Commit | Line | Data |
---|---|---|
83ac6b45 RS |
1 | @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 | @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
7baeca0c | 3 | @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, |
2ca28c05 | 4 | @c 2003, 2004, 2005 |
177c0ea7 | 5 | @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
83ac6b45 RS |
6 | @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
7 | @setfilename ../info/loading | |
f9f59935 | 8 | @node Loading, Byte Compilation, Customization, Top |
83ac6b45 RS |
9 | @chapter Loading |
10 | @cindex loading | |
11 | @cindex library | |
12 | @cindex Lisp library | |
13 | ||
14 | Loading a file of Lisp code means bringing its contents into the Lisp | |
15 | environment in the form of Lisp objects. Emacs finds and opens the | |
16 | file, reads the text, evaluates each form, and then closes the file. | |
17 | ||
18 | The load functions evaluate all the expressions in a file just | |
19 | as the @code{eval-current-buffer} function evaluates all the | |
20 | expressions in a buffer. The difference is that the load functions | |
21 | read and evaluate the text in the file as found on disk, not the text | |
22 | in an Emacs buffer. | |
23 | ||
24 | @cindex top-level form | |
25 | The loaded file must contain Lisp expressions, either as source code | |
78c71a98 RS |
26 | or as byte-compiled code. Each form in the file is called a |
27 | @dfn{top-level form}. There is no special format for the forms in a | |
83ac6b45 RS |
28 | loadable file; any form in a file may equally well be typed directly |
29 | into a buffer and evaluated there. (Indeed, most code is tested this | |
30 | way.) Most often, the forms are function definitions and variable | |
31 | definitions. | |
32 | ||
33 | A file containing Lisp code is often called a @dfn{library}. Thus, | |
34 | the ``Rmail library'' is a file containing code for Rmail mode. | |
35 | Similarly, a ``Lisp library directory'' is a directory of files | |
36 | containing Lisp code. | |
37 | ||
38 | @menu | |
ccd35a78 RS |
39 | * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. |
40 | * Library Search:: Finding a library to load. | |
41 | * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files. | |
42 | * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. | |
43 | * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. | |
44 | * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. | |
45 | * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol. | |
e20da7ee | 46 | * Unloading:: How to ``unload'' a library that was loaded. |
ccd35a78 RS |
47 | * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when |
48 | particular libraries are loaded. | |
83ac6b45 RS |
49 | @end menu |
50 | ||
51 | @node How Programs Do Loading | |
52 | @section How Programs Do Loading | |
53 | ||
54 | Emacs Lisp has several interfaces for loading. For example, | |
f9f59935 RS |
55 | @code{autoload} creates a placeholder object for a function defined in a |
56 | file; trying to call the autoloading function loads the file to get the | |
83ac6b45 | 57 | function's real definition (@pxref{Autoload}). @code{require} loads a |
f9f59935 RS |
58 | file if it isn't already loaded (@pxref{Named Features}). Ultimately, |
59 | all these facilities call the @code{load} function to do the work. | |
83ac6b45 | 60 | |
a9f0a989 | 61 | @defun load filename &optional missing-ok nomessage nosuffix must-suffix |
83ac6b45 RS |
62 | This function finds and opens a file of Lisp code, evaluates all the |
63 | forms in it, and closes the file. | |
64 | ||
65 | To find the file, @code{load} first looks for a file named | |
66 | @file{@var{filename}.elc}, that is, for a file whose name is | |
67 | @var{filename} with @samp{.elc} appended. If such a file exists, it is | |
68 | loaded. If there is no file by that name, then @code{load} looks for a | |
78c71a98 | 69 | file named @file{@var{filename}.el}. If that file exists, it is loaded. |
83ac6b45 RS |
70 | Finally, if neither of those names is found, @code{load} looks for a |
71 | file named @var{filename} with nothing appended, and loads it if it | |
72 | exists. (The @code{load} function is not clever about looking at | |
73 | @var{filename}. In the perverse case of a file named @file{foo.el.el}, | |
74 | evaluation of @code{(load "foo.el")} will indeed find it.) | |
75 | ||
76 | If the optional argument @var{nosuffix} is non-@code{nil}, then the | |
77 | suffixes @samp{.elc} and @samp{.el} are not tried. In this case, you | |
f9f59935 RS |
78 | must specify the precise file name you want. By specifying the precise |
79 | file name and using @code{t} for @var{nosuffix}, you can prevent | |
80 | perverse file names such as @file{foo.el.el} from being tried. | |
83ac6b45 | 81 | |
a9f0a989 RS |
82 | If the optional argument @var{must-suffix} is non-@code{nil}, then |
83 | @code{load} insists that the file name used must end in either | |
84 | @samp{.el} or @samp{.elc}, unless it contains an explicit directory | |
85 | name. If @var{filename} does not contain an explicit directory name, | |
86 | and does not end in a suffix, then @code{load} insists on adding one. | |
87 | ||
83ac6b45 RS |
88 | If @var{filename} is a relative file name, such as @file{foo} or |
89 | @file{baz/foo.bar}, @code{load} searches for the file using the variable | |
90 | @code{load-path}. It appends @var{filename} to each of the directories | |
91 | listed in @code{load-path}, and loads the first file it finds whose name | |
92 | matches. The current default directory is tried only if it is specified | |
93 | in @code{load-path}, where @code{nil} stands for the default directory. | |
94 | @code{load} tries all three possible suffixes in the first directory in | |
95 | @code{load-path}, then all three suffixes in the second directory, and | |
a9f0a989 | 96 | so on. @xref{Library Search}. |
83ac6b45 RS |
97 | |
98 | If you get a warning that @file{foo.elc} is older than @file{foo.el}, it | |
