| 1 | \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
| 2 | @c %**start of header |
| 3 | @setfilename elisp |
| 4 | @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual |
| 5 | @c %**end of header |
| 6 | |
| 7 | @c Version of the manual and of Emacs. |
| 8 | @c Please remember to update the edition number in README as well. |
| 9 | @set VERSION 2.9 |
| 10 | @set EMACSVER 22.0.50 |
| 11 | |
| 12 | @dircategory Emacs |
| 13 | @direntry |
| 14 | * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. |
| 15 | @end direntry |
| 16 | |
| 17 | @smallbook |
| 18 | @setchapternewpage odd |
| 19 | @finalout |
| 20 | |
| 21 | @c Combine indices. |
| 22 | @synindex cp fn |
| 23 | @syncodeindex vr fn |
| 24 | @syncodeindex ky fn |
| 25 | @syncodeindex pg fn |
| 26 | @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. |
| 27 | @c @syncodeindex tp fn |
| 28 | |
| 29 | @copying |
| 30 | This is edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
| 31 | Reference Manual, corresponding to Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
| 32 | |
| 33 | Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, |
| 34 | 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| 35 | |
| 36 | @quotation |
| 37 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
| 38 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
| 39 | any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
| 40 | Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'', with the |
| 41 | Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover |
| 42 | Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the |
| 43 | section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. |
| 44 | |
| 45 | (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
| 46 | this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
| 47 | Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
| 48 | @end quotation |
| 49 | @end copying |
| 50 | |
| 51 | @titlepage |
| 52 | @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual |
| 53 | @subtitle For Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER} |
| 54 | @subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, January 2002 |
| 55 | |
| 56 | @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman |
| 57 | @author and the GNU Manual Group |
| 58 | @page |
| 59 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll |
| 60 | @insertcopying |
| 61 | |
| 62 | @sp 1 |
| 63 | Published by the Free Software Foundation @* |
| 64 | 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor @* |
| 65 | Boston, MA 02110-1301 @* |
| 66 | USA @* |
| 67 | ISBN 1-882114-73-6 |
| 68 | |
| 69 | @sp 1 |
| 70 | Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. |
| 71 | @end titlepage |
| 72 | |
| 73 | |
| 74 | @c Print the tables of contents |
| 75 | @summarycontents |
| 76 | @contents |
| 77 | |
| 78 | |
| 79 | @ifnottex |
| 80 | @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) |
| 81 | @top Emacs Lisp |
| 82 | |
| 83 | This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
| 84 | Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
| 85 | @end ifnottex |
| 86 | |
| 87 | @menu |
| 88 | * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. |
| 89 | |
| 90 | * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. |
| 91 | * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. |
| 92 | * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. |
| 93 | * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. |
| 94 | * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. |
| 95 | Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. |
| 96 | The description of vectors is here as well. |
| 97 | * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
| 98 | * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
| 99 | |
| 100 | * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. |
| 101 | * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. |
| 102 | * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. |
| 103 | * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program |
| 104 | that can be invoked from other functions. |
| 105 | * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. |
| 106 | * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
| 107 | |
| 108 | * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. |
| 109 | * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. |
| 110 | * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
| 111 | * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
| 112 | |
| 113 | * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. |
| 114 | * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. |
| 115 | * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, |
| 116 | and how you can call its subroutines. |
| 117 | * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. |
| 118 | * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. |
| 119 | * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. |
| 120 | |
| 121 | * Files:: Accessing files. |
| 122 | * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save |
| 123 | files are made. |
| 124 | * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. |
| 125 | * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. |
| 126 | * Frames:: Making multiple system-level windows. |
| 127 | * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. |
| 128 | * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update |
| 129 | automatically when the text is changed. |
| 130 | |
| 131 | * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. |
| 132 | * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
| 133 | * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
| 134 | * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. |
| 135 | * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. |
| 136 | |
| 137 | * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. |
| 138 | * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
| 139 | * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment |
| 140 | variables, and other such things. |
| 141 | |
| 142 | Appendices |
| 143 | |
| 144 | * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 21. |
| 145 | * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation |
| 146 | * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. |
| 147 | * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
| 148 | * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
| 149 | internal data structures. |
| 150 | * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. |
| 151 | * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
| 152 | List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
| 153 | * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
| 154 | * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. |
| 155 | |
| 156 | * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, |
| 157 | and other terms. |
| 158 | |
| 159 | * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs @value{EMACSVER}. |
| 160 | |
