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9a21d88b | 1 | GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 2006-05-31 |
5b87ad55 | 2 | |
ba318903 | 3 | Copyright (C) 1999-2001, 2006-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
5b87ad55 GM |
4 | See the end of the file for license conditions. |
5 | ||
9a21d88b KS |
6 | |
7 | Please send Emacs bug reports to bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org. | |
8 | If possible, use M-x report-emacs-bug. | |
9 | ||
10 | This file is about changes in emacs version 20. | |
11 | ||
12 | ||
13 | \f | |
14 | * Emacs 20.7 is a bug-fix release with few user-visible changes | |
15 | ||
16 | ** It is now possible to use CCL-based coding systems for keyboard | |
17 | input. | |
18 | ||
19 | ** ange-ftp now handles FTP security extensions, like Kerberos. | |
20 | ||
21 | ** Rmail has been extended to recognize more forms of digest messages. | |
22 | ||
23 | ** Now, most coding systems set in keyboard coding system work not | |
24 | only for character input, but also in incremental search. The | |
25 | exceptions are such coding systems that handle 2-byte character sets | |
26 | (e.g euc-kr, euc-jp) and that use ISO's escape sequence | |
27 | (e.g. iso-2022-jp). They are ignored in incremental search. | |
28 | ||
29 | ** Support for Macintosh PowerPC-based machines running GNU/Linux has | |
30 | been added. | |
31 | ||
32 | ||
33 | \f | |
34 | * Emacs 20.6 is a bug-fix release with one user-visible change | |
35 | ||
36 | ** Support for ARM-based non-RISCiX machines has been added. | |
37 | ||
38 | ||
39 | \f | |
40 | * Emacs 20.5 is a bug-fix release with no user-visible changes. | |
41 | ||
42 | ** Not new, but not mentioned before: | |
43 | M-w when Transient Mark mode is enabled disables the mark. | |
44 | ||
45 | ||
46 | \f | |
47 | * Changes in Emacs 20.4 | |
48 | ||
49 | ** Init file may be called .emacs.el. | |
50 | ||
51 | You can now call the Emacs init file `.emacs.el'. | |
52 | Formerly the name had to be `.emacs'. If you use the name | |
53 | `.emacs.el', you can byte-compile the file in the usual way. | |
54 | ||
55 | If both `.emacs' and `.emacs.el' exist, the latter file | |
56 | is the one that is used. | |
57 | ||
58 | ** shell-command, and shell-command-on-region, now return | |
59 | the exit code of the command (unless it is asynchronous). | |
60 | Also, you can specify a place to put the error output, | |
61 | separate from the command's regular output. | |
62 | Interactively, the variable shell-command-default-error-buffer | |
63 | says where to put error output; set it to a buffer name. | |
64 | In calls from Lisp, an optional argument ERROR-BUFFER specifies | |
65 | the buffer name. | |
66 | ||
67 | When you specify a non-nil error buffer (or buffer name), any error | |
68 | output is inserted before point in that buffer, with \f\n to separate | |
69 | it from the previous batch of error output. The error buffer is not | |
70 | cleared, so error output from successive commands accumulates there. | |
71 | ||
72 | ** Setting the default value of enable-multibyte-characters to nil in | |
73 | the .emacs file, either explicitly using setq-default, or via Custom, | |
74 | is now essentially equivalent to using --unibyte: all buffers | |
75 | created during startup will be made unibyte after loading .emacs. | |
76 | ||
77 | ** C-x C-f now handles the wildcards * and ? in file names. For | |
78 | example, typing C-x C-f c*.c RET visits all the files whose names | |
79 | match c*.c. To visit a file whose name contains * or ?, add the | |
80 | quoting sequence /: to the beginning of the file name. | |
81 | ||
82 | ** The M-x commands keep-lines, flush-lines and count-matches | |
83 | now have the same feature as occur and query-replace: | |
84 | if the pattern contains any upper case letters, then | |
85 | they never ignore case. | |
86 | ||
87 | ** The end-of-line format conversion feature previously mentioned | |
88 | under `* Emacs 20.1 changes for MS-DOS and MS-Windows' actually | |
89 | applies to all operating systems. Emacs recognizes from the contents | |
90 | of a file what convention it uses to separate lines--newline, CRLF, or | |
91 | just CR--and automatically converts the contents to the normal Emacs | |
92 | convention (using newline to separate lines) for editing. This is a | |
93 | part of the general feature of coding system conversion. | |
94 | ||
95 | If you subsequently save the buffer, Emacs converts the text back to | |
96 | the same format that was used in the file before. | |
97 | ||
98 | You can turn off end-of-line conversion by setting the variable | |
99 | `inhibit-eol-conversion' to non-nil, e.g. with Custom in the MULE group. | |
100 | ||
101 | ** The character set property `prefered-coding-system' has been | |
102 | renamed to `preferred-coding-system', for the sake of correct spelling. | |
103 | This is a fairly internal feature, so few programs should be affected. | |
104 | ||
105 | ** Mode-line display of end-of-line format is changed. | |
106 | The indication of the end-of-line format of the file visited by a | |
107 | buffer is now more explicit when that format is not the usual one for | |
108 | your operating system. For example, the DOS-style end-of-line format | |
109 | is displayed as "(DOS)" on Unix and GNU/Linux systems. The usual | |
110 | end-of-line format is still displayed as a single character (colon for | |
111 | Unix, backslash for DOS and Windows, and forward slash for the Mac). | |
112 | ||
113 | The values of the variables eol-mnemonic-unix, eol-mnemonic-dos, | |
114 | eol-mnemonic-mac, and eol-mnemonic-undecided, which are strings, | |
115 | control what is displayed in the mode line for each end-of-line | |
116 | format. You can now customize these variables. | |
117 | ||
118 | ** In the previous version of Emacs, tar-mode didn't work well if a | |
119 | filename contained non-ASCII characters. Now this is fixed. Such a | |
120 | filename is decoded by file-name-coding-system if the default value of | |
121 | enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil. | |
122 | ||
123 | ** The command temp-buffer-resize-mode toggles a minor mode | |
124 | in which temporary buffers (such as help buffers) are given | |
125 | windows just big enough to hold the whole contents. | |
126 | ||
127 | ** If you use completion.el, you must now run the function | |
128 | dynamic-completion-mode to enable it. Just loading the file | |
129 | doesn't have any effect. | |
130 | ||
131 | ** In Flyspell mode, the default is now to make just one Ispell process, | |
132 | not one per buffer. | |
133 | ||
134 | ** If you use iswitchb but do not call (iswitchb-default-keybindings) to | |
135 | use the default keybindings, you will need to add the following line: | |
136 | (add-hook 'minibuffer-setup-hook 'iswitchb-minibuffer-setup) | |
137 | ||
138 | ** Auto-show mode is no longer enabled just by loading auto-show.el. | |
139 | To control it, set `auto-show-mode' via Custom or use the | |
140 | `auto-show-mode' command. | |
141 | ||
142 | ** Handling of X fonts' ascent/descent parameters has been changed to | |
143 | avoid redisplay problems. As a consequence, compared with previous | |
144 | versions the line spacing and frame size now differ with some font | |
145 | choices, typically increasing by a pixel per line. This change | |
146 | occurred in version 20.3 but was not documented then. | |
147 | ||
148 | ** If you select the bar cursor style, it uses the frame's | |
149 | cursor-color, rather than the cursor foreground pixel. | |
150 | ||
151 | ** In multibyte mode, Rmail decodes incoming MIME messages using the | |
152 | character set specified in the message. If you want to disable this | |
153 | feature, set the variable rmail-decode-mime-charset to nil. | |
154 | ||
155 | ** Not new, but not mentioned previously in NEWS: when you use #! at | |
156 | the beginning of a file to make it executable and specify an | |
157 | interpreter program, Emacs looks on the second line for the -*- mode | |
158 | and variable specification, as well as on the first line. | |
159 | ||
160 | ** Support for IBM codepage encoding of non-ASCII characters. | |
161 | ||
162 | The new command M-x codepage-setup creates a special coding system | |
163 | that can be used to convert text between a specific IBM codepage and | |
164 | one of the character sets built into Emacs which matches that | |
165 | codepage. For example, codepage 850 corresponds to Latin-1 character | |
166 | set, codepage 855 corresponds to Cyrillic-ISO character set, etc. | |
167 | ||
168 | Windows codepages 1250, 1251 and some others, where Windows deviates | |
169 | from the corresponding ISO character set, are also supported. | |
170 | ||
171 | IBM box-drawing characters and other glyphs which don't have | |
172 | equivalents in the corresponding ISO character set, are converted to | |
173 | a character defined by dos-unsupported-char-glyph on MS-DOS, and to | |
174 | `?' on other systems. | |
175 | ||
176 | IBM codepages are widely used on MS-DOS and MS-Windows, so this | |
177 | feature is most useful on those platforms, but it can also be used on | |
178 | Unix. | |
179 | ||
180 | Emacs compiled for MS-DOS automatically loads the support for the | |
181 | current codepage when it starts. | |
182 | ||
183 | ** Mail changes | |
184 | ||
185 | *** When mail is sent using compose-mail (C-x m), and if | |
186 | `mail-send-nonascii' is set to the new default value `mime', | |
187 | appropriate MIME headers are added. The headers are added only if | |
188 | non-ASCII characters are present in the body of the mail, and no other | |
189 | MIME headers are already present. For example, the following three | |
190 | headers are added if the coding system used in the *mail* buffer is | |
191 | latin-1: | |
192 | ||
193 | MIME-version: 1.0 | |
194 | Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 | |
195 | Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit | |
196 | ||
197 | *** The new variable default-sendmail-coding-system specifies the | |
198 | default way to encode outgoing mail. This has higher priority than | |
199 | default-buffer-file-coding-system but has lower priority than | |
200 | sendmail-coding-system and the local value of | |
201 | buffer-file-coding-system. | |
202 | ||
203 | You should not set this variable manually. Instead, set | |
204 | sendmail-coding-system to specify a fixed encoding for all outgoing | |
205 | mail. | |
206 | ||
207 | *** When you try to send a message that contains non-ASCII characters, | |
208 | if the coding system specified by those variables doesn't handle them, | |
209 | Emacs will ask you to select a suitable coding system while showing a | |
210 | list of possible coding systems. | |
211 | ||
212 | ** CC Mode changes | |
213 | ||
214 | *** c-default-style can now take an association list that maps major | |
215 | modes to style names. When this variable is an alist, Java mode no | |
216 | longer hardcodes a setting to "java" style. See the variable's | |
217 | docstring for details. | |
218 | ||
219 | *** It's now possible to put a list as the offset on a syntactic | |
220 | symbol. The list is evaluated recursively until a non-nil offset is | |
221 | found. This is useful to combine several lineup functions to act in a | |
222 | prioritized order on a single line. However, none of the supplied | |
223 | lineup functions use this feature currently. | |
224 | ||
225 | *** New syntactic symbol catch-clause, which is used on the "catch" and | |
226 | "finally" lines in try-catch constructs in C++ and Java. | |
227 | ||
228 | *** New cleanup brace-catch-brace on c-cleanup-list, which does for | |
229 | "catch" lines what brace-elseif-brace does for "else if" lines. | |
230 | ||
231 | *** The braces of Java anonymous inner classes are treated separately | |
232 | from the braces of other classes in auto-newline mode. Two new | |
233 | symbols inexpr-class-open and inexpr-class-close may be used on | |
234 | c-hanging-braces-alist to control the automatic newlines used for | |
235 | anonymous classes. | |
236 | ||
237 | *** Support for the Pike language added, along with new Pike specific | |
238 | syntactic symbols: inlambda, lambda-intro-cont | |
239 | ||
240 | *** Support for Java anonymous classes via new syntactic symbol | |
241 | inexpr-class. New syntactic symbol inexpr-statement for Pike | |
242 | support and gcc-style statements inside expressions. New lineup | |
243 | function c-lineup-inexpr-block. | |
244 | ||
245 | *** New syntactic symbol brace-entry-open which is used in brace lists | |
246 | (i.e. static initializers) when a list entry starts with an open | |
247 | brace. These used to be recognized as brace-list-entry's. | |
248 | c-electric-brace also recognizes brace-entry-open braces | |
249 | (brace-list-entry's can no longer be electrified). | |
250 | ||
251 | *** New command c-indent-line-or-region, not bound by default. | |
252 | ||
253 | *** `#' is only electric when typed in the indentation of a line. | |
254 | ||
255 | *** Parentheses are now electric (via the new command c-electric-paren) | |
256 | for auto-reindenting lines when parens are typed. | |
257 | ||
258 | *** In "gnu" style, inline-open offset is now set to zero. | |
259 | ||
260 | *** Uniform handling of the inclass syntactic symbol. The indentation | |
261 | associated with it is now always relative to the class opening brace. | |
262 | This means that the indentation behavior has changed in some | |
263 | circumstances, but only if you've put anything besides 0 on the | |
264 | class-open syntactic symbol (none of the default styles do that). | |
265 | ||
266 | ** Gnus changes. | |
267 | ||
268 | *** New functionality for using Gnus as an offline newsreader has been | |
269 | added. A plethora of new commands and modes have been added. See the | |
270 | Gnus manual for the full story. | |
271 | ||
272 | *** The nndraft backend has returned, but works differently than | |
273 | before. All Message buffers are now also articles in the nndraft | |
274 | group, which is created automatically. | |
275 | ||
276 | *** `gnus-alter-header-function' can now be used to alter header | |
277 | values. | |
278 | ||
279 | *** `gnus-summary-goto-article' now accept Message-ID's. | |
280 | ||
281 | *** A new Message command for deleting text in the body of a message | |
282 | outside the region: `C-c C-v'. | |
283 | ||
284 | *** You can now post to component group in nnvirtual groups with | |
285 | `C-u C-c C-c'. | |
286 | ||
287 | *** `nntp-rlogin-program' -- new variable to ease customization. | |
288 | ||
289 | *** `C-u C-c C-c' in `gnus-article-edit-mode' will now inhibit | |
290 | re-highlighting of the article buffer. | |
291 | ||
292 | *** New element in `gnus-boring-article-headers' -- `long-to'. | |
293 | ||
294 | *** `M-i' symbolic prefix command. See the section "Symbolic | |
295 | Prefixes" in the Gnus manual for details. | |
296 | ||
297 | *** `L' and `I' in the summary buffer now take the symbolic prefix | |
298 | `a' to add the score rule to the "all.SCORE" file. | |
299 | ||
300 | *** `gnus-simplify-subject-functions' variable to allow greater | |
301 | control over simplification. | |
302 | ||
303 | *** `A T' -- new command for fetching the current thread. | |
304 | ||
305 | *** `/ T' -- new command for including the current thread in the | |
306 | limit. | |
307 | ||
308 | *** `M-RET' is a new Message command for breaking cited text. | |
309 | ||
310 | *** \\1-expressions are now valid in `nnmail-split-methods'. | |
311 | ||
312 | *** The `custom-face-lookup' function has been removed. | |
313 | If you used this function in your initialization files, you must | |
314 | rewrite them to use `face-spec-set' instead. | |
315 | ||
316 | *** Canceling now uses the current select method. Symbolic prefix | |
317 | `a' forces normal posting method. | |
318 | ||
319 | *** New command to translate M******** sm*rtq**t*s into proper text | |
320 | -- `W d'. | |
321 | ||
322 | *** For easier debugging of nntp, you can set `nntp-record-commands' | |
323 | to a non-nil value. | |
324 | ||
325 | *** nntp now uses ~/.authinfo, a .netrc-like file, for controlling | |
326 | where and how to send AUTHINFO to NNTP servers. | |
327 | ||
328 | *** A command for editing group parameters from the summary buffer | |
329 | has been added. | |
330 | ||
331 | *** A history of where mails have been split is available. | |
332 | ||
333 | *** A new article date command has been added -- `article-date-iso8601'. | |
334 | ||