99 | means you should consider recompiling @file{foo.el}. @xref{Byte | |
100 | Compilation}. | |
101 | ||
969fe9b5 RS |
102 | When loading a source file (not compiled), @code{load} performs |
103 | character set translation just as Emacs would do when visiting the file. | |
104 | @xref{Coding Systems}. | |
105 | ||
83ac6b45 RS |
106 | Messages like @samp{Loading foo...} and @samp{Loading foo...done} appear |
107 | in the echo area during loading unless @var{nomessage} is | |
108 | non-@code{nil}. | |
109 | ||
110 | @cindex load errors | |
111 | Any unhandled errors while loading a file terminate loading. If the | |
78c71a98 RS |
112 | load was done for the sake of @code{autoload}, any function definitions |
113 | made during the loading are undone. | |
83ac6b45 RS |
114 | |
115 | @kindex file-error | |
116 | If @code{load} can't find the file to load, then normally it signals the | |
117 | error @code{file-error} (with @samp{Cannot open load file | |
118 | @var{filename}}). But if @var{missing-ok} is non-@code{nil}, then | |
119 | @code{load} just returns @code{nil}. | |
120 | ||
22697dac KH |
121 | You can use the variable @code{load-read-function} to specify a function |
122 | for @code{load} to use instead of @code{read} for reading expressions. | |
123 | See below. | |
124 | ||
83ac6b45 RS |
125 | @code{load} returns @code{t} if the file loads successfully. |
126 | @end defun | |
127 | ||
83ac6b45 | 128 | @deffn Command load-file filename |
f9f59935 RS |
129 | This command loads the file @var{filename}. If @var{filename} is a |
130 | relative file name, then the current default directory is assumed. | |
131 | @code{load-path} is not used, and suffixes are not appended. Use this | |
a9f0a989 | 132 | command if you wish to specify precisely the file name to load. |
83ac6b45 RS |
133 | @end deffn |
134 | ||
135 | @deffn Command load-library library | |
f9f59935 RS |
136 | This command loads the library named @var{library}. It is equivalent to |
137 | @code{load}, except in how it reads its argument interactively. | |
83ac6b45 | 138 | @end deffn |
83ac6b45 | 139 | |
a9f0a989 RS |
140 | @defvar load-in-progress |
141 | This variable is non-@code{nil} if Emacs is in the process of loading a | |
142 | file, and it is @code{nil} otherwise. | |
143 | @end defvar | |
144 | ||
145 | @defvar load-read-function | |
7baeca0c | 146 | @anchor{Definition of load-read-function} |
a9f0a989 RS |
147 | This variable specifies an alternate expression-reading function for |
148 | @code{load} and @code{eval-region} to use instead of @code{read}. | |
149 | The function should accept one argument, just as @code{read} does. | |
150 | ||
151 | Normally, the variable's value is @code{nil}, which means those | |
152 | functions should use @code{read}. | |
55607887 | 153 | |
6142d1d0 RS |
154 | Instead of using this variable, it is cleaner to use another, newer |
155 | feature: to pass the function as the @var{read-function} argument to | |
da9f5ab2 | 156 | @code{eval-region}. @xref{Definition of eval-region,, Eval}. |
a9f0a989 RS |
157 | @end defvar |
158 | ||
1911e6e5 RS |
159 | For information about how @code{load} is used in building Emacs, see |
160 | @ref{Building Emacs}. | |
a9f0a989 RS |
161 | |
162 | @node Library Search | |
163 | @section Library Search | |
164 | ||
165 | When Emacs loads a Lisp library, it searches for the library | |
166 | in a list of directories specified by the variable @code{load-path}. | |
167 | ||
83ac6b45 RS |
168 | @defopt load-path |
169 | @cindex @code{EMACSLOADPATH} environment variable | |
170 | The value of this variable is a list of directories to search when | |
171 | loading files with @code{load}. Each element is a string (which must be | |
172 | a directory name) or @code{nil} (which stands for the current working | |
a9f0a989 RS |
173 | directory). |
174 | @end defopt | |
175 | ||
176 | The value of @code{load-path} is initialized from the environment | |
177 | variable @code{EMACSLOADPATH}, if that exists; otherwise its default | |
cf11ad96 | 178 | value is specified in @file{emacs/src/epaths.h} when Emacs is built. |
a9f0a989 RS |
179 | Then the list is expanded by adding subdirectories of the directories |
180 | in the list. | |
83ac6b45 | 181 | |
a9f0a989 | 182 | The syntax of @code{EMACSLOADPATH} is the same as used for @code{PATH}; |
bfe721d1 KH |
183 | @samp{:} (or @samp{;}, according to the operating system) separates |
184 | directory names, and @samp{.} is used for the current default directory. | |
185 | Here is an example of how to set your @code{EMACSLOADPATH} variable from | |
186 | a @code{csh} @file{.login} file: | |
83ac6b45 | 187 | |
83ac6b45 | 188 | @smallexample |
f1e2c45e | 189 | setenv EMACSLOADPATH .:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/local/share/emacs/20.3/lisp |
83ac6b45 RS |
190 | @end smallexample |
191 | ||
a9f0a989 | 192 | Here is how to set it using @code{sh}: |
83ac6b45 RS |
193 | |
194 | @smallexample | |
195 | export EMACSLOADPATH | |
f1e2c45e | 196 | EMACSLOADPATH=.:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/local/share/emacs/20.3/lisp |
83ac6b45 RS |
197 | @end smallexample |
198 | ||
a40d4712 PR |
199 | Here is an example of code you can place in your init file (@pxref{Init |
200 | File}) to add several directories to the front of your default | |
201 | @code{load-path}: | |
83ac6b45 RS |
202 | |
203 | @smallexample | |
bda144f4 | 204 | @group |
83ac6b45 RS |
205 | (setq load-path |
206 | (append (list nil "/user/bil/emacs" | |
207 | "/usr/local/lisplib" | |
5e41cf03 | 208 | "~/emacs") |
83ac6b45 | 209 | load-path)) |
bda144f4 | 210 | @end group |
83ac6b45 RS |
211 | @end smallexample |
212 | ||
213 | @c Wordy to rid us of an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
214 | @noindent | |
215 | In this example, the path searches the current working directory first, | |
5e41cf03 RS |
216 | followed then by the @file{/user/bil/emacs} directory, the |
217 | @file{/usr/local/lisplib} directory, and the @file{~/emacs} directory, | |