| 161 | Detailed Node Listing |
| 162 | --------------------- |
| 163 | |
| 164 | Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, |
| 165 | mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: |
| 166 | |
| 167 | Introduction |
| 168 | |
| 169 | * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. |
| 170 | * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. |
| 171 | * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. |
| 172 | * Version Info:: Which Emacs version is running? |
| 173 | * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. |
| 174 | |
| 175 | Conventions |
| 176 | |
| 177 | * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. |
| 178 | * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. |
| 179 | * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. |
| 180 | * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. |
| 181 | * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. |
| 182 | * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. |
| 183 | * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. |
| 184 | |
| 185 | Format of Descriptions |
| 186 | |
| 187 | * A Sample Function Description:: |
| 188 | * A Sample Variable Description:: |
| 189 | |
| 190 | Lisp Data Types |
| 191 | |
| 192 | * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. |
| 193 | * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. |
| 194 | * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. |
| 195 | * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. |
| 196 | * Circular Objects:: Read syntax for circular structure. |
| 197 | * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. |
| 198 | * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. |
| 199 | |
| 200 | Programming Types |
| 201 | |
| 202 | * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. |
| 203 | * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. |
| 204 | * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and |
| 205 | control characters. |
| 206 | * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, |
| 207 | variable, property list, or itself. |
| 208 | * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
| 209 | * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). |
| 210 | * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. |
| 211 | * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. |
| 212 | * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. |
| 213 | * Char-Table Type:: One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters. |
| 214 | * Bool-Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
| 215 | * Hash Table Type:: Super-fast lookup tables. |
| 216 | * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
| 217 | * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another |
| 218 | expression, more fundamental but less pretty. |
| 219 | * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. |
| 220 | * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. |
| 221 | * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used |
| 222 | functions. |
| 223 | |
| 224 | Cons Cell and List Types |
| 225 | |
| 226 | * Box Diagrams:: Drawing pictures of lists. |
| 227 | * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. |
| 228 | * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. |
| 229 | |
| 230 | Editing Types |
| 231 | |
| 232 | * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. |
| 233 | * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. |
| 234 | * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. |
| 235 | * Frame Type:: Windows subdivide frames. |
| 236 | * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like. |
| 237 | * Frame Configuration Type::Recording the status of all frames. |
| 238 | * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. |
| 239 | * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. |
| 240 | * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. |
| 241 | * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
| 242 | |
| 243 | Numbers |
| 244 | |
| 245 | * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. |
| 246 | * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. |
| 247 | * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. |
| 248 | * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. |
| 249 | * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. |
| 250 | * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. |
| 251 | * Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers. |
| 252 | * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. |
| 253 | * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
| 254 | * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
| 255 | |
| 256 | Strings and Characters |
| 257 | |
| 258 | * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. |
| 259 | * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. |
| 260 | * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. |
| 261 | * Modifying Strings:: Altering the contents of an existing string. |
| 262 | * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. |
| 263 | * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa. |
| 264 | * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
| 265 | * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
| 266 | * Case Tables:: Customizing case conversion. |
| 267 | |
| 268 | Lists |
| 269 | |
| 270 | * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. |
| 271 | * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. |
| 272 | * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. |
| 273 | * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. |
| 274 | * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. |
| 275 | * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. |
| 276 | * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. |
| 277 | * Rings:: Managing a fixed-size ring of objects. |
| 278 | |
| 279 | Modifying Existing List Structure |
| 280 | |
| 281 | * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. |
| 282 | * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. |
| 283 | This can be used to remove or add elements. |
| 284 | * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. |
| 285 | |
| 286 | Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors |
| 287 | |
| 288 | * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. |
| 289 | * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. |
| 290 | * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. |
| 291 | * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors. |
| 292 | * Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors. |
| 293 | * Char-Tables:: How to work with char-tables. |
| 294 | * Bool-Vectors:: How to work with bool-vectors. |
| 295 | |
| 296 | Hash Tables |
| 297 | |
| 298 | * Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables. |
| 299 | * Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents. |
| 300 | * Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods |
| 301 | * Other Hash:: Miscellaneous. |
| 302 | |
| 303 | Symbols |
| 304 | |
| 305 | * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions |
| 306 | and property lists. |
| 307 | * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. |
| 308 | * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. |
| 309 | * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list |
| 310 | for recording miscellaneous information. |
| 311 | |
| 312 | Evaluation |
| 313 | |
| 314 | * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. |
| 315 | * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. |
| 316 | * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in |
| 317 | the program). |
| 318 | * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. |
| 319 | |
| 320 | Kinds of Forms |
| 321 | |
| 322 | * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. |
| 323 | * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. |
| 324 | * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. |
| 325 | * Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list, |
| 326 | we find the real function via the symbol. |
| 327 | * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. |
| 328 | * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. |
| 329 | * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives, |
| 330 | most of them extremely important. |
| 331 | * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files |
| 332 | containing their real definitions. |
| 333 | |
| 334 | Control Structures |
| 335 | |
| 336 | * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. |
| 337 | * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}. |
| 338 | * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. |
| 339 | * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. |
| 340 | * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. |
| 341 | |
| 342 | Nonlocal Exits |
| 343 | |
| 344 | * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. |
| 345 | * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. |
| 346 | * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. |
| 347 | * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an |
| 348 | error happens. |
| 349 | |
| 350 | Errors |
| 351 | |
| 352 | * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. |
| 353 | * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. |
| 354 | * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. |
| 355 | * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. |
| 356 | |
| 357 | Variables |
| 358 | |
| 359 | * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. |
| 360 | * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. |
| 361 | * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. |
| 362 | * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. |
| 363 | * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. |
| 364 | * Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you |
| 365 | define a variable. |
| 366 | * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names |
| 367 | are known only at run time. |
| 368 | * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. |
| 369 | * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. |
| 370 | * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. |
| 371 | * Frame-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one frame. |
| 372 | * Future Local Variables:: New kinds of local values we might add some day. |
| 373 | * File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files. |
| 374 | * Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables. |
| 375 | * Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can |
| 376 | @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object. |
| 377 | |
| 378 | Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings |
| 379 | |
| 380 | * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value |
| 381 | is visible. Comparison with other languages. |
| 382 | * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. |
| 383 | * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. |
| 384 | * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and |
| 385 | avoid problems. |
| 386 | |
| 387 | Buffer-Local Variables |
| 388 | |
| 389 | * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. |
| 390 | * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. |
| 391 | * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers |
| 392 | that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
| 393 | |
| 394 | Functions |
| 395 | |
| 396 | * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. |
| 397 | * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. |
| 398 | * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. |
| 399 | * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. |
| 400 | * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. |
| 401 | * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. |
| 402 | * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. |
| 403 | * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition |
| 404 | of a symbol. |
| 405 | * Obsolete Functions:: Declaring functions obsolete. |
| 406 | * Inline Functions:: Defining functions that the compiler will open code. |
| 407 | * Function Safety:: Determining whether a function is safe to call. |
| 408 | * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives |
| 409 | that have a special bearing on how |
| 410 | functions work. |
| 411 | |
| 412 | Lambda Expressions |
| 413 | |
| 414 | * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. |
| 415 | * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. |
| 416 | * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. |
| 417 | * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. |
| 418 | |
| 419 | Macros |
| 420 | |
| 421 | * Simple Macro:: A basic example. |
| 422 | * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. |
| 423 | * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. |
| 424 | * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. |
| 425 | * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. |
| 426 | * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. |
| 427 | Don't hide the user's variables. |
| 428 | * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls. |
| 429 | |
| 430 | Writing Customization Definitions |
| 431 | |
| 432 | * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of |
| 433 | customization declarations. |
| 434 | * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. |
| 435 | * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. |
| 436 | * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. |
| 437 | |
| 438 | Loading |
| 439 | |
| 440 | * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. |
| 441 | * Library Search:: Finding a library to load. |
| 442 | * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files. |
| 443 | * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. |
| 444 | * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
| 445 | * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