335 | *** Subjects can be simplified when threading by setting | |
336 | `gnus-score-thread-simplify'. | |
337 | ||
338 | *** A new function for citing in Message has been added -- | |
339 | `message-cite-original-without-signature'. | |
340 | ||
341 | *** `article-strip-all-blank-lines' -- new article command. | |
342 | ||
343 | *** A new Message command to kill to the end of the article has | |
344 | been added. | |
345 | ||
346 | *** A minimum adaptive score can be specified by using the | |
347 | `gnus-adaptive-word-minimum' variable. | |
348 | ||
349 | *** The "lapsed date" article header can be kept continually | |
350 | updated by the `gnus-start-date-timer' command. | |
351 | ||
352 | *** Web listserv archives can be read with the nnlistserv backend. | |
353 | ||
354 | *** Old dejanews archives can now be read by nnweb. | |
355 | ||
356 | *** `gnus-posting-styles' has been re-activated. | |
357 | ||
358 | ** Changes to TeX and LaTeX mode | |
359 | ||
360 | *** The new variable `tex-start-options-string' can be used to give | |
361 | options for the TeX run. The default value causes TeX to run in | |
362 | nonstopmode. For an interactive TeX run set it to nil or "". | |
363 | ||
364 | *** The command `tex-feed-input' sends input to the Tex Shell. In a | |
365 | TeX buffer it is bound to the keys C-RET, C-c RET, and C-c C-m (some | |
366 | of these keys may not work on all systems). For instance, if you run | |
367 | TeX interactively and if the TeX run stops because of an error, you | |
368 | can continue it without leaving the TeX buffer by typing C-RET. | |
369 | ||
370 | *** The Tex Shell Buffer is now in `compilation-shell-minor-mode'. | |
371 | All error-parsing commands of the Compilation major mode are available | |
372 | but bound to keys that don't collide with the shell. Thus you can use | |
373 | the Tex Shell for command line executions like a usual shell. | |
374 | ||
375 | *** The commands `tex-validate-region' and `tex-validate-buffer' check | |
376 | the matching of braces and $'s. The errors are listed in a *Occur* | |
377 | buffer and you can use C-c C-c or mouse-2 to go to a particular | |
378 | mismatch. | |
379 | ||
380 | ** Changes to RefTeX mode | |
381 | ||
382 | *** The table of contents buffer can now also display labels and | |
383 | file boundaries in addition to sections. Use `l', `i', and `c' keys. | |
384 | ||
385 | *** Labels derived from context (the section heading) are now | |
386 | lowercase by default. To make the label legal in LaTeX, latin-1 | |
387 | characters will lose their accent. All Mule characters will be | |
388 | removed from the label. | |
389 | ||
390 | *** The automatic display of cross reference information can also use | |
391 | a window instead of the echo area. See variable `reftex-auto-view-crossref'. | |
392 | ||
393 | *** kpsewhich can be used by RefTeX to find TeX and BibTeX files. See the | |
394 | customization group `reftex-finding-files'. | |
395 | ||
396 | *** The option `reftex-bibfile-ignore-list' has been renamed to | |
397 | `reftex-bibfile-ignore-regexps' and indeed can be fed with regular | |
398 | expressions. | |
399 | ||
400 | *** Multiple Selection buffers are now hidden buffers. | |
401 | ||
402 | ** New/deleted modes and packages | |
403 | ||
404 | *** The package snmp-mode.el provides major modes for editing SNMP and | |
405 | SNMPv2 MIBs. It has entries on `auto-mode-alist'. | |
406 | ||
407 | *** The package sql.el provides a major mode, M-x sql-mode, for | |
408 | editing SQL files, and M-x sql-interactive-mode for interacting with | |
409 | SQL interpreters. It has an entry on `auto-mode-alist'. | |
410 | ||
411 | *** ispell4.el has been deleted. It got in the way of ispell.el and | |
412 | this was hard to fix reliably. It has long been obsolete -- use | |
413 | Ispell 3.1 and ispell.el. | |
414 | ||
415 | \f | |
416 | * MS-DOS changes in Emacs 20.4 | |
417 | ||
418 | ** Emacs compiled for MS-DOS now supports MULE features better. | |
419 | This includes support for display of all ISO 8859-N character sets, | |
420 | conversion to and from IBM codepage encoding of non-ASCII characters, | |
421 | and automatic setup of the MULE environment at startup. For details, | |
422 | check out the section `MS-DOS and MULE' in the manual. | |
423 | ||
424 | The MS-DOS installation procedure automatically configures and builds | |
425 | Emacs with input method support if it finds an unpacked Leim | |
426 | distribution when the config.bat script is run. | |
427 | ||
428 | ** Formerly, the value of lpr-command did not affect printing on | |
429 | MS-DOS unless print-region-function was set to nil, but now it | |
430 | controls whether an external program is invoked or output is written | |
431 | directly to a printer port. Similarly, in the previous version of | |
432 | Emacs, the value of ps-lpr-command did not affect PostScript printing | |
433 | on MS-DOS unless ps-printer-name was set to something other than a | |
434 | string (eg. t or `pipe'), but now it controls whether an external | |
435 | program is used. (These changes were made so that configuration of | |
436 | printing variables would be almost identical across all platforms.) | |
437 | ||
438 | ** In the previous version of Emacs, PostScript and non-PostScript | |
439 | output was piped to external programs, but because most print programs | |
440 | available for MS-DOS and MS-Windows cannot read data from their standard | |
441 | input, on those systems the data to be output is now written to a | |
442 | temporary file whose name is passed as the last argument to the external | |
443 | program. | |
444 | ||
445 | An exception is made for `print', a standard program on Windows NT, | |
446 | and `nprint', a standard program on Novell Netware. For both of these | |
447 | programs, the command line is constructed in the appropriate syntax | |
448 | automatically, using only the value of printer-name or ps-printer-name | |
449 | as appropriate--the value of the relevant `-switches' variable is | |
450 | ignored, as both programs have no useful switches. | |
451 | ||
452 | ** The value of the variable dos-printer (cf. dos-ps-printer), if it has | |
453 | a value, overrides the value of printer-name (cf. ps-printer-name), on | |
454 | MS-DOS and MS-Windows only. This has been true since version 20.3, but | |
455 | was not documented clearly before. | |
456 | ||
457 | ** All the Emacs games now work on MS-DOS terminals. | |
458 | This includes Tetris and Snake. | |
459 | ||
460 | \f | |
461 | * Lisp changes in Emacs 20.4 | |
462 | ||
463 | ** New functions line-beginning-position and line-end-position | |
464 | return the position of the beginning or end of the current line. | |
465 | They both accept an optional argument, which has the same | |
466 | meaning as the argument to beginning-of-line or end-of-line. | |
467 | ||
468 | ** find-file and allied functions now have an optional argument | |
469 | WILDCARD. If this is non-nil, they do wildcard processing, | |
470 | and visit all files that match the wildcard pattern. | |
471 | ||
472 | ** Changes in the file-attributes function. | |
473 | ||
474 | *** The file size returned by file-attributes may be an integer or a float. | |
475 | It is an integer if the size fits in a Lisp integer, float otherwise. | |
476 | ||
477 | *** The inode number returned by file-attributes may be an integer (if | |
478 | the number fits in a Lisp integer) or a cons cell containing two | |
479 | integers. | |
480 | ||
481 | ** The new function directory-files-and-attributes returns a list of | |
482 | files in a directory and their attributes. It accepts the same | |
483 | arguments as directory-files and has similar semantics, except that | |
484 | file names and attributes are returned. | |
485 | ||
486 | ** The new function file-attributes-lessp is a helper function for | |
487 | sorting the list generated by directory-files-and-attributes. It | |
488 | accepts two arguments, each a list of a file name and its attributes. | |
489 | It compares the file names of each according to string-lessp and | |
490 | returns the result. | |
491 | ||
492 | ** The new function file-expand-wildcards expands a wildcard-pattern | |
493 | to produce a list of existing files that match the pattern. | |
494 | ||
495 | ** New functions for base64 conversion: | |
496 | ||
497 | The function base64-encode-region converts a part of the buffer | |
498 | into the base64 code used in MIME. base64-decode-region | |
499 | performs the opposite conversion. Line-breaking is supported | |
500 | optionally. | |
501 | ||
502 | Functions base64-encode-string and base64-decode-string do a similar | |
503 | job on the text in a string. They return the value as a new string. | |
504 | ||
505 | ** | |
506 | The new function process-running-child-p | |
507 | will tell you if a subprocess has given control of its | |
508 | terminal to its own child process. | |
509 | ||
510 | ** interrupt-process and such functions have a new feature: | |
511 | when the second argument is `lambda', they send a signal | |
512 | to the running child of the subshell, if any, but if the shell | |
513 | itself owns its terminal, no signal is sent. | |
514 | ||
515 | ** There are new widget types `plist' and `alist' which can | |
516 | be used for customizing variables whose values are plists or alists. | |
517 | ||
518 | ** easymenu.el now understands `:key-sequence' and `:style button'. | |
519 | :included is an alias for :visible. | |
520 | ||
521 | easy-menu-add-item now understands the values returned by | |
522 | easy-menu-remove-item and easy-menu-item-present-p. This can be used | |
523 | to move or copy menu entries. | |
524 | ||
525 | ** Multibyte editing changes | |
526 | ||
527 | *** The definitions of sref and char-bytes are changed. Now, sref is | |
528 | an alias of aref and char-bytes always returns 1. This change is to | |
529 | make some Emacs Lisp code which works on 20.2 and earlier also | |
530 | work on the latest Emacs. Such code uses a combination of sref and | |
531 | char-bytes in a loop typically as below: | |
532 | (setq char (sref str idx) | |
533 | idx (+ idx (char-bytes idx))) | |
534 | The byte-compiler now warns that this is obsolete. | |
535 | ||
536 | If you want to know how many bytes a specific multibyte character | |
537 | (say, CH) occupies in a multibyte buffer, use this code: | |
538 | (charset-bytes (char-charset ch)) | |
539 | ||
540 | *** In multibyte mode, when you narrow a buffer to some region, and the | |
541 | region is preceded or followed by non-ASCII codes, inserting or | |
542 | deleting at the head or the end of the region may signal this error: | |
543 | ||
544 | Byte combining across boundary of accessible buffer text inhibited | |
545 | ||
546 | This is to avoid some bytes being combined together into a character | |
547 | across the boundary. | |
548 | ||
549 | *** The functions find-charset-region and find-charset-string include | |
550 | `unknown' in the returned list in the following cases: | |
551 | o The current buffer or the target string is unibyte and | |
552 | contains 8-bit characters. | |
553 | o The current buffer or the target string is multibyte and | |
554 | contains invalid characters. | |
555 | ||
556 | *** The functions decode-coding-region and encode-coding-region remove | |
557 | text properties of the target region. Ideally, they should correctly | |
558 | preserve text properties, but for the moment, it's hard. Removing | |
559 | text properties is better than preserving them in a less-than-correct | |
560 | way. | |
561 | ||
562 | *** prefer-coding-system sets EOL conversion of default coding systems. | |
563 | If the argument to prefer-coding-system specifies a certain type of | |
564 | end of line conversion, the default coding systems set by | |
565 | prefer-coding-system will specify that conversion type for end of line. | |
566 | ||
567 | *** The new function thai-compose-string can be used to properly | |
568 | compose Thai characters in a string. | |
569 | ||
570 | ** The primitive `define-prefix-command' now takes an optional third | |
571 | argument NAME, which should be a string. It supplies the menu name | |
572 | for the created keymap. Keymaps created in order to be displayed as | |
573 | menus should always use the third argument. | |
574 | ||
575 | ** The meanings of optional second arguments for read-char, | |
576 | read-event, and read-char-exclusive are flipped. Now the second | |
577 | arguments are INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD. These functions use the current | |
578 | input method (if any) if and only if INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD is non-nil. | |
579 | ||
580 | ** The new function clear-this-command-keys empties out the contents | |
581 | of the vector that (this-command-keys) returns. This is useful in | |
582 | programs that read passwords, to prevent the passwords from echoing | |
583 | inadvertently as part of the next command in certain cases. | |
584 | ||
585 | ** The new macro `with-temp-message' displays a temporary message in | |
586 | the echo area, while executing some Lisp code. Like `progn', it | |
587 | returns the value of the last form, but it also restores the previous | |
588 | echo area contents. | |
589 | ||
590 | (with-temp-message MESSAGE &rest BODY) | |
591 | ||
592 | ** The function `require' now takes an optional third argument | |
593 | NOERROR. If it is non-nil, then there is no error if the | |
594 | requested feature cannot be loaded. | |
595 | ||
596 | ** In the function modify-face, an argument of (nil) for the | |
597 | foreground color, background color or stipple pattern | |
598 | means to clear out that attribute. | |
599 | ||
600 | ** The `outer-window-id' frame property of an X frame | |
601 | gives the window number of the outermost X window for the frame. | |
602 | ||
603 | ** Temporary buffers made with with-output-to-temp-buffer are now | |
604 | read-only by default, and normally use the major mode Help mode | |
605 | unless you put them in some other non-Fundamental mode before the | |
606 | end of with-output-to-temp-buffer. | |
607 | ||
608 | ** The new functions gap-position and gap-size return information on | |
609 | the gap of the current buffer. | |
610 | ||
611 | ** The new functions position-bytes and byte-to-position provide a way | |
612 | to convert between character positions and byte positions in the | |
613 | current buffer. | |
614 | ||
615 | ** vc.el defines two new macros, `edit-vc-file' and `with-vc-file', to | |
616 | facilitate working with version-controlled files from Lisp programs. | |
617 | These macros check out a given file automatically if needed, and check | |
618 | it back in after any modifications have been made. | |
619 | ||
620 | ||
621 | \f | |
622 | * Installation Changes in Emacs 20.3 | |
623 | ||
624 | ** The default value of load-path now includes most subdirectories of | |
625 | the site-specific directories /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp and | |
626 | /usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp, in addition to those | |
627 | directories themselves. Both immediate subdirectories and | |
628 | subdirectories multiple levels down are added to load-path. | |
629 | ||
630 | Not all subdirectories are included, though. Subdirectories whose | |
631 | names do not start with a letter or digit are excluded. | |
632 | Subdirectories named RCS or CVS are excluded. Also, a subdirectory | |
633 | which contains a file named `.nosearch' is excluded. You can use | |
634 | these methods to prevent certain subdirectories from being searched. | |
635 | ||
636 | Emacs finds these subdirectories and adds them to load-path when it | |
637 | starts up. While it would be cleaner to find the subdirectories each | |
638 | time Emacs loads a file, that would be much slower. | |
639 | ||
640 | This feature is an incompatible change. If you have stored some Emacs | |
641 | Lisp files in a subdirectory of the site-lisp directory specifically | |
642 | to prevent them from being used, you will need to rename the | |
643 | subdirectory to start with a non-alphanumeric character, or create a | |
644 | `.nosearch' file in it, in order to continue to achieve the desired | |
645 | results. | |
646 | ||
647 | ** Emacs no longer includes an old version of the C preprocessor from | |
648 | GCC. This was formerly used to help compile Emacs with C compilers | |
649 | that had limits on the significant length of an identifier, but in | |
650 | fact we stopped supporting such compilers some time ago. | |
651 | ||
652 | \f | |
