@settitle GNU Emacs Manual
@c The edition number appears in several places in this file
-@set EDITION Fourteenth
-@set EMACSVER 22.0.50
+@set EDITION Sixteenth
+@set EMACSVER 22.0.90
@copying
This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},
updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
-Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
- 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997,
+1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
-Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and
-``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
+Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and
+``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
License.''
@c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go
@c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
-@c @smallbook
+@smallbook
+
+@c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to
+@c save on paper cost. Also do not declare @setchapternewpage odd.
+@c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain.
+@tex
+@fonttextsize 10
+\global\hbadness=6000 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes
+@end tex
-@setchapternewpage odd
@defcodeindex op
@synindex pg cp
@insertcopying
@sp 2
-ISBN 1-882114-06-X @*
+ISBN 1-882114-86-8*
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @*
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
@end titlepage
-@page
+
+
+@summarycontents
+@contents
+
+
@ifnottex
@node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir)
@top The Emacs Editor
@value{EMACSVER}.
@ifinfo
-If you never before used the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h},
-and Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the
-Info commands.
+To learn more about the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h}, and
+Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the Info
+commands.
@end ifinfo
For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
Outline Mode
@TeX{} Mode
Formatted Text
-Fortran Mode
-Fortran Indentation
Shell Command History
The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items
* Glossary:: The glossary.
* Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 21.
* Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac.
-* MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows.
+* Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS.
* Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
* Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs.
-Indexes (nodes containing large menus)
+Indexes (each index contains a large menu)
* Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
* Option Index:: An item for every command-line option.
* Command Index:: An item for each command name.
* Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs.
* Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce
the number of characters you must type.
-* Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters
- using the quarter-plane screen model.
+@ifnottex
+* Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters using
+ the quarter-plane screen model.
+@end ifnottex
* Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs.
* Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs.
* Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it.
"recursive editing level".
* Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
* Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers.
+* Thumbnails:: Browsing images using thumbnails.
* Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun.
* Amusements:: Various games and hacks.
* Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs.
* Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to
change something.
* Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
-* Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
+* Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
* Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files.
* Basic Help:: Asking what a character does.
* Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
* Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs.
* Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name.
* Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
+* Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
* Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
* Language Help:: Help relating to international language support.
-* Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
* Misc Help:: Other help commands.
* Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files.
* Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help')
when there is one.
* Momentary Mark:: Enabling Transient Mark mode momentarily.
* Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
-* Selective Undo:: Undoing within a given region.
* Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units.
* Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
* Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers.
* Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
* Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
syntactic units such as words and sentences.
-* Graphical Kill:: The kill ring on graphical terminals:
+* Graphical Kill:: The kill ring on graphical displays:
yanking between applications.
* CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} for copy
and paste, with enhanced rectangle support.
Controlling the Display
+* Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window.
+* Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed.
+* Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
+* Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
* Faces:: How to change the display style using faces.
* Standard Faces:: Emacs' predefined faces.
* Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
* Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
-* Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer.
-* Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window.
-* Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
* Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes.
+* Displaying Boundaries:: Displaying top and bottom of the buffer.
* Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
-* Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
* Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
* Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features.
* Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed.
* Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor.
+* Line Truncation:: Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead
+ of continuing them to multiple screen lines.
* Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display.
Searching and Replacement
Commands for Fixing Typos
+* Undo:: Full details of Emacs undo commands.
* Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
* Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
* Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
* Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS).
* Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
* Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
+* Diff Mode:: Editing diff output.
* Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
* Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files.
* File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files.
* Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions.
* Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently.
* Branches:: Multiple lines of development.
-* Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers.
-* Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
-* Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC.
-* Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior.
Using Multiple Buffers
* Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text.
* Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
* Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
-* XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator.
+* Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text-only terminals.
International Character Set Support
* Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
write files, and so on.
* Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
-* Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use.
+* Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly.
+* Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output.
+* Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text.
+* Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication.
+* File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}.
+* Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting
+ terminal input and output.
* Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
* Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
* Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display.
-* Single-Byte Character Support:: You can pick one European character set
+* Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set
to use without multibyte characters.
* Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes.
* Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
* C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C,
Java, and Pike modes.
-* Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features.
* Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features.
Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns
* Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
and other neat features.
-Fortran Mode
-
-* Fortran Motion:: Moving point by statements or subprograms.
-* Fortran Indent:: Indentation commands for Fortran.
-* Fortran Comments:: Inserting and aligning comments.
-* Fortran Autofill:: Auto fill minor mode for Fortran.
-* Fortran Columns:: Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
-* Fortran Abbrev:: Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
-
Compiling and Testing Programs
* Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other
implement a graphical debugging environment through
Emacs.