| 446 | * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol. |
| 447 | * Unloading:: How to ``unload'' a library that was loaded. |
| 448 | * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when |
| 449 | particular libraries are loaded. |
| 450 | |
| 451 | Byte Compilation |
| 452 | |
| 453 | * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation. |
| 454 | * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. |
| 455 | * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings. |
| 456 | * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions. |
| 457 | * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile. |
| 458 | * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages. |
| 459 | * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions. |
| 460 | * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. |
| 461 | |
| 462 | Advising Emacs Lisp Functions |
| 463 | |
| 464 | * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. |
| 465 | * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. |
| 466 | * Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition. |
| 467 | * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
| 468 | * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. |
| 469 | * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. |
| 470 | * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the |
| 471 | loading of compiled advice. |
| 472 | * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
| 473 | * Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
| 474 | * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
| 475 | |
| 476 | Debugging Lisp Programs |
| 477 | |
| 478 | * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. |
| 479 | * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. |
| 480 | * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. |
| 481 | * Test Coverage:: Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code. |
| 482 | * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in |
| 483 | byte compilation. |
| 484 | |
| 485 | The Lisp Debugger |
| 486 | |
| 487 | * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. |
| 488 | * Infinite Loops:: Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit. |
| 489 | * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. |
| 490 | * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. |
| 491 | * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. |
| 492 | * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. |
| 493 | * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. |
| 494 | * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. |
| 495 | |
| 496 | Edebug |
| 497 | |
| 498 | * Using Edebug:: Introduction to use of Edebug. |
| 499 | * Instrumenting:: You must instrument your code |
| 500 | in order to debug it with Edebug. |
| 501 | * Edebug Execution Modes:: Execution modes, stopping more or less often. |
| 502 | * Jumping:: Commands to jump to a specified place. |
| 503 | * Edebug Misc:: Miscellaneous commands. |
| 504 | * Breaks:: Setting breakpoints to make the program stop. |
| 505 | * Trapping Errors:: Trapping errors with Edebug. |
| 506 | * Edebug Views:: Views inside and outside of Edebug. |
| 507 | * Edebug Eval:: Evaluating expressions within Edebug. |
| 508 | * Eval List:: Expressions whose values are displayed |
| 509 | each time you enter Edebug. |
| 510 | * Printing in Edebug:: Customization of printing. |
| 511 | * Trace Buffer:: How to produce trace output in a buffer. |
| 512 | * Coverage Testing:: How to test evaluation coverage. |
| 513 | * The Outside Context:: Data that Edebug saves and restores. |
| 514 | * Edebug and Macros:: Specifying how to handle macro calls. |
| 515 | * Edebug Options:: Option variables for customizing Edebug. |
| 516 | |
| 517 | Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax |
| 518 | |
| 519 | * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. |
| 520 | * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. |
| 521 | |
| 522 | Reading and Printing Lisp Objects |
| 523 | |
| 524 | * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. |
| 525 | * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
| 526 | input streams. |
| 527 | * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. |
| 528 | * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
| 529 | output streams. |
| 530 | * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. |
| 531 | * Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing |
| 532 | functions do. |
| 533 | |
| 534 | Minibuffers |
| 535 | |
| 536 | * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. |
| 537 | * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. |
| 538 | * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. |
| 539 | * Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs |
| 540 | so the user can reuse them. |
| 541 | * Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer. |
| 542 | * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. |
| 543 | * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. |
| 544 | * Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions. |
| 545 | * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal. |
| 546 | * Minibuffer Commands:: Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers. |
| 547 | * Minibuffer Contents:: How such commands access the minibuffer text. |
| 548 | * Minibuffer Windows:: Operating on the special minibuffer windows. |
| 549 | * Recursive Mini:: Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed. |
| 550 | * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. |
| 551 | |
| 552 | Completion |
| 553 | |
| 554 | * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. |
| 555 | (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) |
| 556 | * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. |
| 557 | * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. |
| 558 | * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion |
| 559 | (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) |
| 560 | * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. |
| 561 | * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. |
| 562 | |
| 563 | Command Loop |
| 564 | |
| 565 | * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. |
| 566 | * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. |
| 567 | * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. |
| 568 | * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. |
| 569 | * Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command. |
| 570 | * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. |
| 571 | * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. |
| 572 | * Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually. |
| 573 | * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. |
| 574 | * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. |
| 575 | * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. |
