@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004,
+@c 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
@setfilename ../info/advising
@node Advising Functions, Debugging, Byte Compilation, Top
@chapter Advising Emacs Lisp Functions
@cindex advising functions
- The @dfn{advice} feature lets you add to the existing definition of a
-function, by @dfn{advising the function}. This is a clean method for a
-library to customize functions defined by other parts of Emacs---cleaner
+ The @dfn{advice} feature lets you add to the existing definition of
+a function, by @dfn{advising the function}. This is a cleaner method
+for a library to customize functions defined within Emacs---cleaner
than redefining the whole function.
- Each piece of advice can be enabled or disabled explicitly. The
-enabled pieces of advice for any given function actually take effect
-when you activate advice for that function, or when that function is
-subsequently defined or redefined.
+@cindex piece of advice
+ Each function can have multiple @dfn{pieces of advice}, separately
+defined. Each defined piece of advice can be @dfn{enabled} or
+@dfn{disabled} explicitly. All the enabled pieces of advice for any given
+function actually take effect when you @dfn{activate} advice for that
+function, or when you define or redefine the function. Note that
+enabling a piece of advice and activating advice for a function
+are not the same thing.
@strong{Usage Note:} Advice is useful for altering the behavior of
existing calls to an existing function. If you want the new behavior
-for new calls, or for key bindings, it is cleaner to define a new
-function (or a new command) which uses the existing function.
+for new calls, or for key bindings, you should define a new function
+(or a new command) which uses the existing function.
+
+ @strong{Usage note:} Advising a function can cause confusion in
+debugging, since people who debug calls to the original function may
+not notice that it has been modified with advice. Therefore, if you
+have the possibility to change the code of that function (or ask
+someone to do so) to run a hook, please solve the problem that way.
+Advice should be reserved for the cases where you cannot get the
+function changed.
+
+ In particular, this means that a file in Emacs should not put advice
+on a function in Emacs. There are currently a few exceptions to this
+convention, but we aim to correct them.
@menu
* Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice.
* Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}.
+* Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition.
* Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}.
* Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it.
* Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice.
* Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the
loading of compiled advice.
-* Argument Access:: How advice can access the function's arguments.
-* Subr Arguments:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive.
+* Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments.
+* Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive.
* Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented.
@end menu
The command @code{next-line} moves point down vertically one or more
lines; it is the standard binding of @kbd{C-n}. When used on the last
line of the buffer, this command inserts a newline to create a line to
-move to (if @code{next-line-add-newlines} is non-@code{nil}).
+move to if @code{next-line-add-newlines} is non-@code{nil} (its default
+is @code{nil}.)
Suppose you wanted to add a similar feature to @code{previous-line},
which would insert a new line at the beginning of the buffer for the
-command to move to. How could you do this?
+command to move to (when @code{next-line-add-newlines} is
+non-@code{nil}). How could you do this?
You could do it by redefining the whole function, but that is not
modular. The advice feature provides a cleaner alternative: you can
(newline))))
@end example
-@cindex piece of advice
This expression defines a @dfn{piece of advice} for the function
@code{previous-line}. This piece of advice is named
@code{next-line-at-end}, and the symbol @code{before} says that it is
@node Defining Advice
@section Defining Advice
+@cindex defining advice
+@cindex advice, defining
To define a piece of advice, use the macro @code{defadvice}. A call
to @code{defadvice} has the following syntax, which is based on the
-syntax of @code{defun}/@code{defmacro} but adds more:
+syntax of @code{defun} and @code{defmacro}, but adds more:
@findex defadvice
@example
describing the entity being advised, but this always includes macros and
special forms.
+ In place of the argument list in an ordinary definition, an advice
+definition calls for several different pieces of information.
+
@cindex class of advice
@cindex before-advice
@cindex after-advice
around-advice can override the return value by setting
@code{ad-return-value}.
-Around-advice specifies where the ``original'' function definition
-should go by means of the special symbol @code{ad-do-it}. Where this
-symbol occurs inside the around-advice body, it is replaced with a
-@code{progn} containing the forms of the surrounded code. If the
-around-advice does not use @code{ad-do-it}, then the original function
-definition is never run. This provides a way to override the original
-definition completely. (It also overrides lower-positioned pieces of
-around-advice).
+@defvar ad-return-value
+While advice is executing, after the function's original definition has
+been executed, this variable holds its return value, which will
+ultimately be returned to the caller after finishing all the advice.
+After-advice and around-advice can arrange to return some other value
+by storing it in this variable.
+@end defvar
The argument @var{name} is the name of the advice, a non-@code{nil}
symbol. The advice name uniquely identifies one piece of advice, within all
@var{function}. The name allows you to refer to the piece of
advice---to redefine it, or to enable or disable it.
-In place of the argument list in an ordinary definition, an advice
-definition calls for several different pieces of information.