83ac6b45 RS |
218 | which are then followed by the standard directories for Lisp code. |
219 | ||
a9f0a989 | 220 | Dumping Emacs uses a special value of @code{load-path}. If the value of |
c642171c RS |
221 | @code{load-path} at the end of dumping is unchanged (that is, still the |
222 | same special value), the dumped Emacs switches to the ordinary | |
cc8c51f1 | 223 | @code{load-path} value when it starts up, as described above. But if |
c642171c RS |
224 | @code{load-path} has any other value at the end of dumping, that value |
225 | is used for execution of the dumped Emacs also. | |
226 | ||
a9f0a989 | 227 | Therefore, if you want to change @code{load-path} temporarily for |
c642171c RS |
228 | loading a few libraries in @file{site-init.el} or @file{site-load.el}, |
229 | you should bind @code{load-path} locally with @code{let} around the | |
230 | calls to @code{load}. | |
83ac6b45 | 231 | |
089e089d | 232 | The default value of @code{load-path}, when running an Emacs which has |
a9f0a989 RS |
233 | been installed on the system, includes two special directories (and |
234 | their subdirectories as well): | |
089e089d RS |
235 | |
236 | @smallexample | |
a9f0a989 | 237 | "/usr/local/share/emacs/@var{version}/site-lisp" |
089e089d RS |
238 | @end smallexample |
239 | ||
a9f0a989 RS |
240 | @noindent |
241 | and | |
242 | ||
243 | @smallexample | |
244 | "/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp" | |
245 | @end smallexample | |
246 | ||
247 | @noindent | |
248 | The first one is for locally installed packages for a particular Emacs | |
249 | version; the second is for locally installed packages meant for use with | |
250 | all installed Emacs versions. | |
089e089d RS |
251 | |
252 | There are several reasons why a Lisp package that works well in one | |
253 | Emacs version can cause trouble in another. Sometimes packages need | |
254 | updating for incompatible changes in Emacs; sometimes they depend on | |
255 | undocumented internal Emacs data that can change without notice; | |
256 | sometimes a newer Emacs version incorporates a version of the package, | |
257 | and should be used only with that version. | |
258 | ||
a9f0a989 RS |
259 | Emacs finds these directories' subdirectories and adds them to |
260 | @code{load-path} when it starts up. Both immediate subdirectories and | |
261 | subdirectories multiple levels down are added to @code{load-path}. | |
262 | ||
263 | Not all subdirectories are included, though. Subdirectories whose | |
264 | names do not start with a letter or digit are excluded. Subdirectories | |
8241495d RS |
265 | named @file{RCS} or @file{CVS} are excluded. Also, a subdirectory which |
266 | contains a file named @file{.nosearch} is excluded. You can use these | |
267 | methods to prevent certain subdirectories of the @file{site-lisp} | |
268 | directories from being searched. | |
a9f0a989 | 269 | |
089e089d RS |
270 | If you run Emacs from the directory where it was built---that is, an |
271 | executable that has not been formally installed---then @code{load-path} | |
272 | normally contains two additional directories. These are the @code{lisp} | |
273 | and @code{site-lisp} subdirectories of the main build directory. (Both | |
274 | are represented as absolute file names.) | |
275 | ||
f9f59935 RS |
276 | @deffn Command locate-library library &optional nosuffix path interactive-call |
277 | This command finds the precise file name for library @var{library}. It | |
278 | searches for the library in the same way @code{load} does, and the | |
279 | argument @var{nosuffix} has the same meaning as in @code{load}: don't | |
280 | add suffixes @samp{.elc} or @samp{.el} to the specified name | |
281 | @var{library}. | |
282 | ||
283 | If the @var{path} is non-@code{nil}, that list of directories is used | |
284 | instead of @code{load-path}. | |
285 | ||
286 | When @code{locate-library} is called from a program, it returns the file | |
287 | name as a string. When the user runs @code{locate-library} | |
288 | interactively, the argument @var{interactive-call} is @code{t}, and this | |
289 | tells @code{locate-library} to display the file name in the echo area. | |
290 | @end deffn | |
291 | ||
cee6bbce RS |
292 | @defvar load-suffixes |
293 | This variable is a list of suffixes (strings) that @code{load} should | |
294 | try adding to the specified file name. The default value is | |
b7ebcab7 | 295 | @code{(".elc" ".el")}. There is no need to include the null suffix. |
cee6bbce RS |
296 | @end defvar |
297 | ||
a9f0a989 | 298 | @node Loading Non-ASCII |
ad800164 | 299 | @section Loading Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters |
a9f0a989 | 300 | |
ad800164 | 301 | When Emacs Lisp programs contain string constants with non-@acronym{ASCII} |
a9f0a989 RS |
302 | characters, these can be represented within Emacs either as unibyte |
303 | strings or as multibyte strings (@pxref{Text Representations}). Which | |
304 | representation is used depends on how the file is read into Emacs. If | |
305 | it is read with decoding into multibyte representation, the text of the | |
306 | Lisp program will be multibyte text, and its string constants will be | |
307 | multibyte strings. If a file containing Latin-1 characters (for | |
308 | example) is read without decoding, the text of the program will be | |
309 | unibyte text, and its string constants will be unibyte strings. | |
310 | @xref{Coding Systems}. | |
311 | ||
312 | To make the results more predictable, Emacs always performs decoding | |
313 | into the multibyte representation when loading Lisp files, even if it | |
314 | was started with the @samp{--unibyte} option. This means that string | |
ad800164 | 315 | constants with non-@acronym{ASCII} characters translate into multibyte |
a9f0a989 RS |
316 | strings. The only exception is when a particular file specifies no |
317 | decoding. | |
318 | ||
319 | The reason Emacs is designed this way is so that Lisp programs give | |