653 | * Changes in Emacs 20.3 | |
654 | ||
655 | ** The new command C-x z (repeat) repeats the previous command | |
656 | including its argument. If you repeat the z afterward, | |
657 | it repeats the command additional times; thus, you can | |
658 | perform many repetitions with one keystroke per repetition. | |
659 | ||
660 | ** Emacs now supports "selective undo" which undoes only within a | |
661 | specified region. To do this, set point and mark around the desired | |
662 | region and type C-u C-x u (or C-u C-_). You can then continue undoing | |
663 | further, within the same region, by repeating the ordinary undo | |
664 | command C-x u or C-_. This will keep undoing changes that were made | |
665 | within the region you originally specified, until either all of them | |
666 | are undone, or it encounters a change which crosses the edge of that | |
667 | region. | |
668 | ||
669 | In Transient Mark mode, undoing when a region is active requests | |
670 | selective undo. | |
671 | ||
672 | ** If you specify --unibyte when starting Emacs, then all buffers are | |
673 | unibyte, except when a Lisp program specifically creates a multibyte | |
674 | buffer. Setting the environment variable EMACS_UNIBYTE has the same | |
675 | effect. The --no-unibyte option overrides EMACS_UNIBYTE and directs | |
676 | Emacs to run normally in multibyte mode. | |
677 | ||
678 | The option --unibyte does not affect the reading of Emacs Lisp files, | |
679 | though. If you want a Lisp file to be read in unibyte mode, use | |
680 | -*-unibyte: t;-*- on its first line. That will force Emacs to | |
681 | load that file in unibyte mode, regardless of how Emacs was started. | |
682 | ||
683 | ** toggle-enable-multibyte-characters no longer has a key binding and | |
684 | no longer appears in the menu bar. We've realized that changing the | |
685 | enable-multibyte-characters variable in an existing buffer is | |
686 | something that most users not do. | |
687 | ||
688 | ** You can specify a coding system to use for the next cut or paste | |
689 | operations through the window system with the command C-x RET X. | |
690 | The coding system can make a difference for communication with other | |
691 | applications. | |
692 | ||
693 | C-x RET x specifies a coding system for all subsequent cutting and | |
694 | pasting operations. | |
695 | ||
696 | ** You can specify the printer to use for commands that do printing by | |
697 | setting the variable `printer-name'. Just what a printer name looks | |
698 | like depends on your operating system. You can specify a different | |
7877f373 | 699 | printer for the PostScript printing commands by setting |
9a21d88b KS |
700 | `ps-printer-name'. |
701 | ||
702 | ** Emacs now supports on-the-fly spell checking by the means of a | |
703 | minor mode. It is called M-x flyspell-mode. You don't have to remember | |
704 | any other special commands to use it, and you will hardly notice it | |
705 | except when you make a spelling error. Flyspell works by highlighting | |
706 | incorrect words as soon as they are completed or as soon as the cursor | |
707 | hits a new word. | |
708 | ||
709 | Flyspell mode works with whichever dictionary you have selected for | |
710 | Ispell in Emacs. In TeX mode, it understands TeX syntax so as not | |
711 | to be confused by TeX commands. | |
712 | ||
713 | You can correct a misspelled word by editing it into something | |
714 | correct. You can also correct it, or accept it as correct, by | |
715 | clicking on the word with Mouse-2; that gives you a pop-up menu | |
716 | of various alternative replacements and actions. | |
717 | ||
718 | Flyspell mode also proposes "automatic" corrections. M-TAB replaces | |
719 | the current misspelled word with a possible correction. If several | |
720 | corrections are made possible, M-TAB cycles through them in | |
721 | alphabetical order, or in order of decreasing likelihood if | |
722 | flyspell-sort-corrections is nil. | |
723 | ||
724 | Flyspell mode also flags an error when a word is repeated, if | |
725 | flyspell-mark-duplications-flag is non-nil. | |
726 | ||
727 | ** Changes in input method usage. | |
728 | ||
729 | Now you can use arrow keys (right, left, down, up) for selecting among | |
730 | the alternatives just the same way as you do by C-f, C-b, C-n, and C-p | |
731 | respectively. | |
732 | ||
733 | You can use the ENTER key to accept the current conversion. | |
734 | ||
735 | If you type TAB to display a list of alternatives, you can select one | |
736 | of the alternatives with Mouse-2. | |
737 | ||
738 | The meaning of the variable `input-method-verbose-flag' is changed so | |
739 | that you can set it to t, nil, `default', or `complex-only'. | |
740 | ||
741 | If the value is nil, extra guidance is never given. | |
742 | ||
743 | If the value is t, extra guidance is always given. | |
744 | ||
745 | If the value is `complex-only', extra guidance is always given only | |
746 | when you are using complex input methods such as chinese-py. | |
747 | ||
748 | If the value is `default' (this is the default), extra guidance is | |
749 | given in the following case: | |
750 | o When you are using a complex input method. | |
751 | o When you are using a simple input method but not in the minibuffer. | |
752 | ||
753 | If you are using Emacs through a very slow line, setting | |
754 | input-method-verbose-flag to nil or to complex-only is a good choice, | |
755 | and if you are using an input method you are not familiar with, | |
756 | setting it to t is helpful. | |
757 | ||
758 | The old command select-input-method is now called set-input-method. | |
759 | ||
760 | In the language environment "Korean", you can use the following | |
761 | keys: | |
762 | Shift-SPC toggle-korean-input-method | |
763 | C-F9 quail-hangul-switch-symbol-ksc | |
764 | F9 quail-hangul-switch-hanja | |
765 | These key bindings are canceled when you switch to another language | |
766 | environment. | |
767 | ||
768 | ** The minibuffer history of file names now records the specified file | |
769 | names, not the entire minibuffer input. For example, if the | |
770 | minibuffer starts out with /usr/foo/, you might type in /etc/passwd to | |
771 | get | |
772 | ||
773 | /usr/foo//etc/passwd | |
774 | ||
775 | which stands for the file /etc/passwd. | |
776 | ||
777 | Formerly, this used to put /usr/foo//etc/passwd in the history list. | |
778 | Now this puts just /etc/passwd in the history list. | |
779 | ||
780 | ** If you are root, Emacs sets backup-by-copying-when-mismatch to t | |
781 | at startup, so that saving a file will be sure to preserve | |
782 | its owner and group. | |
783 | ||
784 | ** find-func.el can now also find the place of definition of Emacs | |
785 | Lisp variables in user-loaded libraries. | |
786 | ||
787 | ** C-x r t (string-rectangle) now deletes the existing rectangle | |
788 | contents before inserting the specified string on each line. | |
789 | ||
790 | ** There is a new command delete-whitespace-rectangle | |
791 | which deletes whitespace starting from a particular column | |
792 | in all the lines on a rectangle. The column is specified | |
793 | by the left edge of the rectangle. | |
794 | ||
795 | ** You can now store a number into a register with C-u NUMBER C-x r n REG, | |
796 | increment it by INC with C-u INC C-x r + REG (to increment by one, omit | |
797 | C-u INC), and insert it in the buffer with C-x r g REG. This is useful | |
798 | for writing keyboard macros. | |
799 | ||
800 | ** The new command M-x speedbar displays a frame in which directories, | |
801 | files, and tags can be displayed, manipulated, and jumped to. The | |
802 | frame defaults to 20 characters in width, and is the same height as | |
803 | the frame that it was started from. Some major modes define | |
804 | additional commands for the speedbar, including Rmail, GUD/GDB, and | |
805 | info. | |
806 | ||
807 | ** query-replace-regexp is now bound to C-M-%. | |
808 | ||
809 | ** In Transient Mark mode, when the region is active, M-x | |
810 | query-replace and the other replace commands now operate on the region | |
811 | contents only. | |
812 | ||
813 | ** M-x write-region, when used interactively, now asks for | |
814 | confirmation before overwriting an existing file. When you call | |
815 | the function from a Lisp program, a new optional argument CONFIRM | |
816 | says whether to ask for confirmation in this case. | |
817 | ||
818 | ** If you use find-file-literally and the file is already visited | |
819 | non-literally, the command asks you whether to revisit the file | |
820 | literally. If you say no, it signals an error. | |
821 | ||
822 | ** Major modes defined with the "derived mode" feature | |
823 | now use the proper name for the mode hook: WHATEVER-mode-hook. | |
824 | Formerly they used the name WHATEVER-mode-hooks, but that is | |
825 | inconsistent with Emacs conventions. | |
826 | ||
827 | ** shell-command-on-region (and shell-command) reports success or | |
828 | failure if the command produces no output. | |
829 | ||
830 | ** Set focus-follows-mouse to nil if your window system or window | |
831 | manager does not transfer focus to another window when you just move | |
832 | the mouse. | |
833 | ||
834 | ** mouse-menu-buffer-maxlen has been renamed to | |
835 | mouse-buffer-menu-maxlen to be consistent with the other related | |
836 | function and variable names. | |
837 | ||
838 | ** The new variable auto-coding-alist specifies coding systems for | |
839 | reading specific files. This has higher priority than | |
840 | file-coding-system-alist. | |
841 | ||
842 | ** If you set the variable unibyte-display-via-language-environment to | |
843 | t, then Emacs displays non-ASCII characters are displayed by | |
844 | converting them to the equivalent multibyte characters according to | |
845 | the current language environment. As a result, they are displayed | |
846 | according to the current fontset. | |
847 | ||
848 | ** C-q's handling of codes in the range 0200 through 0377 is changed. | |
849 | ||
850 | The codes in the range 0200 through 0237 are inserted as one byte of | |
851 | that code regardless of the values of nonascii-translation-table and | |
852 | nonascii-insert-offset. | |
853 | ||
854 | For the codes in the range 0240 through 0377, if | |
855 | enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil and nonascii-translation-table | |
856 | nor nonascii-insert-offset can't convert them to valid multibyte | |
857 | characters, they are converted to Latin-1 characters. | |
858 | ||
859 | ** If you try to find a file that is not read-accessible, you now get | |
860 | an error, rather than an empty buffer and a warning. | |
861 | ||
862 | ** In the minibuffer history commands M-r and M-s, an upper case | |
863 | letter in the regular expression forces case-sensitive search. | |
864 | ||
865 | ** In the *Help* buffer, cross-references to commands and variables | |
866 | are inferred and hyperlinked. Use C-h m in Help mode for the relevant | |
867 | command keys. | |
868 | ||
869 | ** M-x apropos-command, with a prefix argument, no longer looks for | |
870 | user option variables--instead it looks for noninteractive functions. | |
871 | ||
872 | Meanwhile, the command apropos-variable normally searches for | |
873 | user option variables; with a prefix argument, it looks at | |
874 | all variables that have documentation. | |
875 | ||
876 | ** When you type a long line in the minibuffer, and the minibuffer | |
877 | shows just one line, automatically scrolling works in a special way | |
878 | that shows you overlap with the previous line of text. The variable | |
879 | minibuffer-scroll-overlap controls how many characters of overlap | |
880 | it should show; the default is 20. | |
881 | ||
882 | Meanwhile, Resize Minibuffer mode is still available; in that mode, | |
883 | the minibuffer grows taller (up to a point) as needed to show the whole | |
884 | of your input. | |
885 | ||
886 | ** The new command M-x customize-changed-options lets you customize | |
887 | all the options whose meanings or default values have changed in | |
888 | recent Emacs versions. You specify a previous Emacs version number as | |
889 | argument, and the command creates a customization buffer showing all | |
890 | the customizable options which were changed since that version. | |
891 | Newly added options are included as well. | |
892 | ||
893 | If you don't specify a particular version number argument, | |
894 | then the customization buffer shows all the customizable options | |
895 | for which Emacs versions of changes are recorded. | |
896 | ||
897 | This function is also bound to the Changed Options entry in the | |
898 | Customize menu. | |
899 | ||
900 | ** When you run M-x grep with a prefix argument, it figures out | |
901 | the tag around point and puts that into the default grep command. | |
902 | ||
903 | ** The new command M-* (pop-tag-mark) pops back through a history of | |
904 | buffer positions from which M-. or other tag-finding commands were | |
905 | invoked. | |
906 | ||
907 | ** The new variable comment-padding specifies the number of spaces | |
908 | that `comment-region' will insert before the actual text of the comment. | |
909 | The default is 1. | |
910 | ||
911 | ** In Fortran mode the characters `.', `_' and `$' now have symbol | |
912 | syntax, not word syntax. Fortran mode now supports `imenu' and has | |
913 | new commands fortran-join-line (M-^) and fortran-narrow-to-subprogram | |
914 | (C-x n d). M-q can be used to fill a statement or comment block | |
915 | sensibly. | |
916 | ||
917 | ** GUD now supports jdb, the Java debugger, and pdb, the Python debugger. | |
918 | ||
919 | ** If you set the variable add-log-keep-changes-together to a non-nil | |
920 | value, the command `C-x 4 a' will automatically notice when you make | |
921 | two entries in one day for one file, and combine them. | |
922 | ||
923 | ** You can use the command M-x diary-mail-entries to mail yourself a | |
924 | reminder about upcoming diary entries. See the documentation string | |
925 | for a sample shell script for calling this function automatically | |
926 | every night. | |
927 | ||
928 | ** Desktop changes | |
929 | ||
930 | *** All you need to do to enable use of the Desktop package, is to set | |
931 | the variable desktop-enable to t with Custom. | |
932 | ||
933 | *** Minor modes are now restored. Which minor modes are restored | |
934 | and how modes are restored is controlled by `desktop-minor-mode-table'. | |
935 | ||
936 | ** There is no need to do anything special, now, to enable Gnus to | |
937 | read and post multi-lingual articles. | |
938 | ||
939 | ** Outline mode has now support for showing hidden outlines when | |
940 | doing an isearch. In order for this to happen search-invisible should | |
941 | be set to open (the default). If an isearch match is inside a hidden | |
942 | outline the outline is made visible. If you continue pressing C-s and | |
943 | the match moves outside the formerly invisible outline, the outline is | |
944 | made invisible again. | |
945 | ||
946 | ** Mail reading and sending changes | |
947 | ||
948 | *** The Rmail e command now switches to displaying the whole header of | |
949 | the message before it lets you edit the message. This is so that any | |
950 | changes you make in the header will not be lost if you subsequently | |
951 | toggle. | |
952 | ||
953 | *** The w command in Rmail, which writes the message body into a file, | |
954 | now works in the summary buffer as well. (The command to delete the | |
955 | summary buffer is now Q.) The default file name for the w command, if | |
956 | the message has no subject, is stored in the variable | |
957 | rmail-default-body-file. | |
958 | ||
959 | *** Most of the commands and modes that operate on mail and netnews no | |
960 | longer depend on the value of mail-header-separator. Instead, they | |
961 | handle whatever separator the buffer happens to use. | |
962 | ||
963 | *** If you set mail-signature to a value which is not t, nil, or a string, | |
964 | it should be an expression. When you send a message, this expression | |
965 | is evaluated to insert the signature. | |
966 | ||
967 | *** The new Lisp library feedmail.el (version 8) enhances processing of | |
968 | outbound email messages. It works in coordination with other email | |
969 | handling packages (e.g., rmail, VM, gnus) and is responsible for | |
970 | putting final touches on messages and actually submitting them for | |
971 | transmission. Users of the emacs program "fakemail" might be | |