-
The optional @var{position} specifies where, in the current list of
advice of the specified @var{class}, this new advice should be placed.
-It should be either @code{first}, @code{last} or a number that
-specifies a zero-based position (@code{first} is equivalent to 0). If
-no position is specified, the default is @code{first}. The
-@var{position} value is ignored when redefining an existing piece of
-advice.
+It should be either @code{first}, @code{last} or a number that specifies
+a zero-based position (@code{first} is equivalent to 0). If no position
+is specified, the default is @code{first}. Position values outside the
+range of existing positions in this class are mapped to the beginning or
+the end of the range, whichever is closer. The @var{position} value is
+ignored when redefining an existing piece of advice.
The optional @var{arglist} can be used to define the argument list for
the sake of advice. This becomes the argument list of the combined
Definition}). Therefore, the advice expressions can use the argument
variables in this list to access argument values.
-This argument list must be compatible with the argument list of the
-original function, so that it can handle the ways the function is
-actually called. If more than one piece of advice specifies an argument
-list, then the first one (the one with the smallest position) found in
-the list of all classes of advice is used. Numbers outside the range
-are mapped to the beginning or the end, whichever is closer.
+The argument list used in advice need not be the same as the argument
+list used in the original function, but must be compatible with it, so
+that it can handle the ways the function is actually called. If two
+pieces of advice for a function both specify an argument list, they must
+specify the same argument list.
+
+@xref{Argument Access in Advice}, for more information about argument
+lists and advice, and a more flexible way for advice to access the
+arguments.
-The remaining elements, @var{flags}, is a list of symbols that specify
-further information about how to use this piece of advice. Here are the
-valid symbols and their meanings:
+The remaining elements, @var{flags}, are symbols that specify further
+information about how to use this piece of advice. Here are the valid
+symbols and their meanings:
@table @code
@item activate
defining this piece of advice.
@cindex forward advice
-This flag has no effect if @var{function} itself is not defined yet (a
+This flag has no immediate effect if @var{function} itself is not defined yet (a
situation known as @dfn{forward advice}), because it is impossible to
activate an undefined function's advice. However, defining
@var{function} will automatically activate its advice.
@item protect
Protect this piece of advice against non-local exits and errors in
-preceding code and advice. Protecting advice makes it a cleanup in an
-@code{unwind-protect} form, so that it will execute even if the
+preceding code and advice. Protecting advice places it as a cleanup in
+an @code{unwind-protect} form, so that it will execute even if the
previous code gets an error or uses @code{throw}. @xref{Cleanups}.
@item compile
Activate advice for @var{function} when this @code{defadvice} is
compiled or macroexpanded. This generates a compiled advised definition
according to the current advice state, which will be used during
-activation if appropriate.
+activation if appropriate. @xref{Preactivation}.
This is useful only if this @code{defadvice} is byte-compiled.
@end table
All subroutines used by the advice need to be available when the byte
compiler expands the macro.
+@deffn Command ad-unadvise function
+This command deletes the advice from @var{function}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn Command ad-unadvise-all
+This command deletes all pieces of advice from all functions.
+@end deffn
+
+@node Around-Advice
+@section Around-Advice
+
+ Around-advice lets you ``wrap'' a Lisp expression ``around'' the
+original function definition. You specify where the original function
+definition should go by means of the special symbol @code{ad-do-it}.
+Where this symbol occurs inside the around-advice body, it is replaced
+with a @code{progn} containing the forms of the surrounded code. Here
+is an example:
+
+@example
+(defadvice foo (around foo-around)
+ "Ignore case in `foo'."
+ (let ((case-fold-search t))
+ ad-do-it))
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Its effect is to make sure that case is ignored in
+searches when the original definition of @code{foo} is run.
+
+@defvar ad-do-it
+This is not really a variable, rather a place-holder that looks like a
+variable. You use it in around-advice to specify the place to run the
+function's original definition and other ``earlier'' around-advice.
+@end defvar
+
+If the around-advice does not use @code{ad-do-it}, then it does not run
+the original function definition. This provides a way to override the
+original definition completely. (It also overrides lower-positioned
+pieces of around-advice).
+
+If the around-advice uses @code{ad-do-it} more than once, the original
+definition is run at each place. In this way, around-advice can execute
+the original definition (and lower-positioned pieces of around-advice)
+several times. Another way to do that is by using @code{ad-do-it}
+inside of a loop.
+
@node Computed Advice
@section Computed Advice
to put the new piece of advice. The value of @var{position} can either
be @code{first}, @code{last}, or a number (counting from 0 at the
beginning of the list). Numbers outside the range are mapped to the
-closest extreme position.
+beginning or the end of the range, whichever is closer. The
+@var{position} value is ignored when redefining an existing piece of
+advice.
