc,
the @samp{$} sign has the same meaning it always does in algebraic
formulas (a reference to an existing entry on the stack).
Complex numbers are displayed as in @samp{3 + 4i}. Fractions and
quotients are written using @code{\over} in @TeX{} mode (as in
-@code{@{a \over b@}}) and @code{\frac} in La@TeX{} mode (as in
+@code{@{a \over b@}}) and @code{\frac} in @LaTeX{} mode (as in
@code{\frac@{a@}@{b@}}); binomial coefficients are written with
@code{\choose} in @TeX{} mode (as in @code{@{a \choose b@}}) and
-@code{\binom} in La@TeX{} mode (as in @code{\binom@{a@}@{b@}}).
+@code{\binom} in @LaTeX{} mode (as in @code{\binom@{a@}@{b@}}).
Interval forms are written with @code{\ldots}, and error forms are
written with @code{\pm}. Absolute values are written as in
@samp{|x + 1|}, and the floor and ceiling functions are written with
@code{\lfloor}, @code{\rfloor}, etc. The words @code{\left} and
-@code{\right} are ignored when reading formulas in @TeX{} and La@TeX{}
+@code{\right} are ignored when reading formulas in @TeX{} and @LaTeX{}
modes. Both @code{inf} and @code{uinf} are written as @code{\infty};
when read, @code{\infty} always translates to @code{inf}.
Function calls are written the usual way, with the function name followed
by the arguments in parentheses. However, functions for which @TeX{}
-and La@TeX{} have special names (like @code{\sin}) will use curly braces
+and @LaTeX{} have special names (like @code{\sin}) will use curly braces
instead of parentheses for very simple arguments. During input, curly
braces and parentheses work equally well for grouping, but when the
document is formatted the curly braces will be invisible. Thus the
the @samp{tex} prefix; the unit name for a @TeX{} point will be
@samp{pt} instead of @samp{texpt}, for example.
-Function and variable names not treated specially by @TeX{} and La@TeX{}
+Function and variable names not treated specially by @TeX{} and @LaTeX{}
are simply written out as-is, which will cause them to come out in
italic letters in the printed document. If you invoke @kbd{d T} or
@kbd{d L} with a positive numeric prefix argument, names of more than
one character will instead be enclosed in a protective commands that
will prevent them from being typeset in the math italics; they will be
written @samp{\hbox@{@var{name}@}} in @TeX{} mode and
-@samp{\text@{@var{name}@}} in La@TeX{} mode. The
+@samp{\text@{@var{name}@}} in @LaTeX{} mode. The
@samp{\hbox@{ @}} and @samp{\text@{ @}} notations are ignored during
reading. If you use a negative prefix argument, such function names are
written @samp{\@var{name}}, and function names that begin with @code{\} during
During reading, text of the form @samp{\matrix@{ ...@: @}} is replaced
by @samp{[ ...@: ]}. The same also applies to @code{\pmatrix} and
-@code{\bmatrix}. In La@TeX{} mode this also applies to
+@code{\bmatrix}. In @LaTeX{} mode this also applies to
@samp{\begin@{matrix@} ... \end@{matrix@}},
@samp{\begin@{bmatrix@} ... \end@{bmatrix@}},
@samp{\begin@{pmatrix@} ... \end@{pmatrix@}}, as well as
During output, matrices are displayed in @samp{\matrix@{ a & b \\ c & d@}}
format in @TeX{} mode and in
@samp{\begin@{pmatrix@} a & b \\ c & d \end@{pmatrix@}} format in
-La@TeX{} mode; you may need to edit this afterwards to change to your
+@LaTeX{} mode; you may need to edit this afterwards to change to your
preferred matrix form. If you invoke @kbd{d T} or @kbd{d L} with an
argument of 2 or -2, then matrices will be displayed in two-dimensional
form, such as
@end example
@noindent
-While this wouldn't bother Calc, it is incorrect La@TeX{}.
+While this wouldn't bother Calc, it is incorrect @LaTeX{}.
(Similarly for @TeX{}.)
Accents like @code{\tilde} and @code{\bar} translate into function
sequence is treated as an accent. The @code{\vec} accent corresponds
to the function name @code{Vec}, because @code{vec} is the name of
a built-in Calc function. The following table shows the accents
-in Calc, @TeX{}, La@TeX{} and @dfn{eqn} (described in the next section):
+in Calc, @TeX{}, @LaTeX{} and @dfn{eqn} (described in the next section):
@ignore
@iftex
@end example
Note that, because these symbols are ignored, reading a @TeX{} or
-La@TeX{} formula into Calc and writing it back out may lose spacing and
+@LaTeX{} formula into Calc and writing it back out may lose spacing and
font information.