| 576 | * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, |
| 577 | and why you usually shouldn't. |
| 578 | * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. |
| 579 | * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. |
| 580 | * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. |
| 581 | |
| 582 | Defining Commands |
| 583 | |
| 584 | * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. |
| 585 | * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments |
| 586 | in various ways. |
| 587 | * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. |
| 588 | |
| 589 | Keymaps |
| 590 | |
| 591 | * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. |
| 592 | * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. |
| 593 | * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. |
| 594 | * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings |
| 595 | of another keymap. |
| 596 | * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. |
| 597 | * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap |
| 598 | to override the standard (global) bindings. |
| 599 | Each minor mode can also override them. |
| 600 | * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. |
| 601 | * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. |
| 602 | * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. |
| 603 | * Remapping Commands:: Bindings that translate one command to another. |
| 604 | * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. |
| 605 | * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. |
| 606 | * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X |
| 607 | or for use from the terminal. |
| 608 | |
| 609 | Major and Minor Modes |
| 610 | |
| 611 | * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that |
| 612 | provides hooks. |
| 613 | * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. |
| 614 | * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. |
| 615 | * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. |
| 616 | * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
| 617 | of definitions in the buffer. |
| 618 | * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
| 619 | * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between |
| 620 | Emacs sessions. |
| 621 | |
| 622 | Major Modes |
| 623 | |
| 624 | * Major Mode Basics:: |
| 625 | * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. |
| 626 | * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. |
| 627 | * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. |
| 628 | * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. |
| 629 | * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major |
| 630 | mode. |
| 631 | * Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports |
| 632 | comment syntax and Font Lock mode. |
| 633 | * Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode functions. |
| 634 | |
| 635 | Minor Modes |
| 636 | |
| 637 | * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. |
| 638 | * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. |
| 639 | * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes. |
| 640 | |
| 641 | Mode Line Format |
| 642 | |
| 643 | * Mode Line Basics:: |
| 644 | * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. |
| 645 | * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. |
| 646 | * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. |
| 647 | * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line. |
| 648 | * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top. |
| 649 | * Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would. |
| 650 | |
| 651 | Documentation |
| 652 | |
| 653 | * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. |
| 654 | Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. |
| 655 | * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. |
| 656 | * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. |
| 657 | * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of |
| 658 | non-printing characters and key sequences. |
| 659 | * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. |
| 660 | |
| 661 | Files |
| 662 | |
| 663 | * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. |
| 664 | * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. |
| 665 | * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. |
| 666 | * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. |
| 667 | * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent |
| 668 | simultaneous editing by two people. |
| 669 | * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. |
| 670 | * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
| 671 | * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
| 672 | * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. |
| 673 | * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. |
| 674 | * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling |
| 675 | for certain file names. |
| 676 | * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. |
| 677 | |
| 678 | Visiting Files |
| 679 | |
| 680 | * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. |
| 681 | * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. |
| 682 | |
| 683 | Information about Files |
| 684 | |
| 685 | * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? |
| 686 | * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? |
| 687 | * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. |
| 688 | * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. |
| 689 | |
| 690 | File Names |
| 691 | |
| 692 | * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. |
| 693 | * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a |
| 694 | current directory. |
| 695 | * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
| 696 | is different from its name as a file. |
| 697 | * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. |
| 698 | * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. |
| 699 | * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. |
| 700 | * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
| 701 | how to handle various operating systems simply. |
| 702 | |
| 703 | Backups and Auto-Saving |
| 704 | |
| 705 | * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names |
| 706 | are chosen. |
| 707 | * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their |
| 708 | names are chosen. |
| 709 | * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize |
| 710 | what it does. |
| 711 | |
| 712 | Backup Files |
| 713 | |
| 714 | * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. |
| 715 | * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file |
| 716 | or copying it. |
| 717 | * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. |
| 718 | * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. |
| 719 | |
| 720 | Buffers |
| 721 | |
| 722 | * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? |
| 723 | * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current |
| 724 | so primitives will access its contents. |