If @var{function} already has a piece of @var{advice} with the same
name, then the position argument is ignored and the old advice is
@node Activation of Advice
@section Activation of Advice
@cindex activating advice
+@cindex advice, activating
By default, advice does not take effect when you define it---only when
-you @dfn{activate} advice for the function that was advised. You can
-request the activation of advice for a function when you define the
-advice, by specifying the @code{activate} flag in the @code{defadvice}.
-But normally you activate the advice for a function by calling the
-function @code{ad-activate} or one of the other activation commands
-listed below.
+you @dfn{activate} advice for the function that was advised. However,
+the advice will be activated automatically if you define or redefine
+the function later. You can request the activation of advice for a
+function when you define the advice, by specifying the @code{activate}
+flag in the @code{defadvice}. But normally you activate the advice
+for a function by calling the function @code{ad-activate} or one of
+the other activation commands listed below.
Separating the activation of advice from the act of defining it permits
you to add several pieces of advice to one function efficiently, without
@ref{Enabling Advice}.) This definition is installed, and optionally
byte-compiled as well, depending on conditions described below.
-In all of the commands to activate advice, if @var{compile} is @code{t},
-the command also compiles the combined definition which implements the
-advice.
+In all of the commands to activate advice, if @var{compile} is
+@code{t} (or anything but @code{nil} or a negative number), the
+command also compiles the combined definition which implements the
+advice. If it is @code{nil} or a negative number, what happens
+depends on @code{ad-default-compilation-action} as described below.
@deffn Command ad-activate function &optional compile
-This command activates the advice for @var{function}.
+This command activates all the advice defined for @var{function}.
@end deffn
-To activate advice for a function whose advice is already active is not
-a no-op. It is a useful operation which puts into effect any changes in
-advice since the previous activation of that function's advice.
+ Activating advice does nothing if @var{function}'s advice is already
+active. But if there is new advice, added since the previous time you
+activated advice for @var{function}, it activates the new advice.
@deffn Command ad-deactivate function
This command deactivates the advice for @var{function}.
+@cindex deactivating advice
+@cindex advice, deactivating
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn Command ad-update function &optional compile
+This command activates the advice for @var{function}
+if its advice is already activated. This is useful
+if you change the advice.
@end deffn
@deffn Command ad-activate-all &optional compile
This command deactivates the advice for all functions.
@end deffn
+@deffn Command ad-update-all &optional compile
+This command activates the advice for all functions
+whose advice is already activated. This is useful
+if you change the advice of some functions.
+@end deffn
+
@deffn Command ad-activate-regexp regexp &optional compile
This command activates all pieces of advice whose names match
@var{regexp}. More precisely, it activates all advice for any function
@end deffn
@deffn Command ad-deactivate-regexp regexp
-This command deactivates the advice for all functions whose names match
+This command deactivates all pieces of advice whose names match
@var{regexp}. More precisely, it deactivates all advice for any
function which has at least one piece of advice that matches
@var{regexp}.
@deffn Command ad-update-regexp regexp &optional compile
This command activates pieces of advice whose names match @var{regexp},
but only those for functions whose advice is already activated.
+@cindex reactivating advice
Reactivating a function's advice is useful for putting into effect all
the changes that have been made in its advice (including enabling and
@deffn Command ad-start-advice
Turn on automatic advice activation when a function is defined or
-redefined. If you turn on this mode, then advice really does
-take effect immediately when defined.
+redefined. This is the default mode.
@end deffn
@deffn Command ad-stop-advice
@defopt ad-default-compilation-action
This variable controls whether to compile the combined definition
that results from activating advice for a function.
+
+A value of @code{always} specifies to compile unconditionally.
+A value of @code{never} specifies never compile the advice.
+
+A value of @code{maybe} specifies to compile if the byte-compiler is
+already loaded. A value of @code{like-original} specifies to compile
+the advice if the original definition of the advised function is
+compiled or a built-in function.
+
+This variable takes effect only if the @var{compile} argument of
+@code{ad-activate} (or any of the above functions) did not force
+compilation.
@end defopt
- If the advised definition was constructed during ``preactivation'' (see
-below), then that definition must already be compiled, because it was
-constructed during byte-compilation of the file that contained the
-@code{defadvice} with the @code{preactivate} flag.
+ If the advised definition was constructed during ``preactivation''
+(@pxref{Preactivation}), then that definition must already be compiled,
+because it was constructed during byte-compilation of the file that
+contained the @code{defadvice} with the @code{preactivate} flag.