320 | predictable results, regardless of how Emacs was started. In addition, | |
321 | this enables programs that depend on using multibyte text to work even | |
322 | in a unibyte Emacs. Of course, such programs should be designed to | |
323 | notice whether the user prefers unibyte or multibyte text, by checking | |
324 | @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters}, and convert representations | |
325 | appropriately. | |
326 | ||
ad800164 | 327 | In most Emacs Lisp programs, the fact that non-@acronym{ASCII} strings are |
a9f0a989 RS |
328 | multibyte strings should not be noticeable, since inserting them in |
329 | unibyte buffers converts them to unibyte automatically. However, if | |
330 | this does make a difference, you can force a particular Lisp file to be | |
430f8c73 | 331 | interpreted as unibyte by writing @samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-} in a |
a9f0a989 | 332 | comment on the file's first line. With that designator, the file will |
8241495d | 333 | unconditionally be interpreted as unibyte, even in an ordinary |
6824708b | 334 | multibyte Emacs session. This can matter when making keybindings to |
ad800164 | 335 | non-@acronym{ASCII} characters written as @code{?v@var{literal}}. |
a9f0a989 | 336 | |
83ac6b45 RS |
337 | @node Autoload |
338 | @section Autoload | |
339 | @cindex autoload | |
340 | ||
341 | The @dfn{autoload} facility allows you to make a function or macro | |
bfe721d1 KH |
342 | known in Lisp, but put off loading the file that defines it. The first |
343 | call to the function automatically reads the proper file to install the | |
344 | real definition and other associated code, then runs the real definition | |
83ac6b45 RS |
345 | as if it had been loaded all along. |
346 | ||
347 | There are two ways to set up an autoloaded function: by calling | |
348 | @code{autoload}, and by writing a special ``magic'' comment in the | |
349 | source before the real definition. @code{autoload} is the low-level | |
350 | primitive for autoloading; any Lisp program can call @code{autoload} at | |
969fe9b5 | 351 | any time. Magic comments are the most convenient way to make a function |
a9f0a989 RS |
352 | autoload, for packages installed along with Emacs. These comments do |
353 | nothing on their own, but they serve as a guide for the command | |
969fe9b5 RS |
354 | @code{update-file-autoloads}, which constructs calls to @code{autoload} |
355 | and arranges to execute them when Emacs is built. | |
83ac6b45 | 356 | |
78c71a98 RS |
357 | @defun autoload function filename &optional docstring interactive type |
358 | This function defines the function (or macro) named @var{function} so as | |
83ac6b45 RS |
359 | to load automatically from @var{filename}. The string @var{filename} |
360 | specifies the file to load to get the real definition of @var{function}. | |
361 | ||
f9f59935 RS |
362 | If @var{filename} does not contain either a directory name, or the |
363 | suffix @code{.el} or @code{.elc}, then @code{autoload} insists on adding | |
364 | one of these suffixes, and it will not load from a file whose name is | |
365 | just @var{filename} with no added suffix. | |
366 | ||
83ac6b45 | 367 | The argument @var{docstring} is the documentation string for the |
9e328e23 RS |
368 | function. Specifying the documentation string in the call to |
369 | @code{autoload} makes it possible to look at the documentation without | |
370 | loading the function's real definition. Normally, this should be | |
371 | identical to the documentation string in the function definition | |
372 | itself. If it isn't, the function definition's documentation string | |
373 | takes effect when it is loaded. | |
83ac6b45 | 374 | |
969fe9b5 RS |
375 | If @var{interactive} is non-@code{nil}, that says @var{function} can be |
376 | called interactively. This lets completion in @kbd{M-x} work without | |
a9f0a989 RS |
377 | loading @var{function}'s real definition. The complete interactive |
378 | specification is not given here; it's not needed unless the user | |
379 | actually calls @var{function}, and when that happens, it's time to load | |
380 | the real definition. | |
83ac6b45 RS |
381 | |
382 | You can autoload macros and keymaps as well as ordinary functions. | |
383 | Specify @var{type} as @code{macro} if @var{function} is really a macro. | |
384 | Specify @var{type} as @code{keymap} if @var{function} is really a | |
385 | keymap. Various parts of Emacs need to know this information without | |
386 | loading the real definition. | |
387 | ||
bda144f4 MW |
388 | An autoloaded keymap loads automatically during key lookup when a prefix |
389 | key's binding is the symbol @var{function}. Autoloading does not occur | |
390 | for other kinds of access to the keymap. In particular, it does not | |
391 | happen when a Lisp program gets the keymap from the value of a variable | |
392 | and calls @code{define-key}; not even if the variable name is the same | |
393 | symbol @var{function}. | |
394 | ||
83ac6b45 | 395 | @cindex function cell in autoload |
78c71a98 | 396 | If @var{function} already has a non-void function definition that is not |
83ac6b45 | 397 | an autoload object, @code{autoload} does nothing and returns @code{nil}. |
78c71a98 | 398 | If the function cell of @var{function} is void, or is already an autoload |
83ac6b45 RS |
399 | object, then it is defined as an autoload object like this: |
400 | ||
401 | @example | |
402 | (autoload @var{filename} @var{docstring} @var{interactive} @var{type}) | |
403 | @end example | |
404 | ||
177c0ea7 | 405 | For example, |
83ac6b45 RS |
406 | |
407 | @example | |
bda144f4 | 408 | @group |
83ac6b45 RS |
409 | (symbol-function 'run-prolog) |
410 | @result{} (autoload "prolog" 169681 t nil) | |
bda144f4 | 411 | @end group |
83ac6b45 RS |
412 | @end example |
413 | ||
414 | @noindent | |
415 | In this case, @code{"prolog"} is the name of the file to load, 169681 | |
f9f59935 RS |
416 | refers to the documentation string in the |