972 | especially interested in trying feedmail. | |
973 | ||
974 | feedmail is not enabled by default. See comments at the top of | |
975 | feedmail.el for set-up instructions. Among the bigger features | |
976 | provided by feedmail are: | |
977 | ||
978 | **** you can park outgoing messages into a disk-based queue and | |
979 | stimulate sending some or all of them later (handy for laptop users); | |
980 | there is also a queue for draft messages | |
981 | ||
982 | **** you can get one last look at the prepped outbound message and | |
983 | be prompted for confirmation | |
984 | ||
985 | **** does smart filling of address headers | |
986 | ||
987 | **** can generate a MESSAGE-ID: line and a DATE: line; the date can be | |
988 | the time the message was written or the time it is being sent; this | |
989 | can make FCC copies more closely resemble copies that recipients get | |
990 | ||
991 | **** you can specify an arbitrary function for actually transmitting | |
992 | the message; included in feedmail are interfaces for /bin/[r]mail, | |
993 | /usr/lib/sendmail, and Emacs Lisp smtpmail; it's easy to write a new | |
994 | function for something else (10-20 lines of Lisp code). | |
995 | ||
996 | ** Dired changes | |
997 | ||
998 | *** The Dired function dired-do-toggle, which toggles marked and unmarked | |
999 | files, is now bound to "t" instead of "T". | |
1000 | ||
1001 | *** dired-at-point has been added to ffap.el. It allows one to easily | |
1002 | run Dired on the directory name at point. | |
1003 | ||
1004 | *** Dired has a new command: %g. It searches the contents of | |
1005 | files in the directory and marks each file that contains a match | |
1006 | for a specified regexp. | |
1007 | ||
1008 | ** VC Changes | |
1009 | ||
1010 | *** New option vc-ignore-vc-files lets you turn off version control | |
1011 | conveniently. | |
1012 | ||
1013 | *** VC Dired has been completely rewritten. It is now much | |
1014 | faster, especially for CVS, and works very similar to ordinary | |
1015 | Dired. | |
1016 | ||
1017 | VC Dired is invoked by typing C-x v d and entering the name of the | |
1018 | directory to display. By default, VC Dired gives you a recursive | |
1019 | listing of all files at or below the given directory which are | |
1020 | currently locked (for CVS, all files not up-to-date are shown). | |
1021 | ||
1022 | You can change the listing format by setting vc-dired-recurse to nil, | |
1023 | then it shows only the given directory, and you may also set | |
1024 | vc-dired-terse-display to nil, then it shows all files under version | |
1025 | control plus the names of any subdirectories, so that you can type `i' | |
1026 | on such lines to insert them manually, as in ordinary Dired. | |
1027 | ||
1028 | All Dired commands operate normally in VC Dired, except for `v', which | |
1029 | is redefined as the version control prefix. That means you may type | |
1030 | `v l', `v =' etc. to invoke `vc-print-log', `vc-diff' and the like on | |
1031 | the file named in the current Dired buffer line. `v v' invokes | |
1032 | `vc-next-action' on this file, or on all files currently marked. | |
1033 | ||
1034 | The new command `v t' (vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode) allows you to | |
1035 | toggle between terse display (only locked files) and full display (all | |
1036 | VC files plus subdirectories). There is also a special command, | |
1037 | `* l', to mark all files currently locked. | |
1038 | ||
1039 | Giving a prefix argument to C-x v d now does the same thing as in | |
1040 | ordinary Dired: it allows you to supply additional options for the ls | |
1041 | command in the minibuffer, to fine-tune VC Dired's output. | |
1042 | ||
1043 | *** Under CVS, if you merge changes from the repository into a working | |
1044 | file, and CVS detects conflicts, VC now offers to start an ediff | |
1045 | session to resolve them. | |
1046 | ||
1047 | Alternatively, you can use the new command `vc-resolve-conflicts' to | |
1048 | resolve conflicts in a file at any time. It works in any buffer that | |
1049 | contains conflict markers as generated by rcsmerge (which is what CVS | |
1050 | uses as well). | |
1051 | ||
1052 | *** You can now transfer changes between branches, using the new | |
1053 | command vc-merge (C-x v m). It is implemented for RCS and CVS. When | |
1054 | you invoke it in a buffer under version-control, you can specify | |
1055 | either an entire branch or a pair of versions, and the changes on that | |
1056 | branch or between the two versions are merged into the working file. | |
1057 | If this results in any conflicts, they may be resolved interactively, | |
1058 | using ediff. | |
1059 | ||
1060 | ** Changes in Font Lock | |
1061 | ||
1062 | *** The face and variable previously known as font-lock-reference-face | |
1063 | are now called font-lock-constant-face to better reflect their typical | |
1064 | use for highlighting constants and labels. (Its face properties are | |
1065 | unchanged.) The variable font-lock-reference-face remains for now for | |
1066 | compatibility reasons, but its value is font-lock-constant-face. | |
1067 | ||
1068 | ** Frame name display changes | |
1069 | ||
1070 | *** The command set-frame-name lets you set the name of the current | |
1071 | frame. You can use the new command select-frame-by-name to select and | |
1072 | raise a frame; this is mostly useful on character-only terminals, or | |
1073 | when many frames are invisible or iconified. | |
1074 | ||
1075 | *** On character-only terminal (not a window system), changing the | |
1076 | frame name is now reflected on the mode line and in the Buffers/Frames | |
1077 | menu. | |
1078 | ||
1079 | ** Comint (subshell) changes | |
1080 | ||
1081 | *** In Comint modes, the commands to kill, stop or interrupt a | |
1082 | subjob now also kill pending input. This is for compatibility | |
1083 | with ordinary shells, where the signal characters do this. | |
1084 | ||
1085 | *** There are new commands in Comint mode. | |
1086 | ||
1087 | C-c C-x fetches the "next" line from the input history; | |
1088 | that is, the line after the last line you got. | |
1089 | You can use this command to fetch successive lines, one by one. | |
1090 | ||
1091 | C-c SPC accumulates lines of input. More precisely, it arranges to | |
1092 | send the current line together with the following line, when you send | |
1093 | the following line. | |
1094 | ||
1095 | C-c C-a if repeated twice consecutively now moves to the process mark, | |
1096 | which separates the pending input from the subprocess output and the | |
1097 | previously sent input. | |
1098 | ||
1099 | C-c M-r now runs comint-previous-matching-input-from-input; | |
1100 | it searches for a previous command, using the current pending input | |
1101 | as the search string. | |
1102 | ||
1103 | *** New option compilation-scroll-output can be set to scroll | |
1104 | automatically in compilation-mode windows. | |
1105 | ||
1106 | ** C mode changes | |
1107 | ||
1108 | *** Multiline macros are now handled, both as they affect indentation, | |
1109 | and as recognized syntax. New syntactic symbol cpp-macro-cont is | |
1110 | assigned to second and subsequent lines of a multiline macro | |
1111 | definition. | |
1112 | ||
1113 | *** A new style "user" which captures all non-hook-ified | |
1114 | (i.e. top-level) .emacs file variable settings and customizations. | |
1115 | Style "cc-mode" is an alias for "user" and is deprecated. "gnu" | |
1116 | style is still the default however. | |
1117 | ||
1118 | *** "java" style now conforms to Sun's JDK coding style. | |
1119 | ||
1120 | *** There are new commands c-beginning-of-defun, c-end-of-defun which | |
1121 | are alternatives which you could bind to C-M-a and C-M-e if you prefer | |
1122 | them. They do not have key bindings by default. | |
1123 | ||
1124 | *** New and improved implementations of M-a (c-beginning-of-statement) | |
1125 | and M-e (c-end-of-statement). | |
1126 | ||
1127 | *** C++ namespace blocks are supported, with new syntactic symbols | |
1128 | namespace-open, namespace-close, and innamespace. | |
1129 | ||
1130 | *** File local variable settings of c-file-style and c-file-offsets | |
1131 | makes the style variables local to that buffer only. | |
1132 | ||
1133 | *** New indentation functions c-lineup-close-paren, | |
1134 | c-indent-one-line-block, c-lineup-dont-change. | |
1135 | ||
1136 | *** Improvements (hopefully!) to the way CC Mode is loaded. You | |
1137 | should now be able to do a (require 'cc-mode) to get the entire | |
1138 | package loaded properly for customization in your .emacs file. A new | |
1139 | variable c-initialize-on-load controls this and is t by default. | |
1140 | ||
1141 | ** Changes to hippie-expand. | |
1142 | ||
1143 | *** New customization variable `hippie-expand-dabbrev-skip-space'. If | |
1144 | non-nil, trailing spaces may be included in the abbreviation to search for, | |
1145 | which then gives the same behavior as the original `dabbrev-expand'. | |
1146 | ||
1147 | *** New customization variable `hippie-expand-dabbrev-as-symbol'. If | |
1148 | non-nil, characters of syntax '_' is considered part of the word when | |
1149 | expanding dynamically. | |
1150 | ||
1151 | *** New customization variable `hippie-expand-no-restriction'. If | |
1152 | non-nil, narrowed buffers are widened before they are searched. | |
1153 | ||
1154 | *** New customization variable `hippie-expand-only-buffers'. If | |
1155 | non-empty, buffers searched are restricted to the types specified in | |
1156 | this list. Useful for example when constructing new special-purpose | |
1157 | expansion functions with `make-hippie-expand-function'. | |
1158 | ||
1159 | *** Text properties of the expansion are no longer copied. | |
1160 | ||
1161 | ** Changes in BibTeX mode. | |
1162 | ||
1163 | *** Any titleword matching a regexp in the new variable | |
1164 | bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore (case sensitive) is ignored during | |
1165 | automatic key generation. This replaces variable | |
1166 | bibtex-autokey-titleword-first-ignore, which only checked for matches | |
1167 | against the first word in the title. | |
1168 | ||
1169 | *** Autokey generation now uses all words from the title, not just | |
1170 | capitalized words. To avoid conflicts with existing customizations, | |
1171 | bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore is set up such that words starting with | |
1172 | lowerkey characters will still be ignored. Thus, if you want to use | |
1173 | lowercase words from the title, you will have to overwrite the | |
1174 | bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore standard setting. | |
1175 | ||
1176 | *** Case conversion of names and title words for automatic key | |
1177 | generation is more flexible. Variable bibtex-autokey-preserve-case is | |
1178 | replaced by bibtex-autokey-titleword-case-convert and | |
1179 | bibtex-autokey-name-case-convert. | |
1180 | ||
1181 | ** Changes in vcursor.el. | |
1182 | ||
1183 | *** Support for character terminals is available: there is a new keymap | |
1184 | and the vcursor will appear as an arrow between buffer text. A | |
1185 | variable `vcursor-interpret-input' allows input from the vcursor to be | |
1186 | entered exactly as if typed. Numerous functions, including | |
1187 | `vcursor-compare-windows', have been rewritten to improve consistency | |
1188 | in the selection of windows and corresponding keymaps. | |
1189 | ||
1190 | *** vcursor options can now be altered with M-x customize under the | |
1191 | Editing group once the package is loaded. | |
1192 | ||
1193 | *** Loading vcursor now does not define keys by default, as this is | |
1194 | generally a bad side effect. Use M-x customize to set | |
1195 | vcursor-key-bindings to t to restore the old behavior. | |
1196 | ||
1197 | *** vcursor-auto-disable can be `copy', which turns off copying from the | |
1198 | vcursor, but doesn't disable it, after any non-vcursor command. | |
1199 | ||
1200 | ** Ispell changes. | |
1201 | ||
1202 | *** You can now spell check comments and strings in the current | |
1203 | buffer with M-x ispell-comments-and-strings. Comments and strings | |
1204 | are identified by syntax tables in effect. | |
1205 | ||
1206 | *** Generic region skipping implemented. | |
1207 | A single buffer can be broken into a number of regions where text will | |
1208 | and will not be checked. The definitions of the regions can be user | |
1209 | defined. New applications and improvements made available by this | |
1210 | include: | |
1211 | ||
1212 | o URLs are automatically skipped | |
1213 | o EMail message checking is vastly improved. | |
1214 | ||
1215 | *** Ispell can highlight the erroneous word even on non-window terminals. | |
1216 | ||
1217 | ** Changes to RefTeX mode | |
1218 | ||
1219 | RefTeX has been updated in order to make it more usable with very | |
1220 | large projects (like a several volume math book). The parser has been | |
1221 | re-written from scratch. To get maximum speed from RefTeX, check the | |
1222 | section `Optimizations' in the manual. | |
1223 | ||
1224 | *** New recursive parser. | |
1225 | ||
1226 | The old version of RefTeX created a single large buffer containing the | |
1227 | entire multifile document in order to parse the document. The new | |
1228 | recursive parser scans the individual files. | |
1229 | ||
1230 | *** Parsing only part of a document. | |
1231 | ||
1232 | Reparsing of changed document parts can now be made faster by enabling | |
1233 | partial scans. To use this feature, read the documentation string of | |
1234 | the variable `reftex-enable-partial-scans' and set the variable to t. | |
1235 | ||
1236 | (setq reftex-enable-partial-scans t) | |
1237 | ||
1238 | *** Storing parsing information in a file. | |
1239 | ||
1240 | This can improve startup times considerably. To turn it on, use | |
1241 | ||
1242 | (setq reftex-save-parse-info t) | |
1243 | ||
1244 | *** Using multiple selection buffers | |
1245 | ||
1246 | If the creation of label selection buffers is too slow (this happens | |
1247 | for large documents), you can reuse these buffers by setting | |
1248 | ||
1249 | (setq reftex-use-multiple-selection-buffers t) | |
1250 | ||
1251 | *** References to external documents. | |
1252 | ||
1253 | The LaTeX package `xr' allows to cross-reference labels in external | |
1254 | documents. RefTeX can provide information about the external | |
1255 | documents as well. To use this feature, set up the \externaldocument | |
1256 | macros required by the `xr' package and rescan the document with | |
1257 | RefTeX. The external labels can then be accessed with the `x' key in | |
1258 | the selection buffer provided by `reftex-reference' (bound to `C-c )'). | |
1259 | The `x' key also works in the table of contents buffer. | |
1260 | ||
1261 | *** Many more labeled LaTeX environments are recognized by default. | |
1262 | ||
1263 | The built-in command list now covers all the standard LaTeX commands, | |
1264 | and all of the major packages included in the LaTeX distribution. | |
1265 | ||
1266 | Also, RefTeX now understands the \appendix macro and changes | |
1267 | the enumeration of sections in the *toc* buffer accordingly. | |
1268 | ||
1269 | *** Mouse support for selection and *toc* buffers | |
1270 | ||
1271 | The mouse can now be used to select items in the selection and *toc* | |
1272 | buffers. See also the new option `reftex-highlight-selection'. | |
1273 | ||
1274 | *** New keymaps for selection and table of contents modes. | |
1275 | ||
1276 | The selection processes for labels and citation keys, and the table of | |
1277 | contents buffer now have their own keymaps: `reftex-select-label-map', | |
1278 | `reftex-select-bib-map', `reftex-toc-map'. The selection processes | |
1279 | have a number of new keys predefined. In particular, TAB lets you | |
1280 | enter a label with completion. Check the on-the-fly help (press `?' | |
1281 | at the selection prompt) or read the Info documentation to find out | |
1282 | more. | |
1283 | ||
1284 | *** Support for the varioref package | |
1285 | ||
1286 | The `v' key in the label selection buffer toggles \ref versus \vref. | |
1287 | ||
1288 | *** New hooks | |
1289 | ||
1290 | Three new hooks can be used to redefine the way labels, references, | |
1291 | and citations are created. These hooks are | |
1292 | `reftex-format-label-function', `reftex-format-ref-function', | |
1293 | `reftex-format-cite-function'. | |
1294 | ||