@node Enabling Advice
@section Enabling and Disabling Advice
+@cindex enabling advice
+@cindex advice, enabling and disabling
+@cindex disabling advice
Each piece of advice has a flag that says whether it is enabled or
-not. By enabling or disabling a piece of advice, you can turn it off
-and on without having to undefine and redefine it. For example, here is
+not. By enabling or disabling a piece of advice, you can turn it on
+and off without having to undefine and redefine it. For example, here is
how to disable a particular piece of advice named @code{my-advice} for
the function @code{foo}:
(ad-disable-advice 'foo 'before 'my-advice)
@end example
-This function by itself only changes the enable flag for a piece of
+ This function by itself only changes the enable flag for a piece of
advice. To make the change take effect in the advised definition, you
must activate the advice for @code{foo} again:
@node Preactivation
@section Preactivation
+@cindex preactivating advice
+@cindex advice, preactivating
Constructing a combined definition to execute advice is moderately
expensive. When a library advises many functions, this can make loading
A more robust method is to use macros that are translated into the
proper access forms at activation time, i.e., when constructing the
advised definition. Access macros access actual arguments by position
-regardless of how these actual argument get distributed onto the
+regardless of how these actual arguments get distributed onto the
argument variables of a function. This is robust because in Emacs Lisp
the meaning of an argument is strictly determined by its position in the
argument list.
These argument constructs are not really implemented as Lisp macros.
Instead they are implemented specially by the advice mechanism.
-@node Subr Arguments
-@section Definition of Subr Argument Lists
+@node Advising Primitives
+@section Advising Primitives
- When the advice facility constructs the combined definition, it needs
-to know the argument list of the original function. This is not always
-possible for primitive functions. When advice cannot determine the
-argument list, it uses @code{(&rest ad-subr-args)}, which always works
-but is inefficient because it constructs a list of the argument values.
-You can use @code{ad-define-subr-args} to declare the proper argument
-names for a primitive function:
+ Advising a primitive function (also called a ``subr'') is risky.
+Some primitive functions are used by the advice mechanism; advising
+them could cause an infinite recursion. Also, many primitive
+functions are called directly from C code. Calls to the primitive
+from Lisp code will take note of the advice, but calls from C code
+will ignore the advice.
+
+When the advice facility constructs the combined definition, it needs
+to know the argument list of the original function. This is not
+always possible for primitive functions. When advice cannot determine
+the argument list, it uses @code{(&rest ad-subr-args)}, which always
+works but is inefficient because it constructs a list of the argument
+values. You can use @code{ad-define-subr-args} to declare the proper
+argument names for a primitive function:
@defun ad-define-subr-args function arglist
This function specifies that @var{arglist} should be used as the
@node Combined Definition
@section The Combined Definition
- Suppose that a function has @var{n} pieces of before-advice, @var{m}
-pieces of around-advice and @var{k} pieces of after-advice. Assuming no
-piece of advice is protected, the combined definition produced to
-implement the advice for a function looks like this:
+ Suppose that a function has @var{n} pieces of before-advice
+(numbered from 0 through @var{n}@minus{}1), @var{m} pieces of
+around-advice and @var{k} pieces of after-advice. Assuming no piece
+of advice is protected, the combined definition produced to implement
+the advice for a function looks like this:
@example
(lambda @var{arglist}
(let (ad-return-value)
@r{before-0-body-form}...
....
- @r{before-@var{n}-1-body-form}...
+ @r{before-@var{n}@minus{}1-body-form}...
@r{around-0-body-form}...
@r{around-1-body-form}...
....
- @r{around-@var{m}-1-body-form}...
+ @r{around-@var{m}@minus{}1-body-form}...
(setq ad-return-value
@r{apply original definition to @var{arglist}})
- @r{other-around-@var{m}-1-body-form}...
+ @r{end-of-around-@var{m}@minus{}1-body-form}...
....
- @r{other-around-1-body-form}...
- @r{other-around-0-body-form}...
+ @r{end-of-around-1-body-form}...
+ @r{end-of-around-0-body-form}...
@r{after-0-body-form}...
....
- @r{after-@var{k}-1-body-form}...
+ @r{after-@var{k}@minus{}1-body-form}...
ad-return-value))
@end example
The interactive form is present if the original function or some piece
of advice specifies one. When an interactive primitive function is
-advised, a special method is used: to call the primitive with
+advised, advice uses a special method: it calls the primitive with
@code{call-interactively} so that it will read its own arguments.
In this case, the advice cannot access the arguments.
according to their specified order. The forms of around-advice @var{l}
are included in one of the forms of around-advice @var{l} @minus{} 1.
-The innermost part of the around advice onion is
+The innermost part of the around advice onion is
@display
apply original definition to @var{arglist}
executed even if some previous piece of advice had an error or a
non-local exit. If any around-advice is protected, then the whole
around-advice onion is protected as a result.
+
+@ignore
+ arch-tag: 80c135c2-f1c3-4f8d-aa85-f8d8770d307f
+@end ignore
HCoop / bpt / emacs.git / blobdiff