Also, the ``discretionary multiplication sign'' @samp{\*} is read
symbol (these are used to introduce spaces of various widths into
the typeset output of @dfn{eqn}).
-As in La@TeX{} mode, Calc's formatter omits parentheses around the
+As in @LaTeX{} mode, Calc's formatter omits parentheses around the
arguments of functions like @code{ln} and @code{sin} if they are
``simple-looking''; in this case Calc surrounds the argument with
braces, separated by a @samp{~} from the function name: @samp{sin~@{x@}}.
@TeX{} language mode (@kbd{d T}; @pxref{TeX and LaTeX Language Modes}).
@item LaTeX
-La@TeX{} language mode (@kbd{d L}; @pxref{TeX and LaTeX Language Modes}).
+@LaTeX{} language mode (@kbd{d L}; @pxref{TeX and LaTeX Language Modes}).
@item Eqn
@dfn{Eqn} language mode (@kbd{d E}; @pxref{Eqn Language Mode}).
converts a date form into a Unix time value, which is the number of
seconds since midnight on Jan 1, 1970, or vice-versa. The numeric result
will be an integer if the current precision is 12 or less; for higher
-precisions, the result may be a float with (@var{precision}@minus{}12)
+precision, the result may be a float with (@var{precision}@minus{}12)
digits after the decimal. Just as for @kbd{t J}, the numeric time
is interpreted in the GMT time zone and the date form is interpreted
in the current or specified zone. Some systems use Unix-like
The @kbd{M-6 t P} [@code{second}] function extracts the second
from a date form. If the current precision is 12 or less,
the result is an integer in the range 0 to 59. For higher
-precisions, the result may instead be a floating-point number.
+precision, the result may instead be a floating-point number.
@tindex weekday
The @kbd{M-7 t P} [@code{weekday}] function extracts the weekday
Calc can compute a variety of less common functions that arise in
various branches of mathematics. All of the functions described in
this section allow arbitrary complex arguments and, except as noted,
-will work to arbitrarily large precisions. They can not at present
+will work to arbitrarily large precision. They can not at present
handle error forms or intervals as arguments.
NOTE: These functions are still experimental. In particular, their
of the theory of random number generators and their measurement and
characterization.
-If @code{RandSeed} has no stored value, Calc calls Emacs' built-in
+If @code{RandSeed} has no stored value, Calc calls Emacs's built-in
@code{random} function to get a stream of random numbers, which it
then treats in various ways to avoid problems inherent in the simple
random number generators that many systems use to implement @code{random}.
``fundamental'' units like @samp{m} and @samp{s}, regardless of the
input units.
+If you want to disallow using inconsistent units, you can set the customizable variable
+@code{calc-ensure-consistent-units} to @code{t} (@pxref{Customizing Calc}). In this case,
+if you request units which are inconsistent with the original units, you will be warned about
+it and no conversion will occur.
+
One special exception is that if you specify a single unit name, and
a compatible unit appears somewhere in the units expression, then
that compatible unit will be converted to the new unit and the
@code{texcc} (a Cicero) and @code{texsp} (a scaled @TeX{} point,
all dimensions representable in @TeX{} are multiples of this value).
-When Calc is using the @TeX{} or La@TeX{} language mode (@pxref{TeX
+When Calc is using the @TeX{} or @LaTeX{} language mode (@pxref{TeX
and LaTeX Language Modes}), the @TeX{} specific unit names will not
use the @samp{tex} prefix; the unit name for a @TeX{} point will be
@samp{pt} instead of @samp{texpt}, for example. To avoid conflicts,
@cindex @samp{=>} operator
The special algebraic symbol @samp{=>} is known as the @dfn{evaluates-to
operator}. (It will show up as an @code{evalto} function call in
-other language modes like Pascal and La@TeX{}.) This is a binary
+other language modes like Pascal and @LaTeX{}.) This is a binary
operator, that is, it has a lefthand and a righthand argument,
although it can be entered with the righthand argument omitted.
Calc will try to guess an appropriate language based on the major mode
of the editing buffer. (@xref{Language Modes}.) If the current buffer is
-in @code{latex-mode}, for example, Calc will set its language to La@TeX{}.