1295 | *** Citations outside LaTeX | |
1296 | ||
1297 | The command `reftex-citation' may also be used outside LaTeX (e.g. in | |
1298 | a mail buffer). See the Info documentation for details. | |
1299 | ||
1300 | *** Short context is no longer fontified. | |
1301 | ||
1302 | The short context in the label menu no longer copies the | |
1303 | fontification from the text in the buffer. If you prefer it to be | |
1304 | fontified, use | |
1305 | ||
1306 | (setq reftex-refontify-context t) | |
1307 | ||
1308 | ** file-cache-minibuffer-complete now accepts a prefix argument. | |
1309 | With a prefix argument, it does not try to do completion of | |
1310 | the file name within its directory; it only checks for other | |
1311 | directories that contain the same file name. | |
1312 | ||
1313 | Thus, given the file name Makefile, and assuming that a file | |
1314 | Makefile.in exists in the same directory, ordinary | |
1315 | file-cache-minibuffer-complete will try to complete Makefile to | |
1316 | Makefile.in and will therefore never look for other directories that | |
1317 | have Makefile. A prefix argument tells it not to look for longer | |
1318 | names such as Makefile.in, so that instead it will look for other | |
1319 | directories--just as if the name were already complete in its present | |
1320 | directory. | |
1321 | ||
1322 | ** New modes and packages | |
1323 | ||
1324 | *** There is a new alternative major mode for Perl, Cperl mode. | |
1325 | It has many more features than Perl mode, and some people prefer | |
1326 | it, but some do not. | |
1327 | ||
1328 | *** There is a new major mode, M-x vhdl-mode, for editing files of VHDL | |
1329 | code. | |
1330 | ||
1331 | *** M-x which-function-mode enables a minor mode that displays the | |
1332 | current function name continuously in the mode line, as you move | |
1333 | around in a buffer. | |
1334 | ||
1335 | Which Function mode is effective in major modes which support Imenu. | |
1336 | ||
1337 | *** Gametree is a major mode for editing game analysis trees. The author | |
1338 | uses it for keeping notes about his postal Chess games, but it should | |
1339 | be helpful for other two-player games as well, as long as they have an | |
1340 | established system of notation similar to Chess. | |
1341 | ||
1342 | *** The new minor mode checkdoc-minor-mode provides Emacs Lisp | |
1343 | documentation string checking for style and spelling. The style | |
1344 | guidelines are found in the Emacs Lisp programming manual. | |
1345 | ||
1346 | *** The net-utils package makes some common networking features | |
1347 | available in Emacs. Some of these functions are wrappers around | |
1348 | system utilities (ping, nslookup, etc.); others are implementations of | |
1349 | simple protocols (finger, whois) in Emacs Lisp. There are also | |
1350 | functions to make simple connections to TCP/IP ports for debugging and | |
1351 | the like. | |
1352 | ||
1353 | *** highlight-changes-mode is a minor mode that uses colors to | |
1354 | identify recently changed parts of the buffer text. | |
1355 | ||
1356 | *** The new package `midnight' lets you specify things to be done | |
1357 | within Emacs at midnight--by default, kill buffers that you have not | |
1358 | used in a considerable time. To use this feature, customize | |
1359 | the user option `midnight-mode' to t. | |
1360 | ||
1361 | *** The file generic-x.el defines a number of simple major modes. | |
1362 | ||
1363 | apache-generic-mode: For Apache and NCSA httpd configuration files | |
1364 | samba-generic-mode: Samba configuration files | |
1365 | fvwm-generic-mode: For fvwm initialization files | |
1366 | x-resource-generic-mode: For X resource files | |
1367 | hosts-generic-mode: For hosts files (.rhosts, /etc/hosts, etc.) | |
1368 | mailagent-rules-generic-mode: For mailagent .rules files | |
1369 | javascript-generic-mode: For JavaScript files | |
1370 | vrml-generic-mode: For VRML files | |
1371 | java-manifest-generic-mode: For Java MANIFEST files | |
1372 | java-properties-generic-mode: For Java property files | |
1373 | mailrc-generic-mode: For .mailrc files | |
1374 | ||
1375 | Platform-specific modes: | |
1376 | ||
1377 | prototype-generic-mode: For Solaris/Sys V prototype files | |
1378 | pkginfo-generic-mode: For Solaris/Sys V pkginfo files | |
1379 | alias-generic-mode: For C shell alias files | |
1380 | inf-generic-mode: For MS-Windows INF files | |
1381 | ini-generic-mode: For MS-Windows INI files | |
1382 | reg-generic-mode: For MS-Windows Registry files | |
1383 | bat-generic-mode: For MS-Windows BAT scripts | |
1384 | rc-generic-mode: For MS-Windows Resource files | |
1385 | rul-generic-mode: For InstallShield scripts | |
1386 | ||
1387 | \f | |
1388 | * Lisp changes in Emacs 20.3 since the Emacs Lisp Manual was published | |
1389 | ||
1390 | ** If you want a Lisp file to be read in unibyte mode, | |
1391 | use -*-unibyte: t;-*- on its first line. | |
1392 | That will force Emacs to read that file in unibyte mode. | |
1393 | Otherwise, the file will be loaded and byte-compiled in multibyte mode. | |
1394 | ||
1395 | Thus, each lisp file is read in a consistent way regardless of whether | |
1396 | you started Emacs with --unibyte, so that a Lisp program gives | |
1397 | consistent results regardless of how Emacs was started. | |
1398 | ||
1399 | ** The new function assoc-default is useful for searching an alist, | |
1400 | and using a default value if the key is not found there. You can | |
1401 | specify a comparison predicate, so this function is useful for | |
1402 | searching comparing a string against an alist of regular expressions. | |
1403 | ||
1404 | ** The functions unibyte-char-to-multibyte and | |
1405 | multibyte-char-to-unibyte convert between unibyte and multibyte | |
1406 | character codes, in a way that is appropriate for the current language | |
1407 | environment. | |
1408 | ||
1409 | ** The functions read-event, read-char and read-char-exclusive now | |
1410 | take two optional arguments. PROMPT, if non-nil, specifies a prompt | |
1411 | string. SUPPRESS-INPUT-METHOD, if non-nil, says to disable the | |
1412 | current input method for reading this one event. | |
1413 | ||
1414 | ** Two new variables print-escape-nonascii and print-escape-multibyte | |
1415 | now control whether to output certain characters as | |
1416 | backslash-sequences. print-escape-nonascii applies to single-byte | |
1417 | non-ASCII characters; print-escape-multibyte applies to multibyte | |
1418 | characters. Both of these variables are used only when printing | |
1419 | in readable fashion (prin1 uses them, princ does not). | |
1420 | ||
1421 | \f | |
1422 | * Lisp changes in Emacs 20.3 before the Emacs Lisp Manual was published | |
1423 | ||
1424 | ** Compiled Emacs Lisp files made with the modified "MBSK" version | |
1425 | of Emacs 20.2 do not work in Emacs 20.3. | |
1426 | ||
1427 | ** Buffer positions are now measured in characters, as they were | |
1428 | in Emacs 19 and before. This means that (forward-char 1) | |
1429 | always increases point by 1. | |
1430 | ||
1431 | The function chars-in-region now just subtracts its arguments. It is | |
1432 | considered obsolete. The function char-boundary-p has been deleted. | |
1433 | ||
1434 | See below for additional changes relating to multibyte characters. | |
1435 | ||
1436 | ** defcustom, defface and defgroup now accept the keyword `:version'. | |
1437 | Use this to specify in which version of Emacs a certain variable's | |
1438 | default value changed. For example, | |
1439 | ||
1440 | (defcustom foo-max 34 "*Maximum number of foo's allowed." | |
1441 | :type 'integer | |
1442 | :group 'foo | |
1443 | :version "20.3") | |
1444 | ||
1445 | (defgroup foo-group nil "The foo group." | |
1446 | :version "20.3") | |
1447 | ||
1448 | If an entire new group is added or the variables in it have the | |
1449 | default values changed, then just add a `:version' to that group. It | |
1450 | is recommended that new packages added to the distribution contain a | |
1451 | `:version' in the top level group. | |
1452 | ||
1453 | This information is used to control the customize-changed-options command. | |
1454 | ||
1455 | ** It is now an error to change the value of a symbol whose name | |
1456 | starts with a colon--if it is interned in the standard obarray. | |
1457 | ||
1458 | However, setting such a symbol to its proper value, which is that | |
1459 | symbol itself, is not an error. This is for the sake of programs that | |
1460 | support previous Emacs versions by explicitly setting these variables | |
1461 | to themselves. | |
1462 | ||
1463 | If you set the variable keyword-symbols-constant-flag to nil, | |
1464 | this error is suppressed, and you can set these symbols to any | |
1465 | values whatever. | |
1466 | ||
1467 | ** There is a new debugger command, R. | |
1468 | It evaluates an expression like e, but saves the result | |
1469 | in the buffer *Debugger-record*. | |
1470 | ||
1471 | ** Frame-local variables. | |
1472 | ||
1473 | You can now make a variable local to various frames. To do this, call | |
1474 | the function make-variable-frame-local; this enables frames to have | |
1475 | local bindings for that variable. | |
1476 | ||
1477 | These frame-local bindings are actually frame parameters: you create a | |
1478 | frame-local binding in a specific frame by calling | |
1479 | modify-frame-parameters and specifying the variable name as the | |
1480 | parameter name. | |
1481 | ||
1482 | Buffer-local bindings take precedence over frame-local bindings. | |
1483 | Thus, if the current buffer has a buffer-local binding, that binding is | |
1484 | active; otherwise, if the selected frame has a frame-local binding, | |
1485 | that binding is active; otherwise, the default binding is active. | |
1486 | ||
1487 | It would not be hard to implement window-local bindings, but it is not | |
1488 | clear that this would be very useful; windows tend to come and go in a | |
1489 | very transitory fashion, so that trying to produce any specific effect | |
1490 | through a window-local binding would not be very robust. | |
1491 | ||
1492 | ** `sregexq' and `sregex' are two new functions for constructing | |
1493 | "symbolic regular expressions." These are Lisp expressions that, when | |
1494 | evaluated, yield conventional string-based regexps. The symbolic form | |
1495 | makes it easier to construct, read, and maintain complex patterns. | |
1496 | See the documentation in sregex.el. | |
1497 | ||
1498 | ** parse-partial-sexp's return value has an additional element which | |
1499 | is used to pass information along if you pass it to another call to | |
1500 | parse-partial-sexp, starting its scan where the first call ended. | |
1501 | The contents of this field are not yet finalized. | |
1502 | ||
1503 | ** eval-region now accepts a fourth optional argument READ-FUNCTION. | |
1504 | If it is non-nil, that function is used instead of `read'. | |
1505 | ||
1506 | ** unload-feature by default removes the feature's functions from | |
1507 | known hooks to avoid trouble, but a package providing FEATURE can | |
1508 | define a hook FEATURE-unload-hook to be run by unload-feature instead. | |
1509 | ||
1510 | ** read-from-minibuffer no longer returns the argument DEFAULT-VALUE | |
1511 | when the user enters empty input. It now returns the null string, as | |
1512 | it did in Emacs 19. The default value is made available in the | |
1513 | history via M-n, but it is not applied here as a default. | |
1514 | ||
1515 | The other, more specialized minibuffer-reading functions continue to | |
1516 | return the default value (not the null string) when the user enters | |
1517 | empty input. | |
1518 | ||
1519 | ** The new variable read-buffer-function controls which routine to use | |
1520 | for selecting buffers. For example, if you set this variable to | |
1521 | `iswitchb-read-buffer', iswitchb will be used to read buffer names. | |
1522 | Other functions can also be used if they accept the same arguments as | |
1523 | `read-buffer' and return the selected buffer name as a string. | |
1524 | ||
1525 | ** The new function read-passwd reads a password from the terminal, | |
1526 | echoing a period for each character typed. It takes three arguments: | |
1527 | a prompt string, a flag which says "read it twice to make sure", and a | |
1528 | default password to use if the user enters nothing. | |
1529 | ||
1530 | ** The variable fill-nobreak-predicate gives major modes a way to | |
1531 | specify not to break a line at certain places. Its value is a | |
1532 | function which is called with no arguments, with point located at the | |
1533 | place where a break is being considered. If the function returns | |
1534 | non-nil, then the line won't be broken there. | |
1535 | ||
1536 | ** window-end now takes an optional second argument, UPDATE. | |
1537 | If this is non-nil, then the function always returns an accurate | |
1538 | up-to-date value for the buffer position corresponding to the | |
1539 | end of the window, even if this requires computation. | |
1540 | ||
1541 | ** other-buffer now takes an optional argument FRAME | |
1542 | which specifies which frame's buffer list to use. | |
1543 | If it is nil, that means use the selected frame's buffer list. | |
1544 | ||
1545 | ** The new variable buffer-display-time, always local in every buffer, | |
1546 | holds the value of (current-time) as of the last time that a window | |
1547 | was directed to display this buffer. | |
1548 | ||
1549 | ** It is now meaningful to compare two window-configuration objects | |
1550 | with `equal'. Two window-configuration objects are equal if they | |
1551 | describe equivalent arrangements of windows, in the same frame--in | |
1552 | other words, if they would give the same results if passed to | |
1553 | set-window-configuration. | |
1554 | ||
1555 | ** compare-window-configurations is a new function that compares two | |
1556 | window configurations loosely. It ignores differences in saved buffer | |
1557 | positions and scrolling, and considers only the structure and sizes of | |
1558 | windows and the choice of buffers to display. | |
1559 | ||
1560 | ** The variable minor-mode-overriding-map-alist allows major modes to | |
1561 | override the key bindings of a minor mode. The elements of this alist | |
1562 | look like the elements of minor-mode-map-alist: (VARIABLE . KEYMAP). | |
1563 | ||
1564 | If the VARIABLE in an element of minor-mode-overriding-map-alist has a | |
1565 | non-nil value, the paired KEYMAP is active, and totally overrides the | |
1566 | map (if any) specified for the same variable in minor-mode-map-alist. | |
1567 | ||
1568 | minor-mode-overriding-map-alist is automatically local in all buffers, | |
1569 | and it is meant to be set by major modes. | |
1570 | ||
1571 | ** The function match-string-no-properties is like match-string | |
1572 | except that it discards all text properties from the result. | |
1573 | ||
1574 | ** The function load-average now accepts an optional argument | |
1575 | USE-FLOATS. If it is non-nil, the load average values are returned as | |
1576 | floating point numbers, rather than as integers to be divided by 100. | |
1577 | ||
1578 | ** The new variable temporary-file-directory specifies the directory | |
1579 | to use for creating temporary files. The default value is determined | |
1580 | in a reasonable way for your operating system; on GNU and Unix systems | |
1581 | it is based on the TMP and TMPDIR environment variables. | |
1582 | ||
1583 | ** Menu changes | |
1584 | ||
1585 | *** easymenu.el now uses the new menu item format and supports the | |
1586 | keywords :visible and :filter. The existing keyword :keys is now | |
1587 | better supported. | |
1588 | ||
1589 | The variable `easy-menu-precalculate-equivalent-keybindings' controls | |
1590 | a new feature which calculates keyboard equivalents for the menu when | |
1591 | you define the menu. The default is t. If you rarely use menus, you | |
1592 | can set the variable to nil to disable this precalculation feature; | |
1593 | then the calculation is done only if you use the menu bar. | |
1594 | ||
1595 | *** A new format for menu items is supported. | |
1596 | ||
1597 | In a keymap, a key binding that has the format | |
1598 | (STRING . REAL-BINDING) or (STRING HELP-STRING . REAL-BINDING) | |
1599 | defines a menu item. Now a menu item definition may also be a list that | |
1600 | starts with the symbol `menu-item'. | |
1601 | ||
1602 | The format is: | |
1603 | (menu-item ITEM-NAME) or | |