-Maintaining Programs
+Maintaining Large Programs
* Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program.
-@ignore
-* Authors:: Maintaining the Emacs @file{AUTHORS} file.
-@end ignore
+* Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like.
* Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one
command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
-* Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
Tags Tables
* Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
* List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
-Merging Files with Emerge
-
-* Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts.
-* Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode.
- Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
-* State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B
- for each difference.
-* Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference,
- changing states of differences, etc.
-* Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge.
-* Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
-* Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc.
-
Abbrevs
* Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
* Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
* Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling.
+@ifnottex
Editing Pictures
-* Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
-* Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
- after "self-inserting" characters.
-* Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
+* Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
+* Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
+ after "self-inserting" characters.
+* Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
* Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
+@end ifnottex
Sending Mail
* Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
* Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
* General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
-* LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX.
+* Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats.
* Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
* Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
* Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
* Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
* Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen.
* Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text.
-* Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
* Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory.
* After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed.
* Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape---
* Mac Font Specs:: Specifying fonts on Mac.
* Mac Functions:: Mac-specific Lisp functions.
-MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT
+Emacs and Microsoft Windows
-* MS-DOS Keyboard:: Keyboard usage on MS-DOS.
-* MS-DOS Mouse:: Mouse usage on MS-DOS.
-* MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS.
-* MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS.
-* Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines.
-* MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS.
-* MS-DOS and MULE:: Support for internationalization on MS-DOS.
-* MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
+* Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines.
+* Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows.
+* ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired.
+* Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}.
+* Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features.
+* Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features.
* Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows.
-* Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does.
+* Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows.
+* Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features.
@end menu
@iftex
@unnumbered Preface
This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs
-editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple
-customizations do not require programming skill. The user who is not
-interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints.
+editor. Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a
+programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can
+ignore the customization hints.
This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a
-primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the
-on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the
-tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn
-Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes
-commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you
-see.
+primer. If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with
+the on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To
+run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. The tutorial
+describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the
+results.
On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the
notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the
Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these
chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you
-should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe
-fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need
-to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary.
+should practice the commands shown there. The next few chapters
+describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly.
+You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them
+until you are fluent.
Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are
-useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters
-describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those
-chapters when you need them.
+useful for many kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters
+describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you
+need them.
Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working
-properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems
+properly. It explains how to cope with several common problems
(@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs
(@pxref{Bugs}).
- To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index.
-Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There
-is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.
+ To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index.
+Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes.
+There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.
This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file.
-The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will
-be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system.
-Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along
-with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain
-substantially the same text and are generated from the same source
-files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs.
-
- GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs
-editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on
-the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its
-development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, @cite{Emacs, the Extensible,
-Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, to Publications Department,
-Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At
-last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS
-TM-165, @cite{A Cookbook for an Emacs}, by Craig Finseth, available from
-Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square,
-Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3.
+The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which is
+the principal means of accessing on-line documentation in the GNU
+system. Both the Emacs Info file and an Info reader are included with
+GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain substantially
+the same text and are generated from the same source files, which are
+also distributed with GNU Emacs.
+
+ GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many
+Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For
+information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons
+learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible,
+Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from
+@url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}.
This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs
installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS,
MS-DOS (also called MS-DOG), Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems.
Those systems use different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and
-MS-DOS do not support all GNU Emacs features. @xref{MS-DOS}, for
-information about using Emacs on MS-DOS and Windows. @xref{Mac OS},
-for information about using Emacs on Macintosh. We don't try to
-describe VMS usage in this manual.
+MS-DOS do not support all GNU Emacs features. @xref{Microsoft
+Windows}, for information about using Emacs on Windows.
+@xref{Mac OS}, for information about using Emacs on Macintosh. We
+don't try to describe VMS usage in this manual.