| 725 | * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. |
| 726 | * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file |
| 727 | is visited. |
| 728 | * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. |
| 729 | * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed |
| 730 | ``behind Emacs's back''. |
| 731 | * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a |
| 732 | read-only buffer. |
| 733 | * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. |
| 734 | * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. |
| 735 | * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. |
| 736 | * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some |
| 737 | other buffer. |
| 738 | * Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer. |
| 739 | |
| 740 | Windows |
| 741 | |
| 742 | * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. |
| 743 | * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. |
| 744 | * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. |
| 745 | * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. |
| 746 | * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. |
| 747 | * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. |
| 748 | * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer |
| 749 | and choosing a window for it. |
| 750 | * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
| 751 | * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
| 752 | * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text |
| 753 | is on-screen in the window. |
| 754 | * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
| 755 | * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. |
| 756 | * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. |
| 757 | * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
| 758 | * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. |
| 759 | * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
| 760 | * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
| 761 | * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
| 762 | redisplay going past a certain point, |
| 763 | or window configuration changes. |
| 764 | |
| 765 | Frames |
| 766 | |
| 767 | * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. |
| 768 | * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays. |
| 769 | * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. |
| 770 | * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. |
| 771 | * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. |
| 772 | * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. |
| 773 | * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; |
| 774 | display of text always works through windows. |
| 775 | * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. |
| 776 | * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. |
| 777 | * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. |
| 778 | * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows; |
| 779 | lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
| 780 | * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
| 781 | * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. |
| 782 | * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. |
| 783 | * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. |
| 784 | * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. |
| 785 | * Pointer Shapes:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. |
| 786 | * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
| 787 | * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
| 788 | * Text Terminal Colors:: Defining colors for text-only terminals. |
| 789 | * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. |
| 790 | * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal. |
| 791 | |
| 792 | Positions |
| 793 | |
| 794 | * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. |
| 795 | * Motion:: Changing point. |
| 796 | * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. |
| 797 | * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. |
| 798 | |
| 799 | Motion |
| 800 | |
| 801 | * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. |
| 802 | * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. |
| 803 | * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. |
| 804 | * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. |
| 805 | * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. |
| 806 | * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. |
| 807 | * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. |
| 808 | |
| 809 | Markers |
| 810 | |
| 811 | * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. |
| 812 | * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. |
| 813 | * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. |
| 814 | * Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character |
| 815 | position. |
| 816 | * Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you |
| 817 | insert where it points. |
| 818 | * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
| 819 | * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker. |
| 820 | * The Region:: How to access ``the region''. |
| 821 | |
| 822 | Text |
| 823 | |
| 824 | * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. |
| 825 | * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. |
| 826 | * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. |
| 827 | * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. |
| 828 | * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. |
| 829 | * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. |
| 830 | * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. |
| 831 | * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for |
| 832 | later use. |
| 833 | * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. |
| 834 | * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. |
| 835 | How to control how much information is kept. |
| 836 | * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. |
| 837 | * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
| 838 | * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix |
| 839 | from context. |
| 840 | * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. |
| 841 | * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
| 842 | * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. |
| 843 | * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. |
| 844 | * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. |
| 845 | * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
| 846 | * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
| 847 | * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
| 848 | * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
| 849 | the text or position stored in a register. |
| 850 | * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
| 851 | * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 ``message digest''/``checksum''. |
| 852 | * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes ``atomically''. |