417 | @file{emacs/etc/DOC-@var{version}} file (@pxref{Documentation Basics}), | |
418 | @code{t} means the function is interactive, and @code{nil} that it is | |
419 | not a macro or a keymap. | |
83ac6b45 RS |
420 | @end defun |
421 | ||
422 | @cindex autoload errors | |
423 | The autoloaded file usually contains other definitions and may require | |
424 | or provide one or more features. If the file is not completely loaded | |
425 | (due to an error in the evaluation of its contents), any function | |
426 | definitions or @code{provide} calls that occurred during the load are | |
427 | undone. This is to ensure that the next attempt to call any function | |
428 | autoloading from this file will try again to load the file. If not for | |
a9f0a989 RS |
429 | this, then some of the functions in the file might be defined by the |
430 | aborted load, but fail to work properly for the lack of certain | |
431 | subroutines not loaded successfully because they come later in the file. | |
83ac6b45 RS |
432 | |
433 | If the autoloaded file fails to define the desired Lisp function or | |
434 | macro, then an error is signaled with data @code{"Autoloading failed to | |
435 | define function @var{function-name}"}. | |
436 | ||
437 | @findex update-file-autoloads | |
438 | @findex update-directory-autoloads | |
a9f0a989 | 439 | A magic autoload comment consists of @samp{;;;###autoload}, on a line |
83ac6b45 RS |
440 | by itself, just before the real definition of the function in its |
441 | autoloadable source file. The command @kbd{M-x update-file-autoloads} | |
442 | writes a corresponding @code{autoload} call into @file{loaddefs.el}. | |
443 | Building Emacs loads @file{loaddefs.el} and thus calls @code{autoload}. | |
444 | @kbd{M-x update-directory-autoloads} is even more powerful; it updates | |
445 | autoloads for all files in the current directory. | |
446 | ||
447 | The same magic comment can copy any kind of form into | |
448 | @file{loaddefs.el}. If the form following the magic comment is not a | |
8241495d RS |
449 | function-defining form or a @code{defcustom} form, it is copied |
450 | verbatim. ``Function-defining forms'' include @code{define-skeleton}, | |
451 | @code{define-derived-mode}, @code{define-generic-mode} and | |
5858d11f | 452 | @code{define-minor-mode} as well as @code{defun} and |
8241495d RS |
453 | @code{defmacro}. To save space, a @code{defcustom} form is converted to |
454 | a @code{defvar} in @file{loaddefs.el}, with some additional information | |
455 | if it uses @code{:require}. | |
456 | ||
457 | You can also use a magic comment to execute a form at build time | |
458 | @emph{without} executing it when the file itself is loaded. To do this, | |
459 | write the form @emph{on the same line} as the magic comment. Since it | |
460 | is in a comment, it does nothing when you load the source file; but | |
461 | @kbd{M-x update-file-autoloads} copies it to @file{loaddefs.el}, where | |
462 | it is executed while building Emacs. | |
83ac6b45 RS |
463 | |
464 | The following example shows how @code{doctor} is prepared for | |
465 | autoloading with a magic comment: | |
466 | ||
467 | @smallexample | |
468 | ;;;###autoload | |
469 | (defun doctor () | |
470 | "Switch to *doctor* buffer and start giving psychotherapy." | |
471 | (interactive) | |
472 | (switch-to-buffer "*doctor*") | |
473 | (doctor-mode)) | |
474 | @end smallexample | |
475 | ||
476 | @noindent | |
477 | Here's what that produces in @file{loaddefs.el}: | |
478 | ||
479 | @smallexample | |
8241495d | 480 | (autoload 'doctor "doctor" "\ |
83ac6b45 RS |
481 | Switch to *doctor* buffer and start giving psychotherapy." |
482 | t) | |
483 | @end smallexample | |
484 | ||
485 | @noindent | |
486 | The backslash and newline immediately following the double-quote are a | |
8241495d | 487 | convention used only in the preloaded uncompiled Lisp files such as |
83ac6b45 RS |
488 | @file{loaddefs.el}; they tell @code{make-docfile} to put the |
489 | documentation string in the @file{etc/DOC} file. @xref{Building Emacs}. | |
8241495d | 490 | See also the commentary in @file{lib-src/make-docfile.c}. |
83ac6b45 | 491 | |
7f551e47 RS |
492 | If you write a function definition with an unusual macro that is not |
493 | one of the known and recognized function definition methods, use of an | |
494 | ordinary magic autoload comment would copy the whole definition into | |
495 | @code{loaddefs.el}. That is not desirable. You can put the desired | |
496 | @code{autoload} call into @code{loaddefs.el} instead by writing this: | |
497 | ||
498 | @smallexample | |
499 | ;;;###autoload (autoload 'foo "myfile") | |
500 | (mydefunmacro foo | |
501 | ...) | |
502 | @end smallexample | |
503 | ||
83ac6b45 | 504 | @node Repeated Loading |
83ac6b45 RS |
505 | @section Repeated Loading |
506 | @cindex repeated loading | |
507 | ||
a9f0a989 | 508 | You can load a given file more than once in an Emacs session. For |
83ac6b45 RS |
509 | example, after you have rewritten and reinstalled a function definition |
510 | by editing it in a buffer, you may wish to return to the original | |
511 | version; you can do this by reloading the file it came from. | |
512 | ||
513 | When you load or reload files, bear in mind that the @code{load} and | |
514 | @code{load-library} functions automatically load a byte-compiled file | |
515 | rather than a non-compiled file of similar name. If you rewrite a file | |
f9f59935 RS |
516 | that you intend to save and reinstall, you need to byte-compile the new |
517 | version; otherwise Emacs will load the older, byte-compiled file instead | |
518 | of your newer, non-compiled file! If that happens, the message | |
a9f0a989 | 519 | displayed when loading the file includes, @samp{(compiled; note, source is |
969fe9b5 | 520 | newer)}, to remind you to recompile it. |
83ac6b45 RS |
521 | |
522 | When writing the forms in a Lisp library file, keep in mind that the | |
f9f59935 RS |
523 | file might be loaded more than once. For example, think about whether |