@end iftex
@node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top
@node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top
@unnumberedsec Acknowledgments
-Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Tomas Abrahamsson,
-Jay K.@: Adams, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Eli
-Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy, Per
-Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel Briot,
-Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@: Brown, Georges Brun-Cottan,
-W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill Carpenter, Per Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chris
-Chase, Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, Glynn
-Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary Delp,
-Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik, Scott
-Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert,
-Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, Hans Henrik
-Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach, Oscar
-Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman,
-Hallvard Furuseth, Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo,
-Juan Le@'{o}n Lahoz Garc@'{i}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien
-Gilles, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo
-Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael Gschwind, Henry
-Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman,
-John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu
-Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Denis Howe, Lars
-Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Ulf Jasper, Michael
-K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry Jones, Simon Josefsson, Tomoji Kagatani,
-Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi Kawabata, Howard
-Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg, Larry K.@: Kolodney,
-Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@: Koppelman, Koseki
-Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard Kubiak, Geoff
-Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Aaron Larson, James
-R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg,
-Lars Lindberg, Chris Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link, Dave
-Love, Eric Ludlam, Alan Mackenzie, Christopher J.@: Madsen,
-Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon
-Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath,
-Will Mengarini, David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Richard
+Contributors to GNU Emacs include Jari Aalto, Per Abrahamsen, Tomas
+Abrahamsson, Jay K.@: Adams, Michael Albinus, Nagy Andras, Ralf
+Angeli, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Juanma Barranquero,
+Eli Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Jay Belanger, Alexander L.@: Belikoff,
+Boaz Ben-Zvi, Karl Berry, Anna M.@: Bigatti, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy, Johan Bockg@aa{}rd,
+Per Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel
+Briot, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@: Brown, Georges
+Brun-Cottan, Joe Buehler, W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill Carpenter, Per
+Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chris Chase, Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi,
+Sacha Chua, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, Glynn Clements, Andrew
+Csillag, Doug Cutting, Mathias Dahl, Satyaki Das, Michael DeCorte,
+Gary Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik,
+Scott Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert,
+Paul Eggert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami,
+Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach,
+Oscar Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Romain
+Francoise, Noah Friedman, Andreas Fuchs, Hallvard Furuseth, Keith
+Gabryelski, Peter S.@: Galbraith, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Juan
+Le@'{o}n Lahoz Garc@'{@dotless{i}}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien
+Gilles, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Deepak Goel, Boris Goldowsky,
+Michelangelo Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael
+Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Lars Hansen,
+Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan,
+Jesper Harder, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders
+Holst, Jeffrey C.@: Honig, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Joakim Hove,
+Denis Howe, Lars Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Pavel
+Janik, Paul Jarc, Ulf Jasper, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry
+Jones, Simon Josefsson, Arne J@/orgensen, Tomoji Kagatani, Brewster
+Kahle, Lute Kamstra, David Kastrup, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi
+Kawabata, Howard Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg,
+Shuhei Kobayashi, Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@:
+Koppelman, Koseki Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard
+Kubiak, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Mario
+Lang, Aaron Larson, James R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Werner
+Lemberg, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg, Lars Lindberg, Chris
+Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link, Juri Linkov, Francis Litterio,
+Emilio C. Lopes, Dave Love, Sascha L@"{u}decke, Eric Ludlam,Alan
+Mackenzie, Christopher J.@: Madsen, Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer,
+Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie
+Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, Will Mengarini, David Megginson,
+Ben A. Mesander, Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Lawrence Mitchell, Richard
Mlynarik, Gerd Moellmann, Stefan Monnier, Morioka Tomohiko, Keith
-Moore, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike
-Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan Nicolaescu, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman,
-Alexandre Oliva, Bob Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit,
+Moore, Glenn Morris, Diane Murray, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas
+Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan
+Nicolaescu, Hrvoje Niksic, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman, Alexandre
+Oliva, Bob Olson, Michael Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit,
David Pearson, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William
-M.@: Perry, Per Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard
-L.@: Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco
-A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Marko Rahamaa, Ashwin
-Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Alex Rezinsky,
-Rob Riepel, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@: Roberts, John Robinson, Danny
-Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Ivar Rummelhoff,
-Jason Rumney, Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko
-Sato, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor
+M.@: Perry, Per Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard L.@:
+Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco
+A.@: Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Ken Raeburn, Marko
+Rahamaa, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold,
+Alex Rezinsky, Rob Riepel, David Reitter, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@:
+Roberts, John Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt,
+Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Martin Rudalics, Ivar Rummelhoff, Jason Rumney,
+Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, Jorgen
+Schaefer, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor
Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Jan
-Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, Oliver
-Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark
-Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey,
-Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith, Andre Spiegel,
-Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, Ake
-Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin
-Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto
-Takahashi, Jean-Philippe Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann,
-Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Tom Tromey, Daiki Ueno, Masanobu Umeda,
-Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier Verna, Ulrik Vieth,
-Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, Colin Walters, Barry
-Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John
-Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood,
-Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright, Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler,
-Masatake Yamato, Jonathan Yavner, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan Zamazal,
-Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu, Ian
-T.@: Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, and Detlev Zundel.
+Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Raymond Scholz, Randal
+Schwartz, Oliver Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav
+Shalunov, Marc Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund,
+Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith,
+Andre Spiegel, Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats,
+Reiner Steib, Sam Steingold, Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken
+Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve
+Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto Takahashi, Steven Tamm, Jean-Philippe
+Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson,
+Luc Teirlinck, Tom Tromey, Enami Tsugutomo, Eli Tziperman, Daiki Ueno,
+Masanobu Umeda, Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier
+Verna, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, John
+Paul Wallington, Colin Walters, Barry Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph
+Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams,
+Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood, Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright,
+Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Katsumi Yamaoka, Masatake Yamato,
+Jonathan Yavner, Ryan Yeske, Chong Yidong, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan
+Zamazal, Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu,
+Ian T.@: Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, Teodor Zlatanov,
+and Detlev Zundel.
@end iftex
@node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top
@unnumbered Introduction
- You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced,
-self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs.
+ You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the
+advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible editor Emacs.
(The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.)
- We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text
-being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you
-type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}.
-
- We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very
-frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you
-type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your
-head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}.
-
- We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond
-simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic
-indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing
-formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines,
-sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in
-several different programming languages.
+ We call Emacs advanced because it provides much more than simple
+insertion and deletion. It can control subprocesses, indent programs
+automatically, show two or more files at once, and edit formatted
+text. Emacs editing commands operate in terms of characters, words,
+lines, sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and
+comments in various programming languages.
@dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special
character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can
also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands
that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}.
- @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs
-commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in
-which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell
-the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings
-(@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the
-command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion
-commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the
-keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}.
-
- @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and
-write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by
-Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible''
-system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call
-each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing
-session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a
-separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs
-are written in Lisp; the few exceptions could have been written
-in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer
-can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. @xref{Top,
-Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An Introduction to Programming in
-Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs Lisp programming.
-
- When running on a graphics terminal, Emacs provides its own menus
-and convenient handling of mouse buttons. But Emacs provides many of
-the benefits of a window system even on a text-only terminal. For
-instance, you can look at or edit several files at once, move text
-between files, and edit files while running shell commands.
+ @dfn{Customizable} means that you can alter Emacs commands' behavior
+in simple ways. For example, if you use a programming language in
+which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can
+tell the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings
+(@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of
+the command set. For example, you can rebind the basic cursor motion
+commands (up, down, left and right) to any keys on the keyboard that
+you find comfortable. @xref{Customization}.
+
+ @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization
+and write entirely new commands---programs in the Lisp language to be
+run by Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line
+extensible'' system, which means that it is divided into many
+functions that call each other, any of which can be redefined in the
+middle of an editing session. Almost any part of Emacs can be
+replaced without making a separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the
+editing commands of Emacs are written in Lisp; the few exceptions
+could have been written in Lisp but use C instead for efficiency.
+Writing an extension is programming, but non-programmers can use it
+afterwards. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An
+Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs
+Lisp programming.
+
+ When running on a graphical display, Emacs provides its own menus
+and convenient handling of mouse buttons. In addition, Emacs provides
+many of the benefits of a graphical display even on a text-only
+terminal. For instance, it can highlight parts of a file, display and
+edit several files at once, move text between files, and edit files
+while running shell commands.
@include screen.texi
@include commands.texi
@include building.texi
@include maintaining.texi
@include abbrevs.texi
-@include picture.texi
+@ifnottex
+@include picture-xtra.texi
+@end ifnottex
@include sending.texi
@include rmail.texi
@include dired.texi
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
-the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
+the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
@iftex
@unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
@end iftex
-@ifinfo
+@ifnottex
@center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
-@end ifinfo
+@end ifnottex
@enumerate 0
@item
@iftex
@heading NO WARRANTY
@end iftex
-@ifinfo
+@ifnottex
@center NO WARRANTY
-@end ifinfo
+@end ifnottex
@item
BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
@iftex
@heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
@end iftex
-@ifinfo
+@ifnottex
@center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-@end ifinfo
+@end ifnottex
@page
@unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
@smallexample
@var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.}
-Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
+Copyright (C) @var{yyyy} @var{name of author}
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
when it starts in an interactive mode:
@smallexample
-Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author}
+Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) @var{yyyy} @var{name of author}
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
-library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
+library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License.
@include doclicense.texi
@include cmdargs.texi
+@iftex
+@include xresmini.texi
+@end iftex
+@ifnottex
@include xresources.texi
+@end ifnottex
@include anti.texi
@include macos.texi
@unnumbered Concept Index
@printindex cp
-@summarycontents
-@contents
@bye
@ignore
HCoop / bpt / emacs.git / blobdiff