@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2001,
-@c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1990-1995, 1998-1999, 2001-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
-@setfilename ../../info/lists
@node Lists, Sequences Arrays Vectors, Strings and Characters, Top
@chapter Lists
@cindex lists
* Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list.
* Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
* Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
-* Rings:: Managing a fixed-size ring of objects.
@end menu
@node Cons Cells
@cindex lists and cons cells
Lists in Lisp are not a primitive data type; they are built up from
-@dfn{cons cells}. A cons cell is a data object that represents an
-ordered pair. That is, it has two slots, and each slot @dfn{holds}, or
-@dfn{refers to}, some Lisp object. One slot is known as the @sc{car},
-and the other is known as the @sc{cdr}. (These names are traditional;
-see @ref{Cons Cell Type}.) @sc{cdr} is pronounced ``could-er.''
+@dfn{cons cells} (@pxref{Cons Cell Type}). A cons cell is a data
+object that represents an ordered pair. That is, it has two slots,
+and each slot @dfn{holds}, or @dfn{refers to}, some Lisp object. One
+slot is known as the @sc{car}, and the other is known as the @sc{cdr}.
+(These names are traditional; see @ref{Cons Cell Type}.) @sc{cdr} is
+pronounced ``could-er''.
We say that ``the @sc{car} of this cons cell is'' whatever object
its @sc{car} slot currently holds, and likewise for the @sc{cdr}.
- A list is a series of cons cells ``chained together,'' so that each
-cell refers to the next one. There is one cons cell for each element of
-the list. By convention, the @sc{car}s of the cons cells hold the
-elements of the list, and the @sc{cdr}s are used to chain the list: the
-@sc{cdr} slot of each cons cell refers to the following cons cell. The
-@sc{cdr} of the last cons cell is @code{nil}. This asymmetry between
-the @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} is entirely a matter of convention; at the
-level of cons cells, the @sc{car} and @sc{cdr} slots have the same
-characteristics.
+ A list is a series of cons cells ``chained together'', so that each
+cell refers to the next one. There is one cons cell for each element
+of the list. By convention, the @sc{car}s of the cons cells hold the
+elements of the list, and the @sc{cdr}s are used to chain the list
+(this asymmetry between @sc{car} and @sc{cdr} is entirely a matter of
+convention; at the level of cons cells, the @sc{car} and @sc{cdr}
+slots have similar properties). Hence, the @sc{cdr} slot of each cons
+cell in a list refers to the following cons cell.
@cindex true list
- Since @code{nil} is the conventional value to put in the @sc{cdr} of
-the last cons cell in the list, we call that case a @dfn{true list}.
-
- In Lisp, we consider the symbol @code{nil} a list as well as a
-symbol; it is the list with no elements. For convenience, the symbol
+ Also by convention, the @sc{cdr} of the last cons cell in a list is
+@code{nil}. We call such a @code{nil}-terminated structure a
+@dfn{true list}. In Emacs Lisp, the symbol @code{nil} is both a
+symbol and a list with no elements. For convenience, the symbol
@code{nil} is considered to have @code{nil} as its @sc{cdr} (and also
-as its @sc{car}). Therefore, the @sc{cdr} of a true list is always a
-true list.
+as its @sc{car}).
+
+ Hence, the @sc{cdr} of a true list is always a true list. The
+@sc{cdr} of a nonempty true list is a true list containing all the
+elements except the first.
@cindex dotted list
@cindex circular list
- If the @sc{cdr} of a list's last cons cell is some other value,
-neither @code{nil} nor another cons cell, we call the structure a
-@dfn{dotted list}, since its printed representation would use
-@samp{.}. There is one other possibility: some cons cell's @sc{cdr}
-could point to one of the previous cons cells in the list. We call
-that structure a @dfn{circular list}.
+ If the @sc{cdr} of a list's last cons cell is some value other than
+@code{nil}, we call the structure a @dfn{dotted list}, since its
+printed representation would use dotted pair notation (@pxref{Dotted
+Pair Notation}). There is one other possibility: some cons cell's
+@sc{cdr} could point to one of the previous cons cells in the list.
+We call that structure a @dfn{circular list}.
For some purposes, it does not matter whether a list is true,
-circular or dotted. If the program doesn't look far enough down the
+circular or dotted. If a program doesn't look far enough down the
list to see the @sc{cdr} of the final cons cell, it won't care.
However, some functions that operate on lists demand true lists and
signal errors if given a dotted list. Most functions that try to find
the end of a list enter infinite loops if given a circular list.
@cindex list structure
- Because most cons cells are used as part of lists, the phrase
-@dfn{list structure} has come to mean any structure made out of cons
-cells.
-
- The @sc{cdr} of any nonempty true list @var{l} is a list containing all the
-elements of @var{l} except the first.
-
- @xref{Cons Cell Type}, for the read and print syntax of cons cells and
-lists, and for ``box and arrow'' illustrations of lists.
+ Because most cons cells are used as part of lists, we refer to any
+structure made out of cons cells as a @dfn{list structure}.
@node List-related Predicates
@section Predicates on Lists
x
@result{} (b c)
@end example
+
+@noindent
+For the @code{pop} macro, which removes an element from a list,
+@xref{List Variables}.