524 | each variable should be reinitialized when you reload the library; | |
525 | @code{defvar} does not change the value if the variable is already | |
526 | initialized. (@xref{Defining Variables}.) | |
83ac6b45 RS |
527 | |
528 | The simplest way to add an element to an alist is like this: | |
529 | ||
530 | @example | |
9e328e23 | 531 | (push '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist) |
83ac6b45 RS |
532 | @end example |
533 | ||
534 | @noindent | |
535 | But this would add multiple elements if the library is reloaded. | |
536 | To avoid the problem, write this: | |
537 | ||
538 | @example | |
539 | (or (assq 'leif-mode minor-mode-alist) | |
9e328e23 | 540 | (push '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist)) |
83ac6b45 RS |
541 | @end example |
542 | ||
9e328e23 RS |
543 | @noindent |
544 | or this: | |
545 | ||
546 | @example | |
547 | (add-to-list '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist) | |
548 | @end example | |
bfe721d1 | 549 | |
83ac6b45 RS |
550 | Occasionally you will want to test explicitly whether a library has |
551 | already been loaded. Here's one way to test, in a library, whether it | |
552 | has been loaded before: | |
553 | ||
554 | @example | |
969fe9b5 | 555 | (defvar foo-was-loaded nil) |
bfe721d1 | 556 | |
969fe9b5 RS |
557 | (unless foo-was-loaded |
558 | @var{execute-first-time-only} | |
559 | (setq foo-was-loaded t)) | |
83ac6b45 RS |
560 | @end example |
561 | ||
562 | @noindent | |
563 | If the library uses @code{provide} to provide a named feature, you can | |
969fe9b5 RS |
564 | use @code{featurep} earlier in the file to test whether the |
565 | @code{provide} call has been executed before. | |
37680279 | 566 | @ifnottex |
bfe721d1 | 567 | @xref{Named Features}. |
37680279 | 568 | @end ifnottex |
83ac6b45 | 569 | |
bfe721d1 | 570 | @node Named Features |
83ac6b45 RS |
571 | @section Features |
572 | @cindex features | |
573 | @cindex requiring features | |
574 | @cindex providing features | |
575 | ||
576 | @code{provide} and @code{require} are an alternative to | |
577 | @code{autoload} for loading files automatically. They work in terms of | |
578 | named @dfn{features}. Autoloading is triggered by calling a specific | |
579 | function, but a feature is loaded the first time another program asks | |
580 | for it by name. | |
581 | ||
582 | A feature name is a symbol that stands for a collection of functions, | |
583 | variables, etc. The file that defines them should @dfn{provide} the | |
584 | feature. Another program that uses them may ensure they are defined by | |
585 | @dfn{requiring} the feature. This loads the file of definitions if it | |
586 | hasn't been loaded already. | |
587 | ||
588 | To require the presence of a feature, call @code{require} with the | |
589 | feature name as argument. @code{require} looks in the global variable | |
590 | @code{features} to see whether the desired feature has been provided | |
591 | already. If not, it loads the feature from the appropriate file. This | |
78c71a98 | 592 | file should call @code{provide} at the top level to add the feature to |
83ac6b45 RS |
593 | @code{features}; if it fails to do so, @code{require} signals an error. |
594 | @cindex load error with require | |
595 | ||
177c0ea7 | 596 | For example, in @file{emacs/lisp/prolog.el}, |
83ac6b45 RS |
597 | the definition for @code{run-prolog} includes the following code: |
598 | ||
599 | @smallexample | |
600 | (defun run-prolog () | |
9e2b495b | 601 | "Run an inferior Prolog process, with I/O via buffer *prolog*." |
83ac6b45 RS |
602 | (interactive) |
603 | (require 'comint) | |
604 | (switch-to-buffer (make-comint "prolog" prolog-program-name)) | |
605 | (inferior-prolog-mode)) | |
606 | @end smallexample | |
607 | ||
608 | @noindent | |
609 | The expression @code{(require 'comint)} loads the file @file{comint.el} | |
610 | if it has not yet been loaded. This ensures that @code{make-comint} is | |
969fe9b5 RS |
611 | defined. Features are normally named after the files that provide them, |
612 | so that @code{require} need not be given the file name. | |
83ac6b45 RS |
613 | |
614 | The @file{comint.el} file contains the following top-level expression: | |
615 | ||
616 | @smallexample | |
617 | (provide 'comint) | |
618 | @end smallexample | |
619 | ||
620 | @noindent | |
621 | This adds @code{comint} to the global @code{features} list, so that | |
622 | @code{(require 'comint)} will henceforth know that nothing needs to be | |
623 | done. | |
624 | ||
625 | @cindex byte-compiling @code{require} | |
78c71a98 | 626 | When @code{require} is used at top level in a file, it takes effect |
83ac6b45 RS |
627 | when you byte-compile that file (@pxref{Byte Compilation}) as well as |
628 | when you load it. This is in case the required package contains macros | |
8241495d RS |
629 | that the byte compiler must know about. It also avoids byte-compiler |
630 | warnings for functions and variables defined in the file loaded with | |
631 | @code{require}. | |
83ac6b45 RS |
632 | |
633 | Although top-level calls to @code{require} are evaluated during | |
634 | byte compilation, @code{provide} calls are not. Therefore, you can | |
635 | ensure that a file of definitions is loaded before it is byte-compiled | |
636 | by including a @code{provide} followed by a @code{require} for the same | |
637 | feature, as in the following example. | |
638 | ||
639 | @smallexample | |
640 | @group | |
641 | (provide 'my-feature) ; @r{Ignored by byte compiler,} | |
642 | ; @r{evaluated by @code{load}.} | |
643 | (require 'my-feature) ; @r{Evaluated by byte compiler.} | |
644 | @end group | |
645 | @end smallexample | |
646 | ||
78c71a98 RS |
647 | @noindent |
648 | The compiler ignores the @code{provide}, then processes the | |
649 | @code{require} by loading the file in question. Loading the file does | |
650 | execute the @code{provide} call, so the subsequent @code{require} call | |