| 853 | * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
| 854 | |
| 855 | The Kill Ring |
| 856 | |
| 857 | * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. |
| 858 | * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. |
| 859 | * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
| 860 | * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
| 861 | * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
| 862 | * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
| 863 | |
| 864 | Indentation |
| 865 | |
| 866 | * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. |
| 867 | * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. |
| 868 | * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. |
| 869 | * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. |
| 870 | * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. |
| 871 | * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. |
| 872 | |
| 873 | Text Properties |
| 874 | |
| 875 | * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. |
| 876 | * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. |
| 877 | * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. |
| 878 | * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. |
| 879 | * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. |
| 880 | * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from |
| 881 | neighboring text. |
| 882 | * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading |
| 883 | them back. |
| 884 | * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion |
| 885 | only when text is examined. |
| 886 | * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
| 887 | do something when you click on them. |
| 888 | * Links and Mouse-1:: How to make @key{Mouse-1} follow a link. |
| 889 | * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines |
| 890 | fields within the buffer. |
| 891 | * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
| 892 | Lisp-visible text intervals. |
| 893 | |
| 894 | Non-ASCII Characters |
| 895 | |
| 896 | * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations |
| 897 | * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
| 898 | * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. |
| 899 | * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to |
| 900 | codes of individual characters. |
| 901 | * Character Sets:: The space of possible characters codes |
| 902 | is divided into various character sets. |
| 903 | * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. |
| 904 | * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. |
| 905 | * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
| 906 | * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. |
| 907 | * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. |
| 908 | * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various |
| 909 | non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
| 910 | * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
| 911 | |
| 912 | Searching and Matching |
| 913 | |
| 914 | * String Search:: Search for an exact match. |
| 915 | * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. |
| 916 | * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. |
| 917 | * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. |
| 918 | * POSIX Regexps:: Searching POSIX-style for the longest match. |
| 919 | * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched, |
| 920 | after a string or regexp search. |
| 921 | * Search and Replace:: Commands that loop, searching and replacing. |
| 922 | * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... |
| 923 | |
| 924 | Regular Expressions |
| 925 | |
| 926 | * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. |
| 927 | * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. |
| 928 | * Regexp Functions:: Functions for operating on regular expressions. |
| 929 | |
| 930 | Syntax Tables |
| 931 | |
| 932 | * Syntax Basics:: Basic concepts of syntax tables. |
| 933 | * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. |
| 934 | * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. |
| 935 | * Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties. |
| 936 | * Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes. |
| 937 | * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions |
| 938 | using the syntax table. |
| 939 | * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. |
| 940 | * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. |
| 941 | * Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax. |
| 942 | |
| 943 | Syntax Descriptors |
| 944 | |
| 945 | * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. |
| 946 | * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. |
| 947 | |
| 948 | Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion |
| 949 | |
| 950 | * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. |
| 951 | * Abbrev Tables:: Creating and working with abbrev tables. |
| 952 | * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. |
| 953 | * Abbrev Files:: Saving abbrevs in files. |
| 954 | * Abbrev Expansion:: Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. |
| 955 | * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. |
| 956 | |
| 957 | Processes |
| 958 | |
| 959 | * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. |
| 960 | * Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell. |
| 961 | * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. |
| 962 | * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. |
| 963 | * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. |
| 964 | * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. |
| 965 | * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. |
| 966 | * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting |
| 967 | an asynchronous subprocess. |
| 968 | * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. |
| 969 | * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. |
| 970 | * Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process. |
| 971 | * Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses. |
| 972 | * Network:: Opening network connections. |
| 973 | * Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections. |
| 974 | * Datagrams:: UDP network connections. |
| 975 | * Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function |
| 976 | to create connections and servers. |
| 977 | * Misc Network:: Additional relevant functions for network connections. |
| 978 | * Byte Packing:: Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data. |
| 979 | |
| 980 | Receiving Output from Processes |
| 981 | |
| 982 | * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. |
| 983 | * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. |
| 984 | * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. |
| 985 | * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. |
| 986 | |
| 987 | Emacs Display |
| 988 | |
| 989 | * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. |