@end defmac
@defun nth n list
@result{} nil
@end group
@group
-(setq l (make-list 3 '(a b))
+(setq l (make-list 3 '(a b)))
@result{} ((a b) (a b) (a b))
(eq (car l) (cadr l))
@result{} t
l
@result{} (c a b)
@end example
+
+@noindent
+For the @code{pop} macro, which removes the first element from a list,
+@xref{List Elements}.
@end defmac
Two functions modify lists that are the values of variables.
@cindex CL note---lack @code{union}, @code{intersection}
@quotation
@b{Common Lisp note:} Common Lisp has functions @code{union} (which
-avoids duplicate elements) and @code{intersection} for set operations,
-but GNU Emacs Lisp does not have them. You can write them in Lisp if
-you wish.
+avoids duplicate elements) and @code{intersection} for set operations.
+Although standard GNU Emacs Lisp does not have them, the @file{cl}
+library provides versions. @inforef{Top, Overview, cl}.
@end quotation
@defun memq object list
(delq '(4) sample-list)
@result{} (a c (4))
@end group
+@end example
If you want to delete elements that are @code{equal} to a given value,
use @code{delete} (see below).
-@end example
@defun remq object list
This function returns a copy of @var{list}, with all elements removed
l
@result{} ((2) (1))
;; @r{If you want to change @code{l} reliably,}
-;; @r{write @code{(setq l (delete elt l))}.}
+;; @r{write @code{(setq l (delete '(2) l))}.}
@end group
@group
(setq l '((2) (1) (2)))
@code{rassoc} is like @code{assoc} except that it compares the @sc{cdr} of
each @var{alist} association instead of the @sc{car}. You can think of
-this as ``reverse @code{assoc},'' finding the key for a given value.
+this as ``reverse @code{assoc}'', finding the key for a given value.
@end defun
@defun assq key alist
@code{rassq} is like @code{assq} except that it compares the @sc{cdr} of
each @var{alist} association instead of the @sc{car}. You can think of
-this as ``reverse @code{assq},'' finding the key for a given value.
+this as ``reverse @code{assq}'', finding the key for a given value.
For example:
compares the @sc{cdr} of each @var{alist} association instead of the
@sc{car}.
@end defun
-
-@node Rings
-@section Managing a Fixed-Size Ring of Objects
-
-@cindex ring data structure
- This section describes functions for operating on rings. A
-@dfn{ring} is a fixed-size data structure that supports insertion,
-deletion, rotation, and modulo-indexed reference and traversal.
-
-@defun make-ring size
-This returns a new ring capable of holding @var{size} objects.
-@var{size} should be an integer.
-@end defun
-
-@defun ring-p object
-This returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a ring, @code{nil} otherwise.
-@end defun
-
-@defun ring-size ring
-This returns the maximum capacity of the @var{ring}.
-@end defun
-
-@defun ring-length ring
-This returns the number of objects that @var{ring} currently contains.
-The value will never exceed that returned by @code{ring-size}.
-@end defun
-
-@defun ring-elements ring
-This returns a list of the objects in @var{ring}, in order, newest first.
-@end defun
-
-@defun ring-copy ring
-This returns a new ring which is a copy of @var{ring}.
-The new ring contains the same (@code{eq}) objects as @var{ring}.
-@end defun
-
-@defun ring-empty-p ring
-This returns @code{t} if @var{ring} is empty, @code{nil} otherwise.
-@end defun
-
- The newest element in the ring always has index 0. Higher indices
-correspond to older elements. Indices are computed modulo the ring
-length. Index @minus{}1 corresponds to the oldest element, @minus{}2
-to the next-oldest, and so forth.
-
-@defun ring-ref ring index
-This returns the object in @var{ring} found at index @var{index}.
-@var{index} may be negative or greater than the ring length. If
-@var{ring} is empty, @code{ring-ref} signals an error.
-@end defun
-
-@defun ring-insert ring object
-This inserts @var{object} into @var{ring}, making it the newest
-element, and returns @var{object}.
-
-If the ring is full, insertion removes the oldest element to
-make room for the new element.
-@end defun
-
-@defun ring-remove ring &optional index
-Remove an object from @var{ring}, and return that object. The
-argument @var{index} specifies which item to remove; if it is
-@code{nil}, that means to remove the oldest item. If @var{ring} is
-empty, @code{ring-remove} signals an error.
-@end defun
-
-@defun ring-insert-at-beginning ring object
-This inserts @var{object} into @var{ring}, treating it as the oldest
-element. The return value is not significant.
-
-If the ring is full, this function removes the newest element to make
-room for the inserted element.
-@end defun
-
-@cindex fifo data structure
- If you are careful not to exceed the ring size, you can
-use the ring as a first-in-first-out queue. For example:
-
-@lisp
-(let ((fifo (make-ring 5)))
- (mapc (lambda (obj) (ring-insert fifo obj))
- '(0 one "two"))
- (list (ring-remove fifo) t
- (ring-remove fifo) t
- (ring-remove fifo)))
- @result{} (0 t one t "two")
-@end lisp
-
-@ignore
- arch-tag: 31fb8a4e-4aa8-4a74-a206-aa00451394d4
-@end ignore
HCoop / bpt / emacs.git / blobdiff