969fe9b5 | 651 | does nothing when the file is loaded. |
78c71a98 | 652 | |
f2aa473a | 653 | @defun provide feature &optional subfeatures |
83ac6b45 RS |
654 | This function announces that @var{feature} is now loaded, or being |
655 | loaded, into the current Emacs session. This means that the facilities | |
656 | associated with @var{feature} are or will be available for other Lisp | |
657 | programs. | |
658 | ||
659 | The direct effect of calling @code{provide} is to add @var{feature} to | |
660 | the front of the list @code{features} if it is not already in the list. | |
661 | The argument @var{feature} must be a symbol. @code{provide} returns | |
662 | @var{feature}. | |
663 | ||
f2aa473a SM |
664 | If provided, @var{subfeatures} should be a list of symbols indicating |
665 | a set of specific subfeatures provided by this version of @var{feature}. | |
0373c25e | 666 | You can test the presence of a subfeature using @code{featurep}. |
f2aa473a | 667 | |
83ac6b45 RS |
668 | @smallexample |
669 | features | |
670 | @result{} (bar bish) | |
671 | ||
672 | (provide 'foo) | |
673 | @result{} foo | |
674 | features | |
675 | @result{} (foo bar bish) | |
676 | @end smallexample | |
677 | ||
bfe721d1 | 678 | When a file is loaded to satisfy an autoload, and it stops due to an |
b7ebcab7 | 679 | error in the evaluation of its contents, any function definitions or |
bfe721d1 KH |
680 | @code{provide} calls that occurred during the load are undone. |
681 | @xref{Autoload}. | |
83ac6b45 RS |
682 | @end defun |
683 | ||
b6954afd | 684 | @defun require feature &optional filename noerror |
83ac6b45 | 685 | This function checks whether @var{feature} is present in the current |
f9f59935 RS |
686 | Emacs session (using @code{(featurep @var{feature})}; see below). The |
687 | argument @var{feature} must be a symbol. | |
688 | ||
689 | If the feature is not present, then @code{require} loads @var{filename} | |
690 | with @code{load}. If @var{filename} is not supplied, then the name of | |
691 | the symbol @var{feature} is used as the base file name to load. | |
692 | However, in this case, @code{require} insists on finding @var{feature} | |
693 | with an added suffix; a file whose name is just @var{feature} won't be | |
694 | used. | |
83ac6b45 | 695 | |
d112d11f RS |
696 | If @var{noerror} is non-@code{nil}, that suppresses errors from actual |
697 | loading of the file. In that case, @code{require} returns @code{nil} | |
698 | if loading the file fails. Normally, @code{require} returns | |
699 | @var{feature}. | |
700 | ||
701 | If loading the file succeeds but does not provide @var{feature}, | |
702 | @code{require} signals an error, @samp{Required feature @var{feature} | |
703 | was not provided}. | |
83ac6b45 RS |
704 | @end defun |
705 | ||
f2aa473a | 706 | @defun featurep feature &optional subfeature |
15bc2f77 RS |
707 | This function returns @code{t} if @var{feature} has been provided in |
708 | the current Emacs session (i.e.@:, if @var{feature} is a member of | |
709 | @code{features}.) If @var{subfeature} is non-@code{nil}, then the | |
710 | function returns @code{t} only if that subfeature is provided as well | |
711 | (i.e.@: if @var{subfeature} is a member of the @code{subfeature} | |
712 | property of the @var{feature} symbol.) | |
83ac6b45 RS |
713 | @end defun |
714 | ||
715 | @defvar features | |
716 | The value of this variable is a list of symbols that are the features | |
717 | loaded in the current Emacs session. Each symbol was put in this list | |
718 | with a call to @code{provide}. The order of the elements in the | |
719 | @code{features} list is not significant. | |
720 | @end defvar | |
721 | ||
82c59a6b RS |
722 | @node Where Defined |
723 | @section Which File Defined a Certain Symbol | |
724 | ||
725 | @defun symbol-file symbol &optional type | |
726 | This function returns the name of the file that defined @var{symbol}. | |
727 | If @var{type} is @code{nil}, then any kind of definition is | |
728 | acceptable. If @var{type} is @code{defun} or @code{defvar}, that | |
729 | specifies function definition only or variable definition only. | |
730 | ||
731 | The value is the file name as it was specified to @code{load}: | |
732 | either an absolute file name, or a library name | |
733 | (with no directory name and no @samp{.el} or @samp{.elc} at the end). | |
734 | It can also be @code{nil}, if the definition is not associated with any file. | |
735 | @end defun | |
736 | ||
737 | The basis for @code{symbol-file} is the data in the variable | |
738 | @code{load-history}. | |
739 | ||
740 | @defvar load-history | |
741 | This variable's value is an alist connecting library names with the | |
742 | names of functions and variables they define, the features they provide, | |
743 | and the features they require. | |
744 | ||
745 | Each element is a list and describes one library. The @sc{car} of the | |
746 | list is the name of the library, as a string. The rest of the list | |
747 | elements have these forms: | |
748 | ||
749 | @table @code | |
750 | @item @var{var} | |
751 | The symbol @var{var} was defined as a variable. | |
752 | @item (defun . @var{fun}) | |
9e328e23 | 753 | The function @var{fun} was defined. |
82c59a6b RS |
754 | @item (t . @var{fun}) |
755 | The function @var{fun} was previously an autoload before this library | |
9e328e23 | 756 | redefined it as a function. The following element is always |
2ca28c05 | 757 | @code{(defun . @var{fun})}, which represents defining @var{fun} as a |
9e328e23 | 758 | function. |
82c59a6b RS |
759 | @item (autoload . @var{fun}) |
760 | The function @var{fun} was defined as an autoload. | |
761 | @item (require . @var{feature}) | |
762 | The feature @var{feature} was required. | |
763 | @item (provide . @var{feature}) | |
764 | The feature @var{feature} was provided. | |
765 | @end table | |
766 | ||
767 | The value of @code{load-history} may have one element whose @sc{car} is | |
768 | @code{nil}. This element describes definitions made with | |