| 990 | * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. |
| 991 | * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. |
| 992 | * The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen. |
| 993 | * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. |
| 994 | * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
| 995 | * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). |
| 996 | * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. |
| 997 | * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. |
| 998 | * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. |
| 999 | * Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines. |
| 1000 | * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style |
| 1001 | for text characters: font, colors, etc. |
| 1002 | * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. |
| 1003 | * Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars. |
| 1004 | * Pointer Shape:: Controlling the mouse pointer shape. |
| 1005 | * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. |
| 1006 | * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. |
| 1007 | * Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers. |
| 1008 | * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. |
| 1009 | * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. |
| 1010 | * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. |
| 1011 | * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. |
| 1012 | * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. |
| 1013 | |
| 1014 | Operating System Interface |
| 1015 | |
| 1016 | * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. |
| 1017 | * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). |
| 1018 | * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. |
| 1019 | * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user. |
| 1020 | * Time of Day:: Getting the current time. |
| 1021 | * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or |
| 1022 | to calendrical data (or vice versa). |
| 1023 | * Time Parsing:: Converting a time from numeric form to text |
| 1024 | and vice versa. |
| 1025 | * Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs. |
| 1026 | * Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc. |
| 1027 | * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time. |
| 1028 | * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging. |
| 1029 | * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging. |
| 1030 | * Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker. |
| 1031 | * X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows |
| 1032 | * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. |
| 1033 | * Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with X Session Management. |
| 1034 | |
| 1035 | Starting Up Emacs |
| 1036 | |
| 1037 | * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. |
| 1038 | * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). |
| 1039 | * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. |
| 1040 | * Command-Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed, |
| 1041 | and how you can customize them. |
| 1042 | |
| 1043 | Getting out of Emacs |
| 1044 | |
| 1045 | * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. |
| 1046 | * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. |
| 1047 | |
| 1048 | Tips and Conventions |
| 1049 | |
| 1050 | * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
| 1051 | * Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs. |
| 1052 | * Programming Tips:: Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs. |
| 1053 | * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
| 1054 | * Warning Tips:: Turning off compiler warnings. |
| 1055 | * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
| 1056 | * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
| 1057 | * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
| 1058 | |
| 1059 | GNU Emacs Internals |
| 1060 | |
| 1061 | * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs. |
| 1062 | * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. |
| 1063 | * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. |
| 1064 | * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far. |
| 1065 | * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. |
| 1066 | * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. |
| 1067 | |
| 1068 | Object Internals |
| 1069 | |
| 1070 | * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. |
| 1071 | * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. |
| 1072 | * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. |
| 1073 | @end menu |
| 1074 | |
| 1075 | @include intro.texi |
| 1076 | @include objects.texi |
| 1077 | @include numbers.texi |
| 1078 | @include strings.texi |
| 1079 | |
| 1080 | @include lists.texi |
| 1081 | @include sequences.texi |
| 1082 | @include hash.texi |
| 1083 | @include symbols.texi |
| 1084 | @include eval.texi |
| 1085 | |
| 1086 | @include control.texi |
| 1087 | @include variables.texi |
| 1088 | @include functions.texi |
| 1089 | @include macros.texi |
| 1090 | |
| 1091 | @include customize.texi |
| 1092 | @include loading.texi |
| 1093 | @include compile.texi |
| 1094 | @include advice.texi |
| 1095 | |
| 1096 | @include debugging.texi |
| 1097 | @include streams.texi |
| 1098 | @include minibuf.texi |
| 1099 | @include commands.texi |
| 1100 | |
| 1101 | @include keymaps.texi |
| 1102 | @include modes.texi |
| 1103 | @include help.texi |
| 1104 | @include files.texi |
| 1105 | |
| 1106 | @include backups.texi |
| 1107 | @include buffers.texi |
| 1108 | @include windows.texi |
| 1109 | @include frames.texi |
| 1110 | |
| 1111 | @include positions.texi |
| 1112 | @include markers.texi |
| 1113 | @include text.texi |
| 1114 | @include nonascii.texi |
| 1115 | |
| 1116 | @include searching.texi |
| 1117 | @include syntax.texi |
| 1118 | @include abbrevs.texi |
| 1119 | @include processes.texi |
| 1120 | |
| 1121 | @include display.texi |
| 1122 | @include os.texi |
| 1123 | |
| 1124 | @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi |
| 1125 | |
| 1126 | @c appendices |
| 1127 | |
| 1128 | @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi |
| 1129 | |
| 1130 | @include anti.texi |
| 1131 | @include doclicense.texi |
| 1132 | @include gpl.texi |
| 1133 | @include tips.texi |
| 1134 | @include internals.texi |
| 1135 | @include errors.texi |
| 1136 | @include locals.texi |
| 1137 | @include maps.texi |
| 1138 | @include hooks.texi |
| 1139 | |
| 1140 | @include index.texi |
| 1141 | |
| 1142 | @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
| 1143 | @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
| 1144 | |
| 1145 | @printindex tp |
| 1146 | |
| 1147 | @bye |
| 1148 | |
| 1149 | \f |
| 1150 | These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. |
| 1151 | |
| 1152 | @ignore |
| 1153 | arch-tag: f7e9a219-a0e1-4776-b631-08eaa1d49b34 |
| 1154 | @end ignore |