1604 | (menu-item ITEM-NAME REAL-BINDING . ITEM-PROPERTY-LIST) | |
1605 | where ITEM-NAME is an expression which evaluates to the menu item | |
1606 | string, and ITEM-PROPERTY-LIST has the form of a property list. | |
1607 | The supported properties include | |
1608 | ||
1609 | :enable FORM Evaluate FORM to determine whether the | |
1610 | item is enabled. | |
1611 | :visible FORM Evaluate FORM to determine whether the | |
1612 | item should appear in the menu. | |
1613 | :filter FILTER-FN | |
1614 | FILTER-FN is a function of one argument, | |
1615 | which will be REAL-BINDING. | |
1616 | It should return a binding to use instead. | |
1617 | :keys DESCRIPTION | |
1618 | DESCRIPTION is a string that describes an equivalent keyboard | |
1619 | binding for REAL-BINDING. DESCRIPTION is expanded with | |
1620 | `substitute-command-keys' before it is used. | |
1621 | :key-sequence KEY-SEQUENCE | |
1622 | KEY-SEQUENCE is a key-sequence for an equivalent | |
1623 | keyboard binding. | |
1624 | :key-sequence nil | |
1625 | This means that the command normally has no | |
1626 | keyboard equivalent. | |
1627 | :help HELP HELP is the extra help string (not currently used). | |
1628 | :button (TYPE . SELECTED) | |
1629 | TYPE is :toggle or :radio. | |
1630 | SELECTED is a form, to be evaluated, and its | |
1631 | value says whether this button is currently selected. | |
1632 | ||
1633 | Buttons are at the moment only simulated by prefixes in the menu. | |
1634 | Eventually ordinary X-buttons may be supported. | |
1635 | ||
1636 | (menu-item ITEM-NAME) defines unselectable item. | |
1637 | ||
1638 | ** New event types | |
1639 | ||
1640 | *** The new event type `mouse-wheel' is generated by a wheel on a | |
1641 | mouse (such as the MS Intellimouse). The event contains a delta that | |
1642 | corresponds to the amount and direction that the wheel is rotated, | |
1643 | which is typically used to implement a scroll or zoom. The format is: | |
1644 | ||
1645 | (mouse-wheel POSITION DELTA) | |
1646 | ||
1647 | where POSITION is a list describing the position of the event in the | |
1648 | same format as a mouse-click event, and DELTA is a signed number | |
1649 | indicating the number of increments by which the wheel was rotated. A | |
1650 | negative DELTA indicates that the wheel was rotated backwards, towards | |
1651 | the user, and a positive DELTA indicates that the wheel was rotated | |
1652 | forward, away from the user. | |
1653 | ||
1654 | As of now, this event type is generated only on MS Windows. | |
1655 | ||
1656 | *** The new event type `drag-n-drop' is generated when a group of | |
1657 | files is selected in an application outside of Emacs, and then dragged | |
1658 | and dropped onto an Emacs frame. The event contains a list of | |
1659 | filenames that were dragged and dropped, which are then typically | |
1660 | loaded into Emacs. The format is: | |
1661 | ||
1662 | (drag-n-drop POSITION FILES) | |
1663 | ||
1664 | where POSITION is a list describing the position of the event in the | |
1665 | same format as a mouse-click event, and FILES is the list of filenames | |
1666 | that were dragged and dropped. | |
1667 | ||
1668 | As of now, this event type is generated only on MS Windows. | |
1669 | ||
1670 | ** Changes relating to multibyte characters. | |
1671 | ||
1672 | *** The variable enable-multibyte-characters is now read-only; | |
1673 | any attempt to set it directly signals an error. The only way | |
1674 | to change this value in an existing buffer is with set-buffer-multibyte. | |
1675 | ||
1676 | *** In a string constant, `\ ' now stands for "nothing at all". You | |
1677 | can use it to terminate a hex escape which is followed by a character | |
1678 | that could otherwise be read as part of the hex escape. | |
1679 | ||
1680 | *** String indices are now measured in characters, as they were | |
1681 | in Emacs 19 and before. | |
1682 | ||
1683 | The function chars-in-string has been deleted. | |
1684 | The function concat-chars has been renamed to `string'. | |
1685 | ||
1686 | *** The function set-buffer-multibyte sets the flag in the current | |
1687 | buffer that says whether the buffer uses multibyte representation or | |
1688 | unibyte representation. If the argument is nil, it selects unibyte | |
1689 | representation. Otherwise it selects multibyte representation. | |
1690 | ||
1691 | This function does not change the contents of the buffer, viewed | |
1692 | as a sequence of bytes. However, it does change the contents | |
1693 | viewed as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as | |
1694 | one character when the buffer uses multibyte representation | |
1695 | will count as two characters using unibyte representation. | |
1696 | ||
1697 | This function sets enable-multibyte-characters to record which | |
1698 | representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer | |
1699 | (including its markers, overlays and text properties) so that they are | |
1700 | consistent with the new representation. | |
1701 | ||
1702 | *** string-make-multibyte takes a string and converts it to multibyte | |
1703 | representation. Most of the time, you don't need to care | |
1704 | about the representation, because Emacs converts when necessary; | |
1705 | however, it makes a difference when you compare strings. | |
1706 | ||
1707 | The conversion of non-ASCII characters works by adding the value of | |
1708 | nonascii-insert-offset to each character, or by translating them | |
1709 | using the table nonascii-translation-table. | |
1710 | ||
1711 | *** string-make-unibyte takes a string and converts it to unibyte | |
1712 | representation. Most of the time, you don't need to care about the | |
1713 | representation, but it makes a difference when you compare strings. | |
1714 | ||
1715 | The conversion from multibyte to unibyte representation | |
1716 | loses information; the only time Emacs performs it automatically | |
1717 | is when inserting a multibyte string into a unibyte buffer. | |
1718 | ||
1719 | *** string-as-multibyte takes a string, and returns another string | |
1720 | which contains the same bytes, but treats them as multibyte. | |
1721 | ||
1722 | *** string-as-unibyte takes a string, and returns another string | |
1723 | which contains the same bytes, but treats them as unibyte. | |
1724 | ||
1725 | *** The new function compare-strings lets you compare | |
1726 | portions of two strings. Unibyte strings are converted to multibyte, | |
1727 | so that a unibyte string can match a multibyte string. | |
1728 | You can specify whether to ignore case or not. | |
1729 | ||
1730 | *** assoc-ignore-case now uses compare-strings so that | |
1731 | it can treat unibyte and multibyte strings as equal. | |
1732 | ||
1733 | *** Regular expression operations and buffer string searches now | |
1734 | convert the search pattern to multibyte or unibyte to accord with the | |
1735 | buffer or string being searched. | |
1736 | ||
1737 | One consequence is that you cannot always use \200-\377 inside of | |
1738 | [...] to match all non-ASCII characters. This does still work when | |
1739 | searching or matching a unibyte buffer or string, but not when | |
1740 | searching or matching a multibyte string. Unfortunately, there is no | |
1741 | obvious choice of syntax to use within [...] for that job. But, what | |
1742 | you want is just to match all non-ASCII characters, the regular | |
1743 | expression [^\0-\177] works for it. | |
1744 | ||
1745 | *** Structure of coding system changed. | |
1746 | ||
1747 | All coding systems (including aliases and subsidiaries) are named | |
1748 | by symbols; the symbol's `coding-system' property is a vector | |
1749 | which defines the coding system. Aliases share the same vector | |
1750 | as the principal name, so that altering the contents of this | |
1751 | vector affects the principal name and its aliases. You can define | |
1752 | your own alias name of a coding system by the function | |
1753 | define-coding-system-alias. | |
1754 | ||
1755 | The coding system definition includes a property list of its own. Use | |
1756 | the new functions `coding-system-get' and `coding-system-put' to | |
1757 | access such coding system properties as post-read-conversion, | |
1758 | pre-write-conversion, character-translation-table-for-decode, | |
1759 | character-translation-table-for-encode, mime-charset, and | |
1760 | safe-charsets. For instance, (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 | |
1761 | 'mime-charset) gives the corresponding MIME-charset parameter | |
1762 | `iso-8859-1'. | |
1763 | ||
1764 | Among the coding system properties listed above, safe-charsets is new. | |
1765 | The value of this property is a list of character sets which this | |
1766 | coding system can correctly encode and decode. For instance: | |
1767 | (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'safe-charsets) => (ascii latin-iso8859-1) | |
1768 | ||
1769 | Here, "correctly encode" means that the encoded character sets can | |
1770 | also be handled safely by systems other than Emacs as far as they | |
1771 | are capable of that coding system. Though, Emacs itself can encode | |
1772 | the other character sets and read it back correctly. | |
1773 | ||
1774 | *** The new function select-safe-coding-system can be used to find a | |
1775 | proper coding system for encoding the specified region or string. | |
1776 | This function requires a user interaction. | |
1777 | ||
1778 | *** The new functions find-coding-systems-region and | |
1779 | find-coding-systems-string are helper functions used by | |
1780 | select-safe-coding-system. They return a list of all proper coding | |
1781 | systems to encode a text in some region or string. If you don't want | |
1782 | a user interaction, use one of these functions instead of | |
1783 | select-safe-coding-system. | |
1784 | ||
1785 | *** The explicit encoding and decoding functions, such as | |
1786 | decode-coding-region and encode-coding-string, now set | |
1787 | last-coding-system-used to reflect the actual way encoding or decoding | |
1788 | was done. | |
1789 | ||
1790 | *** The new function detect-coding-with-language-environment can be | |
1791 | used to detect a coding system of text according to priorities of | |
1792 | coding systems used by some specific language environment. | |
1793 | ||
1794 | *** The functions detect-coding-region and detect-coding-string always | |
1795 | return a list if the arg HIGHEST is nil. Thus, if only ASCII | |
1796 | characters are found, they now return a list of single element | |
1797 | `undecided' or its subsidiaries. | |
1798 | ||
1799 | *** The new functions coding-system-change-eol-conversion and | |
1800 | coding-system-change-text-conversion can be used to get a different | |
1801 | coding system than what specified only in how end-of-line or text is | |
1802 | converted. | |
1803 | ||
1804 | *** The new function set-selection-coding-system can be used to set a | |
1805 | coding system for communicating with other X clients. | |
1806 | ||
1807 | *** The function `map-char-table' now passes as argument only valid | |
1808 | character codes, plus generic characters that stand for entire | |
1809 | character sets or entire subrows of a character set. In other words, | |
1810 | each time `map-char-table' calls its FUNCTION argument, the key value | |
1811 | either will be a valid individual character code, or will stand for a | |
1812 | range of characters. | |
1813 | ||
1814 | *** The new function `char-valid-p' can be used for checking whether a | |
1815 | Lisp object is a valid character code or not. | |
1816 | ||
1817 | *** The new function `charset-after' returns a charset of a character | |
1818 | in the current buffer at position POS. | |
1819 | ||
1820 | *** Input methods are now implemented using the variable | |
1821 | input-method-function. If this is non-nil, its value should be a | |
1822 | function; then, whenever Emacs reads an input event that is a printing | |
1823 | character with no modifier bits, it calls that function, passing the | |
1824 | event as an argument. Often this function will read more input, first | |
1825 | binding input-method-function to nil. | |
1826 | ||
1827 | The return value should be a list of the events resulting from input | |
1828 | method processing. These events will be processed sequentially as | |
1829 | input, before resorting to unread-command-events. Events returned by | |
1830 | the input method function are not passed to the input method function, | |
1831 | not even if they are printing characters with no modifier bits. | |
1832 | ||
1833 | The input method function is not called when reading the second and | |
1834 | subsequent events of a key sequence. | |
1835 | ||
1836 | *** You can customize any language environment by using | |
1837 | set-language-environment-hook and exit-language-environment-hook. | |
1838 | ||
1839 | The hook `exit-language-environment-hook' should be used to undo | |
1840 | customizations that you made with set-language-environment-hook. For | |
1841 | instance, if you set up a special key binding for a specific language | |
1842 | environment by set-language-environment-hook, you should set up | |
1843 | exit-language-environment-hook to restore the normal key binding. | |
1844 | ||
1845 | ||
1846 | \f | |
1847 | * Changes in Emacs 20.1 | |
1848 | ||
1849 | ** Emacs has a new facility for customization of its many user | |
1850 | options. It is called M-x customize. With this facility you can look | |
1851 | at the many user options in an organized way; they are grouped into a | |
1852 | tree structure. | |
1853 | ||
1854 | M-x customize also knows what sorts of values are legitimate for each | |
1855 | user option and ensures that you don't use invalid values. | |
1856 | ||
1857 | With M-x customize, you can set options either for the present Emacs | |
1858 | session or permanently. (Permanent settings are stored automatically | |
1859 | in your .emacs file.) | |
1860 | ||
1861 | ** Scroll bars are now on the left side of the window. | |
1862 | You can change this with M-x customize-option scroll-bar-mode. | |
1863 | ||
1864 | ** The mode line no longer includes the string `Emacs'. | |
1865 | This makes more space in the mode line for other information. | |
1866 | ||
1867 | ** When you select a region with the mouse, it is highlighted | |
1868 | immediately afterward. At that time, if you type the DELETE key, it | |
1869 | kills the region. | |
1870 | ||
1871 | The BACKSPACE key, and the ASCII character DEL, do not do this; they | |
1872 | delete the character before point, as usual. | |
1873 | ||
1874 | ** In an incremental search the whole current match is highlighted | |
1875 | on terminals which support this. (You can disable this feature | |
1876 | by setting search-highlight to nil.) | |
1877 | ||
1878 | ** In the minibuffer, in some cases, you can now use M-n to | |
1879 | insert the default value into the minibuffer as text. In effect, | |
1880 | the default value (if the minibuffer routines know it) is tacked | |
1881 | onto the history "in the future". (The more normal use of the | |
1882 | history list is to use M-p to insert minibuffer input used in the | |
1883 | past.) | |
1884 | ||
1885 | ** In Text mode, now only blank lines separate paragraphs. | |
1886 | This makes it possible to get the full benefit of Adaptive Fill mode | |
1887 | in Text mode, and other modes derived from it (such as Mail mode). | |
1888 | TAB in Text mode now runs the command indent-relative; this | |
1889 | makes a practical difference only when you use indented paragraphs. | |
1890 | ||
1891 | As a result, the old Indented Text mode is now identical to Text mode, | |
1892 | and is an alias for it. | |
1893 | ||
1894 | If you want spaces at the beginning of a line to start a paragraph, | |
1895 | use the new mode, Paragraph Indent Text mode. | |
1896 | ||
1897 | ** Scrolling changes | |
1898 | ||
1899 | *** Scroll commands to scroll a whole screen now preserve the screen | |
1900 | position of the cursor, if scroll-preserve-screen-position is non-nil. | |
1901 | ||
1902 | In this mode, if you scroll several screens back and forth, finishing | |
1903 | on the same screen where you started, the cursor goes back to the line | |
1904 | where it started. | |
1905 | ||
1906 | *** If you set scroll-conservatively to a small number, then when you | |
1907 | move point a short distance off the screen, Emacs will scroll the | |
1908 | screen just far enough to bring point back on screen, provided that | |
1909 | does not exceed `scroll-conservatively' lines. | |