769 | @code{eval-buffer} on a buffer that is not visiting a file. | |
770 | @end defvar | |
771 | ||
772 | The command @code{eval-region} updates @code{load-history}, but does so | |
773 | by adding the symbols defined to the element for the file being visited, | |
774 | rather than replacing that element. @xref{Eval}. | |
775 | ||
83ac6b45 RS |
776 | @node Unloading |
777 | @section Unloading | |
778 | @cindex unloading | |
779 | ||
780 | @c Emacs 19 feature | |
781 | You can discard the functions and variables loaded by a library to | |
782 | reclaim memory for other Lisp objects. To do this, use the function | |
783 | @code{unload-feature}: | |
784 | ||
ee6bcc94 | 785 | @deffn Command unload-feature feature &optional force |
83ac6b45 | 786 | This command unloads the library that provided feature @var{feature}. |
78c71a98 | 787 | It undefines all functions, macros, and variables defined in that |
969fe9b5 RS |
788 | library with @code{defun}, @code{defalias}, @code{defsubst}, |
789 | @code{defmacro}, @code{defconst}, @code{defvar}, and @code{defcustom}. | |
790 | It then restores any autoloads formerly associated with those symbols. | |
791 | (Loading saves these in the @code{autoload} property of the symbol.) | |
ee6bcc94 | 792 | |
0373c25e | 793 | @vindex unload-feature-special-hooks |
6582d61e RS |
794 | Before restoring the previous definitions, @code{unload-feature} runs |
795 | @code{remove-hook} to remove functions in the library from certain | |
0373c25e RS |
796 | hooks. These hooks include variables whose names end in @samp{hook} |
797 | or @samp{-hooks}, plus those listed in | |
798 | @code{unload-feature-special-hooks}. This is to prevent Emacs from | |
799 | ceasing to function because important hooks refer to functions that | |
800 | are no longer defined. | |
6582d61e RS |
801 | |
802 | @vindex @var{feature}-unload-hook | |
803 | If these measures are not sufficient to prevent malfunction, a library | |
804 | can define an explicit unload hook. If @code{@var{feature}-unload-hook} | |
805 | is defined, it is run as a normal hook before restoring the previous | |
806 | definitions, @emph{instead of} the usual hook-removing actions. The | |
807 | unload hook ought to undo all the global state changes made by the | |
808 | library that might cease to work once the library is unloaded. | |
8241495d RS |
809 | @code{unload-feature} can cause problems with libraries that fail to do |
810 | this, so it should be used with caution. | |
6582d61e | 811 | |
ee6bcc94 RS |
812 | Ordinarily, @code{unload-feature} refuses to unload a library on which |
813 | other loaded libraries depend. (A library @var{a} depends on library | |
814 | @var{b} if @var{a} contains a @code{require} for @var{b}.) If the | |
815 | optional argument @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, dependencies are | |
816 | ignored and you can unload any library. | |
83ac6b45 RS |
817 | @end deffn |
818 | ||
819 | The @code{unload-feature} function is written in Lisp; its actions are | |
820 | based on the variable @code{load-history}. | |
821 | ||
cf11ad96 | 822 | @defvar unload-feature-special-hooks |
6582d61e RS |
823 | This variable holds a list of hooks to be scanned before unloading a |
824 | library, to remove functions defined in the library. | |
825 | @end defvar | |
826 | ||
83ac6b45 RS |
827 | @node Hooks for Loading |
828 | @section Hooks for Loading | |
829 | @cindex loading hooks | |
830 | @cindex hooks for loading | |
831 | ||
832 | You can ask for code to be executed if and when a particular library is | |
833 | loaded, by calling @code{eval-after-load}. | |
834 | ||
835 | @defun eval-after-load library form | |
836 | This function arranges to evaluate @var{form} at the end of loading the | |
d2e9ee06 RS |
837 | library @var{library}, if and when @var{library} is loaded. If |
838 | @var{library} is already loaded, it evaluates @var{form} right away. | |
83ac6b45 | 839 | |
f2aa473a SM |
840 | If @var{library} is a string, it must exactly match the argument of |
841 | @code{load} used to load the library. To get the proper results when an | |
842 | installed library is found by searching @code{load-path}, you should not | |
843 | include any directory names in @var{library}. | |
844 | ||
a28b5ba3 | 845 | @var{library} can also be a feature (i.e.@: a symbol), in which case |
f2aa473a | 846 | @var{form} is evaluated when @code{(provide @var{library})} is called. |
83ac6b45 RS |
847 | |
848 | An error in @var{form} does not undo the load, but does prevent | |
849 | execution of the rest of @var{form}. | |
850 | @end defun | |
851 | ||
d2e9ee06 RS |
852 | In general, well-designed Lisp programs should not use this feature. |
853 | The clean and modular ways to interact with a Lisp library are (1) | |
854 | examine and set the library's variables (those which are meant for | |
cc8c51f1 | 855 | outside use), and (2) call the library's functions. If you wish to |
d2e9ee06 RS |
856 | do (1), you can do it immediately---there is no need to wait for when |
857 | the library is loaded. To do (2), you must load the library (preferably | |
858 | with @code{require}). | |
859 | ||
969fe9b5 RS |
860 | But it is OK to use @code{eval-after-load} in your personal |
861 | customizations if you don't feel they must meet the design standards for | |
862 | programs meant for wider use. | |
d2e9ee06 | 863 | |
83ac6b45 | 864 | @defvar after-load-alist |
8241495d RS |
865 | This variable holds an alist of expressions to evaluate if and when |
866 | particular libraries are loaded. Each element looks like this: | |
83ac6b45 RS |
867 | |
868 | @example | |
869 | (@var{filename} @var{forms}@dots{}) | |
870 | @end example | |
871 | ||
872 | The function @code{load} checks @code{after-load-alist} in order to | |
873 | implement @code{eval-after-load}. | |
874 | @end defvar | |
875 | ||
876 | @c Emacs 19 feature | |
ab5796a9 MB |
877 | |
878 | @ignore | |
879 | arch-tag: df731f89-0900-4389-a436-9105241b6f7a | |
880 | @end ignore |