+in @code{latex-mode}, for example, Calc will set its language to @LaTeX{}.
Similarly, Calc will use @TeX{} language for @code{tex-mode},
@code{plain-tex-mode} and @code{context-mode}, C language for
@code{c-mode} and @code{c++-mode}, FORTRAN language for
@enumerate
@item
-The @TeX{} and La@TeX{} math delimiters @samp{$ $}, @samp{$$ $$},
+The @TeX{} and @LaTeX{} math delimiters @samp{$ $}, @samp{$$ $$},
@samp{\[ \]}, and @samp{\( \)};
@item
Lines beginning with @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} (except matrix delimiters);
When Embedded mode ``activates'' a formula, i.e., when it examines
the formula for the first time since the buffer was created or
loaded, Calc tries to sense the language in which the formula was
-written. If the formula contains any La@TeX{}-like @samp{\} sequences,
-it is parsed (i.e., read) in La@TeX{} mode. If the formula appears to
+written. If the formula contains any @LaTeX{}-like @samp{\} sequences,
+it is parsed (i.e., read) in @LaTeX{} mode. If the formula appears to
be written in multi-line Big mode, it is parsed in Big mode. Otherwise,
it is parsed according to the current language mode.
Note that Calc does not change the current language mode according
-the formula it reads in. Even though it can read a La@TeX{} formula when
-not in La@TeX{} mode, it will immediately rewrite this formula using
+the formula it reads in. Even though it can read a @LaTeX{} formula when
+not in @LaTeX{} mode, it will immediately rewrite this formula using
whatever language mode is in effect.
@tex
Plain formulas are preceded and followed by @samp{%%%} signs
by default. This notation has the advantage that the @samp{%}
-character begins a comment in @TeX{} and La@TeX{}, so if your formula is
-embedded in a @TeX{} or La@TeX{} document its plain version will be
+character begins a comment in @TeX{} and @LaTeX{}, so if your formula is
+embedded in a @TeX{} or @LaTeX{} document its plain version will be
invisible in the final printed copy. Certain major modes have different
delimiters to ensure that the ``plain'' version will be
in a comment for those modes, also.
@noindent
where the leading and trailing @samp{---} can be replaced by
any suitable strings (which must be the same on all three lines)
-or omitted altogether; in a @TeX{} or La@TeX{} file, @samp{%} would be a good
+or omitted altogether; in a @TeX{} or @LaTeX{} file, @samp{%} would be a good
leading string and no trailing string would be necessary. In a
C program, @samp{/*} and @samp{*/} would be good leading and
trailing strings.
Calc is controlled by many variables, most of which can be reset
from within Calc. Some variables are less involved with actual
-calculation and can be set outside of Calc using Emacs's
+calculation and can be set outside of Calc using Emacs'ss
customization facilities. These variables are listed below.
Typing @kbd{M-x customize-variable RET @var{variable-name} RET}
will bring up a buffer in which the variable's value can be redefined.
Embedded mode understands by default are:
@enumerate
@item
-The @TeX{} and La@TeX{} math delimiters @samp{$ $}, @samp{$$ $$},
+The @TeX{} and @LaTeX{} math delimiters @samp{$ $}, @samp{$$ $$},
@samp{\[ \]}, and @samp{\( \)};
@item
Lines beginning with @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} (except matrix delimiters);
of @code{calc-multiplication-has-precedence} is @code{t}.
@end defvar
+@defvar calc-ensure-consistent-units
+When converting units, the variable @code{calc-ensure-consistent-units}
+determines whether or not the target units need to be consistent with the
+original units. If @code{calc-ensure-consistent-units} is @code{nil}, then
+the target units don't need to have the same dimensions as the original units;
+for example, converting @samp{100 ft/s} to @samp{m} will produce @samp{30.48 m/s}.
+If @code{calc-ensure-consistent-units} is non-@code{nil}, then the target units
+need to have the same dimensions as the original units; for example, converting
+@samp{100 ft/s} to @samp{m} will result in an error, since @samp{ft/s} and @samp{m}
+have different dimensions. The default value of @code{calc-ensure-consistent-units}
+is @code{nil}.
+@end defvar
+
@defvar calc-undo-length
The variable @code{calc-undo-length} determines the number of undo
steps that Calc will keep track of when @code{calc-quit} is called.
HCoop / bpt / emacs.git / blobdiff