1910 | ||
1911 | *** The new variable scroll-margin says how close point can come to the | |
1912 | top or bottom of a window. It is a number of screen lines; if point | |
1913 | comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the window, Emacs | |
1914 | recenters the window. | |
1915 | ||
1916 | ** International character set support (MULE) | |
1917 | ||
1918 | Emacs now supports a wide variety of international character sets, | |
1919 | including European variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Chinese, | |
1920 | Devanagari (Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopian, Greek, IPA, Japanese, | |
1921 | Korean, Lao, Russian, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. These | |
1922 | features have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as | |
1923 | MULE (for "MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs") | |
1924 | ||
1925 | Users of these scripts have established many more-or-less standard | |
1926 | coding systems for storing files. Emacs uses a single multibyte | |
1927 | character encoding within Emacs buffers; it can translate from a wide | |
1928 | variety of coding systems when reading a file and can translate back | |
1929 | into any of these coding systems when saving a file. | |
1930 | ||
1931 | Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used, | |
1932 | generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs | |
1933 | supports various "input methods", typically one for each script or | |
1934 | language, to make it possible to type them. | |
1935 | ||
1936 | The Emacs internal multibyte encoding represents a non-ASCII | |
1937 | character as a sequence of bytes in the range 0200 through 0377. | |
1938 | ||
1939 | The new prefix key C-x RET is used for commands that pertain | |
1940 | to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods. | |
1941 | ||
1942 | You can disable multibyte character support as follows: | |
1943 | ||
1944 | (setq-default enable-multibyte-characters nil) | |
1945 | ||
1946 | Calling the function standard-display-european turns off multibyte | |
1947 | characters, unless you specify a non-nil value for the second | |
1948 | argument, AUTO. This provides compatibility for people who are | |
1949 | already using standard-display-european to continue using unibyte | |
1950 | characters for their work until they want to change. | |
1951 | ||
1952 | *** Input methods | |
1953 | ||
1954 | An input method is a kind of character conversion which is designed | |
1955 | specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language | |
1956 | has its own input method (though sometimes several languages which use | |
1957 | the same characters can share one input method). Some languages | |
1958 | support several input methods. | |
1959 | ||
1960 | The simplest kind of input method works by mapping ASCII letters into | |
1961 | another alphabet. This is how the Greek and Russian input methods | |
1962 | work. | |
1963 | ||
1964 | A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of | |
1965 | characters into one letter. Many European input methods use | |
1966 | composition to produce a single non-ASCII letter from a sequence which | |
1967 | consists of a letter followed by diacritics. For example, a' is one | |
1968 | sequence of two characters that might be converted into a single | |
1969 | letter. | |
1970 | ||
1971 | The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed | |
1972 | by conversion. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way. | |
1973 | First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone | |
1974 | marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are | |
1975 | mapped into one syllable sign--most often a "composite character". | |
1976 | ||
1977 | None of these methods works very well for Chinese and Japanese, so | |
1978 | they are handled specially. First you input a whole word using | |
1979 | phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs | |
1980 | converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. | |
1981 | ||
1982 | Since there is more than one way to represent a phonetically spelled | |
1983 | word using Chinese characters, Emacs can only guess which one to use; | |
1984 | typically these input methods give you a way to say "guess again" if | |
1985 | the first guess is wrong. | |
1986 | ||
1987 | *** The command C-x RET m (toggle-enable-multibyte-characters) | |
1988 | turns multibyte character support on or off for the current buffer. | |
1989 | ||
1990 | If multibyte character support is turned off in a buffer, then each | |
1991 | byte is a single character, even codes 0200 through 0377--exactly as | |
1992 | they did in Emacs 19.34. This includes the features for support for | |
1993 | the European characters, ISO Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2. | |
1994 | ||
1995 | However, there is no need to turn off multibyte character support to | |
1996 | use ISO Latin-1 or ISO Latin-2; the Emacs multibyte character set | |
1997 | includes all the characters in these character sets, and Emacs can | |
1998 | translate automatically to and from either one. | |
1999 | ||
2000 | *** Visiting a file in unibyte mode. | |
2001 | ||
2002 | Turning off multibyte character support in the buffer after visiting a | |
2003 | file with multibyte code conversion will display the multibyte | |
2004 | sequences already in the buffer, byte by byte. This is probably not | |
2005 | what you want. | |
2006 | ||
2007 | If you want to edit a file of unibyte characters (Latin-1, for | |
2008 | example), you can do it by specifying `no-conversion' as the coding | |
2009 | system when reading the file. This coding system also turns off | |
2010 | multibyte characters in that buffer. | |
2011 | ||
2012 | If you turn off multibyte character support entirely, this turns off | |
2013 | character conversion as well. | |
2014 | ||
2015 | *** Displaying international characters on X Windows. | |
2016 | ||
2017 | A font for X typically displays just one alphabet or script. | |
2018 | Therefore, displaying the entire range of characters Emacs supports | |
2019 | requires using many fonts. | |
2020 | ||
2021 | Therefore, Emacs now supports "fontsets". Each fontset is a | |
2022 | collection of fonts, each assigned to a range of character codes. | |
2023 | ||
2024 | A fontset has a name, like a font. Individual fonts are defined by | |
2025 | the X server; fontsets are defined within Emacs itself. But once you | |
2026 | have defined a fontset, you can use it in a face or a frame just as | |
2027 | you would use a font. | |
2028 | ||
2029 | If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it | |
2030 | specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot | |
2031 | display that character. It will display an empty box instead. | |
2032 | ||
2033 | The fontset height and width are determined by the ASCII characters | |
2034 | (that is, by the font in the fontset which is used for ASCII | |
2035 | characters). | |
2036 | ||
2037 | *** Defining fontsets. | |
2038 | ||
2039 | Emacs does not use any fontset by default. Its default font is still | |
2040 | chosen as in previous versions. You can tell Emacs to use a fontset | |
2041 | with the `-fn' option or the `Font' X resource. | |
2042 | ||
2043 | Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value | |
2044 | of standard-fontset-spec. This fontset's short name is | |
2045 | `fontset-standard'. Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the | |
2046 | standard fontset are created automatically. | |
2047 | ||
2048 | If you specify a default ASCII font with the `Font' resource or `-fn' | |
2049 | argument, a fontset is generated from it. This works by replacing the | |
dbdb7031 | 2050 | FOUNDRY, FAMILY, ADD_STYLE, and AVERAGE_WIDTH fields of the font name |
9a21d88b KS |
2051 | with `*' then using this to specify a fontset. This fontset's short |
2052 | name is `fontset-startup'. | |
2053 | ||
2054 | Emacs checks resources of the form Fontset-N where N is 0, 1, 2... | |
2055 | The resource value should have this form: | |
2056 | FONTSET-NAME, [CHARSET-NAME:FONT-NAME]... | |
2057 | FONTSET-NAME should have the form of a standard X font name, except: | |
2058 | * most fields should be just the wild card "*". | |
2059 | * the CHARSET_REGISTRY field should be "fontset" | |
2060 | * the CHARSET_ENCODING field can be any nickname of the fontset. | |
2061 | The construct CHARSET-NAME:FONT-NAME can be repeated any number | |
2062 | of times; each time specifies the font for one character set. | |
2063 | CHARSET-NAME should be the name of a character set, and FONT-NAME | |
2064 | should specify an actual font to use for that character set. | |
2065 | ||
2066 | Each of these fontsets has an alias which is made from the | |
2067 | last two font name fields, CHARSET_REGISTRY and CHARSET_ENCODING. | |
2068 | You can refer to the fontset by that alias or by its full name. | |
2069 | ||
2070 | For any character sets that you don't mention, Emacs tries to choose a | |
2071 | font by substituting into FONTSET-NAME. For instance, with the | |
2072 | following resource, | |
2073 | Emacs*Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 | |
2074 | the font for ASCII is generated as below: | |
2075 | -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 | |
2076 | Here is the substitution rule: | |
2077 | Change CHARSET_REGISTRY and CHARSET_ENCODING to that of the charset | |
2078 | defined in the variable x-charset-registries. For instance, ASCII has | |
2079 | the entry (ascii . "ISO8859-1") in this variable. Then, reduce | |
2080 | sequences of wild cards -*-...-*- with a single wildcard -*-. | |
2081 | (This is to prevent use of auto-scaled fonts.) | |
2082 | ||
2083 | The function which processes the fontset resource value to create the | |
2084 | fontset is called create-fontset-from-fontset-spec. You can also call | |
2085 | that function explicitly to create a fontset. | |
2086 | ||
2087 | With the X resource Emacs.Font, you can specify a fontset name just | |
2088 | like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset | |
2089 | name in a wildcard resource like Emacs*Font--that tries to specify the | |
2090 | fontset for other purposes including menus, and they cannot handle | |
2091 | fontsets. | |
2092 | ||
2093 | *** The command M-x set-language-environment sets certain global Emacs | |
2094 | defaults for a particular choice of language. | |
2095 | ||
2096 | Selecting a language environment typically specifies a default input | |
2097 | method and which coding systems to recognize automatically when | |
2098 | visiting files. However, it does not try to reread files you have | |
2099 | already visited; the text in those buffers is not affected. The | |
2100 | language environment may also specify a default choice of coding | |
2101 | system for new files that you create. | |
2102 | ||
2103 | It makes no difference which buffer is current when you use | |
2104 | set-language-environment, because these defaults apply globally to the | |
2105 | whole Emacs session. | |
2106 | ||
2107 | For example, M-x set-language-environment RET Latin-1 RET | |
2108 | chooses the Latin-1 character set. In the .emacs file, you can do this | |
2109 | with (set-language-environment "Latin-1"). | |
2110 | ||
2111 | *** The command C-x RET f (set-buffer-file-coding-system) | |
2112 | specifies the file coding system for the current buffer. This | |
2113 | specifies what sort of character code translation to do when saving | |
2114 | the file. As an argument, you must specify the name of one of the | |
2115 | coding systems that Emacs supports. | |
2116 | ||
2117 | *** The command C-x RET c (universal-coding-system-argument) | |
2118 | lets you specify a coding system when you read or write a file. | |
2119 | This command uses the minibuffer to read a coding system name. | |
2120 | After you exit the minibuffer, the specified coding system | |
2121 | is used for *the immediately following command*. | |
2122 | ||
2123 | So if the immediately following command is a command to read or | |
2124 | write a file, it uses the specified coding system for that file. | |
2125 | ||
2126 | If the immediately following command does not use the coding system, | |
2127 | then C-x RET c ultimately has no effect. | |
2128 | ||
2129 | For example, C-x RET c iso-8859-1 RET C-x C-f temp RET | |
2130 | visits the file `temp' treating it as ISO Latin-1. | |
2131 | ||
2132 | *** You can specify the coding system for a file using the -*- | |
2133 | construct. Include `coding: CODINGSYSTEM;' inside the -*-...-*- | |
2134 | to specify use of coding system CODINGSYSTEM. You can also | |
2135 | specify the coding system in a local variable list at the end | |
2136 | of the file. | |
2137 | ||
2138 | *** The command C-x RET t (set-terminal-coding-system) specifies | |
2139 | the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a character | |
2140 | code for terminal output, all characters output to the terminal are | |
2141 | translated into that character code. | |
2142 | ||
2143 | This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built in | |
2144 | various countries to support the languages of those countries. | |
2145 | ||
2146 | By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all. | |
2147 | ||
2148 | *** The command C-x RET k (set-keyboard-coding-system) specifies | |
2149 | the coding system for keyboard input. | |
2150 | ||
2151 | Character code translation of keyboard input is useful for terminals | |
2152 | with keys that send non-ASCII graphic characters--for example, | |
2153 | some terminals designed for ISO Latin-1 or subsets of it. | |
2154 | ||
2155 | By default, keyboard input is not translated at all. | |
2156 | ||
2157 | Character code translation of keyboard input is similar to using an | |
2158 | input method, in that both define sequences of keyboard input that | |
2159 | translate into single characters. However, input methods are designed | |
2160 | to be convenient for interactive use, while the code translations are | |
2161 | designed to work with terminals. | |
2162 | ||
2163 | *** The command C-x RET p (set-buffer-process-coding-system) | |
2164 | specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. | |
2165 | This command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess | |
2166 | has its own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify | |
2167 | translation to and from a particular subprocess by giving the command | |
2168 | in the corresponding buffer. | |
2169 | ||
2170 | By default, process input and output are not translated at all. | |
2171 | ||
2172 | *** The variable file-name-coding-system specifies the coding system | |
2173 | to use for encoding file names before operating on them. | |
2174 | It is also used for decoding file names obtained from the system. | |
2175 | ||
2176 | *** The command C-\ (toggle-input-method) activates or deactivates | |
2177 | an input method. If no input method has been selected before, the | |
2178 | command prompts for you to specify the language and input method you | |
2179 | want to use. | |
2180 | ||
2181 | C-u C-\ (select-input-method) lets you switch to a different input | |
2182 | method. C-h C-\ (or C-h I) describes the current input method. | |
2183 | ||
2184 | *** Some input methods remap the keyboard to emulate various keyboard | |
2185 | layouts commonly used for particular scripts. How to do this | |
2186 | remapping properly depends on your actual keyboard layout. To specify | |
2187 | which layout your keyboard has, use M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout. | |
2188 | ||
2189 | *** The command C-h C (describe-coding-system) displays | |
2190 | the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, plus | |
2191 | related information. | |
2192 | ||
2193 | *** The command C-h h (view-hello-file) displays a file called | |
2194 | HELLO, which has examples of text in many languages, using various | |
2195 | scripts. | |
2196 | ||
2197 | *** The command C-h L (describe-language-support) displays | |
2198 | information about the support for a particular language. | |
2199 | You specify the language as an argument. | |
2200 | ||
2201 | *** The mode line now contains a letter or character that identifies | |
2202 | the coding system used in the visited file. It normally follows the | |
2203 | first dash. | |
2204 | ||
2205 | A dash indicates the default state of affairs: no code conversion | |
2206 | (except CRLF => newline if appropriate). `=' means no conversion | |
2207 | whatsoever. The ISO 8859 coding systems are represented by digits | |
2208 | 1 through 9. Other coding systems are represented by letters: | |
2209 | ||
2210 | A alternativnyj (Russian) | |
2211 | B big5 (Chinese) | |
2212 | C cn-gb-2312 (Chinese) | |
2213 | C iso-2022-cn (Chinese) | |
2214 | D in-is13194-devanagari (Indian languages) | |
2215 | E euc-japan (Japanese) | |
2216 | I iso-2022-cjk or iso-2022-ss2 (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) | |
2217 | J junet (iso-2022-7) or old-jis (iso-2022-jp-1978-irv) (Japanese) | |
2218 | K euc-korea (Korean) | |
2219 | R koi8 (Russian) | |
2220 | Q tibetan | |
2221 | S shift_jis (Japanese) | |
2222 | T lao | |
2223 | T tis620 (Thai) | |
2224 | V viscii or vscii (Vietnamese) | |
2225 | i iso-2022-lock (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) | |
2226 | k iso-2022-kr (Korean) | |
2227 | v viqr (Vietnamese) | |
2228 | z hz (Chinese) | |
2229 | ||
2230 | When you are using a character-only terminal (not a window system), | |
2231 | two additional characters appear in between the dash and the file | |
2232 | coding system. These two characters describe the coding system for | |
2233 | keyboard input, and the coding system for terminal output. | |
2234 | ||
2235 | *** The new variable rmail-file-coding-system specifies the code | |
2236 | conversion to use for RMAIL files. The default value is nil. | |
2237 | ||
2238 | When you read mail with Rmail, each message is decoded automatically | |
2239 | into Emacs' internal format. This has nothing to do with | |
2240 | rmail-file-coding-system. That variable controls reading and writing | |
2241 | Rmail files themselves. | |
2242 | ||
2243 | *** The new variable sendmail-coding-system specifies the code | |
2244 | conversion for outgoing mail. The default value is nil. | |
2245 | ||
2246 | Actually, there are three different ways of specifying the coding system | |
2247 | for sending mail: | |
2248 | ||
2249 | - If you use C-x RET f in the mail buffer, that takes priority. | |
2250 | - Otherwise, if you set sendmail-coding-system non-nil, that specifies it. | |
2251 | - Otherwise, the default coding system for new files is used, | |
2252 | if that is non-nil. That comes from your language environment. | |
2253 | - Otherwise, Latin-1 is used. | |
2254 | ||
2255 | *** The command C-h t (help-with-tutorial) accepts a prefix argument | |
2256 | to specify the language for the tutorial file. Currently, English, | |
2257 | Japanese, Korean and Thai are supported. We welcome additional | |
2258 | translations. | |
2259 | ||
2260 | ** An easy new way to visit a file with no code or format conversion | |
2261 | of any kind: Use M-x find-file-literally. There is also a command | |
2262 | insert-file-literally which inserts a file into the current buffer | |
2263 | without any conversion. | |
2264 | ||
2265 | ** C-q's handling of octal character codes is changed. | |
2266 | You can now specify any number of octal digits. | |
2267 | RET terminates the digits and is discarded; | |
2268 | any other non-digit terminates the digits and is then used as input. | |
2269 | ||
2270 | ** There are new commands for looking up Info documentation for | |
2271 | functions, variables and file names used in your programs. | |
2272 | ||
2273 | Type M-x info-lookup-symbol to look up a symbol in the buffer at point. | |
2274 | Type M-x info-lookup-file to look up a file in the buffer at point. | |
2275 | ||
2276 | Precisely which Info files are used to look it up depends on the major | |
2277 | mode. For example, in C mode, the GNU libc manual is used. | |
2278 | ||
2279 | ** M-TAB in most programming language modes now runs the command | |
2280 | complete-symbol. This command performs completion on the symbol name | |
2281 | in the buffer before point. | |
2282 | ||
2283 | With a numeric argument, it performs completion based on the set of | |
2284 | symbols documented in the Info files for the programming language that | |
2285 | you are using. | |
2286 | ||
2287 | With no argument, it does completion based on the current tags tables, | |
2288 | just like the old binding of M-TAB (complete-tag). | |
2289 | ||
2290 | ** File locking works with NFS now. | |
2291 | ||
2292 | The lock file for FILENAME is now a symbolic link named .#FILENAME, | |
2293 | in the same directory as FILENAME. | |
2294 | ||
2295 | This means that collision detection between two different machines now | |
2296 | works reasonably well; it also means that no file server or directory | |
2297 | can become a bottleneck. | |
2298 | ||
2299 | The new method does have drawbacks. It means that collision detection | |
2300 | does not operate when you edit a file in a directory where you cannot | |
2301 | create new files. Collision detection also doesn't operate when the | |
2302 | file server does not support symbolic links. But these conditions are | |
2303 | rare, and the ability to have collision detection while using NFS is | |
2304 | so useful that the change is worth while. | |
2305 | ||
2306 | When Emacs or a system crashes, this may leave behind lock files which | |
2307 | are stale. So you may occasionally get warnings about spurious | |
2308 | collisions. When you determine that the collision is spurious, just | |
2309 | tell Emacs to go ahead anyway. | |
2310 | ||
2311 | ** If you wish to use Show Paren mode to display matching parentheses, | |
2312 | it is no longer sufficient to load paren.el. Instead you must call | |
2313 | show-paren-mode. | |
2314 | ||
2315 | ** If you wish to use Delete Selection mode to replace a highlighted | |
2316 | selection when you insert new text, it is no longer sufficient to load | |
2317 | delsel.el. Instead you must call the function delete-selection-mode. | |
2318 | ||
2319 | ** If you wish to use Partial Completion mode to complete partial words | |
2320 | within symbols or filenames, it is no longer sufficient to load | |
2321 | complete.el. Instead you must call the function partial-completion-mode. | |
2322 | ||
2323 | ** If you wish to use uniquify to rename buffers for you, | |
2324 | it is no longer sufficient to load uniquify.el. You must also | |
2325 | set uniquify-buffer-name-style to one of the non-nil legitimate values. | |
2326 | ||
2327 | ** Changes in View mode. | |
2328 | ||
2329 | *** Several new commands are available in View mode. | |
2330 | Do H in view mode for a list of commands. | |
2331 | ||
2332 | *** There are two new commands for entering View mode: | |
2333 | view-file-other-frame and view-buffer-other-frame. | |
2334 | ||
2335 | *** Exiting View mode does a better job of restoring windows to their | |
2336 | previous state. | |
2337 | ||
2338 | *** New customization variable view-scroll-auto-exit. If non-nil, | |
2339 | scrolling past end of buffer makes view mode exit. | |
2340 | ||
2341 | *** New customization variable view-exits-all-viewing-windows. If | |
2342 | non-nil, view-mode will at exit restore all windows viewing buffer, | |
2343 | not just the selected window. | |
2344 | ||
2345 | *** New customization variable view-read-only. If non-nil, visiting a | |
2346 | read-only file automatically enters View mode, and toggle-read-only | |
2347 | turns View mode on or off. | |
2348 | ||
2349 | *** New customization variable view-remove-frame-by-deleting controls | |
2350 | how to remove a not needed frame at view mode exit. If non-nil, | |
2351 | delete the frame, if nil make an icon of it. | |
2352 | ||
2353 | ** C-x v l, the command to print a file's version control log, | |
2354 | now positions point at the entry for the file's current branch version. | |
2355 | ||
2356 | ** C-x v =, the command to compare a file with the last checked-in version, | |
2357 | has a new feature. If the file is currently not locked, so that it is | |
2358 | presumably identical to the last checked-in version, the command now asks | |
2359 | which version to compare with. | |
2360 | ||
2361 | ** When using hideshow.el, incremental search can temporarily show hidden | |
2362 | blocks if a match is inside the block. | |
2363 | ||
2364 | The block is hidden again if the search is continued and the next match | |
2365 | is outside the block. By customizing the variable | |
2366 | isearch-hide-immediately you can choose to hide all the temporarily | |
2367 | shown blocks only when exiting from incremental search. | |
2368 | ||
2369 | By customizing the variable hs-isearch-open you can choose what kind | |
2370 | of blocks to temporarily show during isearch: comment blocks, code | |
2371 | blocks, all of them or none. | |
2372 | ||
2373 | ** The new command C-x 4 0 (kill-buffer-and-window) kills the | |
2374 | current buffer and deletes the selected window. It asks for | |
2375 | confirmation first. | |
2376 | ||
2377 | ** C-x C-w, which saves the buffer into a specified file name, | |
2378 | now changes the major mode according to that file name. | |
2379 | However, the mode will not be changed if | |
2380 | (1) a local variables list or the `-*-' line specifies a major mode, or | |
2381 | (2) the current major mode is a "special" mode, | |
2382 | not suitable for ordinary files, or | |
2383 | (3) the new file name does not particularly specify any mode. | |
2384 | ||
2385 | This applies to M-x set-visited-file-name as well. | |
2386 | ||
2387 | However, if you set change-major-mode-with-file-name to nil, then | |
2388 | these commands do not change the major mode. | |
2389 | ||
2390 | ** M-x occur changes. | |
2391 | ||
2392 | *** If the argument to M-x occur contains upper case letters, | |
2393 | it performs a case-sensitive search. | |
2394 | ||
2395 | *** In the *Occur* buffer made by M-x occur, | |
2396 | if you type g or M-x revert-buffer, this repeats the search | |
2397 | using the same regular expression and the same buffer as before. | |
2398 | ||
2399 | ** In Transient Mark mode, the region in any one buffer is highlighted | |
2400 | in just one window at a time. At first, it is highlighted in the | |
2401 | window where you set the mark. The buffer's highlighting remains in | |
2402 | that window unless you select to another window which shows the same | |
2403 | buffer--then the highlighting moves to that window. | |
2404 | ||
2405 | ** The feature to suggest key bindings when you use M-x now operates | |
2406 | after the command finishes. The message suggesting key bindings | |
2407 | appears temporarily in the echo area. The previous echo area contents | |
2408 | come back after a few seconds, in case they contain useful information. | |
2409 | ||
2410 | ** Each frame now independently records the order for recently | |
2411 | selected buffers, so that the default for C-x b is now based on the | |
2412 | buffers recently selected in the selected frame. | |
2413 | ||
2414 | ** Outline mode changes. | |
2415 | ||
2416 | *** Outline mode now uses overlays (this is the former noutline.el). | |
2417 | ||
2418 | *** Incremental searches skip over invisible text in Outline mode. | |
2419 | ||
2420 | ** When a minibuffer window is active but not the selected window, if | |
2421 | you try to use the minibuffer, you used to get a nested minibuffer. | |
2422 | Now, this not only gives an error, it also cancels the minibuffer that | |
2423 | was already active. | |
2424 | ||
2425 | The motive for this change is so that beginning users do not | |
2426 | unknowingly move away from minibuffers, leaving them active, and then | |
2427 | get confused by it. | |
2428 | ||
2429 | If you want to be able to have recursive minibuffers, you must | |
2430 | set enable-recursive-minibuffers to non-nil. | |
2431 | ||
2432 | ** Changes in dynamic abbrevs. | |
2433 | ||
2434 | *** Expanding dynamic abbrevs with M-/ is now smarter about case | |
2435 | conversion. If the expansion has mixed case not counting the first | |
2436 | character, and the abbreviation matches the beginning of the expansion | |
2437 | including case, then the expansion is copied verbatim. | |
2438 | ||
2439 | The expansion is also copied verbatim if the abbreviation itself has | |
2440 | mixed case. And using SPC M-/ to copy an additional word always | |
2441 | copies it verbatim except when the previous copied word is all caps. | |
2442 | ||
2443 | *** The values of `dabbrev-case-replace' and `dabbrev-case-fold-search' | |
2444 | are no longer Lisp expressions. They have simply three possible | |
2445 | values. | |
2446 | ||
2447 | `dabbrev-case-replace' has these three values: nil (don't preserve | |
2448 | case), t (do), or `case-replace' (do like M-x query-replace). | |
2449 | `dabbrev-case-fold-search' has these three values: nil (don't ignore | |
2450 | case), t (do), or `case-fold-search' (do like search). | |
2451 | ||
2452 | ** Minibuffer history lists are truncated automatically now to a | |
2453 | certain length. The variable history-length specifies how long they | |
2454 | can be. The default value is 30. | |
2455 | ||
2456 | ** Changes in Mail mode. | |
2457 | ||
2458 | *** The key C-x m no longer runs the `mail' command directly. | |
2459 | Instead, it runs the command `compose-mail', which invokes the mail | |
2460 | composition mechanism you have selected with the variable | |
2461 | `mail-user-agent'. The default choice of user agent is | |
2462 | `sendmail-user-agent', which gives behavior compatible with the old | |
2463 | behavior. | |
2464 | ||
2465 | C-x 4 m now runs compose-mail-other-window, and C-x 5 m runs | |
2466 | compose-mail-other-frame. | |
2467 | ||
2468 | *** While composing a reply to a mail message, from Rmail, you can use | |
2469 | the command C-c C-r to cite just the region from the message you are | |
2470 | replying to. This copies the text which is the selected region in the | |
2471 | buffer that shows the original message. | |
2472 | ||
2473 | *** The command C-c C-i inserts a file at the end of the message, | |
2474 | with separator lines around the contents. | |
2475 | ||
2476 | *** The command M-x expand-mail-aliases expands all mail aliases | |
2477 | in suitable mail headers. Emacs automatically extracts mail alias | |
2478 | definitions from your mail alias file (e.g., ~/.mailrc). You do not | |
2479 | need to expand mail aliases yourself before sending mail. | |
2480 | ||
2481 | *** New features in the mail-complete command. | |
2482 | ||
2483 | **** The mail-complete command now inserts the user's full name, | |
2484 | for local users or if that is known. The variable mail-complete-style | |
2485 | controls the style to use, and whether to do this at all. | |
2486 | Its values are like those of mail-from-style. | |
2487 | ||
2488 | **** The variable mail-passwd-command lets you specify a shell command | |
2489 | to run to fetch a set of password-entries that add to the ones in | |
2490 | /etc/passwd. | |
2491 | ||
2492 | **** The variable mail-passwd-file now specifies a list of files to read | |
2493 | to get the list of user ids. By default, one file is used: | |
2494 | /etc/passwd. | |
2495 | ||
2496 | ** You can "quote" a file name to inhibit special significance of | |
2497 | special syntax, by adding `/:' to the beginning. Thus, if you have a | |
2498 | directory named `/foo:', you can prevent it from being treated as a | |
2499 | reference to a remote host named `foo' by writing it as `/:/foo:'. | |
2500 | ||
2501 | Emacs uses this new construct automatically when necessary, such as | |
2502 | when you start it with a working directory whose name might otherwise | |
2503 | be taken to be magic. | |
2504 | ||
2505 | ** There is a new command M-x grep-find which uses find to select | |
2506 | files to search through, and grep to scan them. The output is | |
2507 | available in a Compile mode buffer, as with M-x grep. | |
2508 | ||
2509 | M-x grep now uses the -e option if the grep program supports that. | |
2510 | (-e prevents problems if the search pattern starts with a dash.) | |
2511 | ||
2512 | ** In Dired, the & command now flags for deletion the files whose names | |
2513 | suggest they are probably not needed in the long run. | |
2514 | ||
2515 | In Dired, * is now a prefix key for mark-related commands. | |
2516 | ||
2517 | new key dired.el binding old key | |
2518 | ------- ---------------- ------- | |
2519 | * c dired-change-marks c | |
2520 | * m dired-mark m | |
2521 | * * dired-mark-executables * (binding deleted) | |
2522 | * / dired-mark-directories / (binding deleted) | |
2523 | * @ dired-mark-symlinks @ (binding deleted) | |
2524 | * u dired-unmark u | |
2525 | * DEL dired-unmark-backward DEL | |
2526 | * ? dired-unmark-all-files C-M-? | |
2527 | * ! dired-unmark-all-marks | |
2528 | * % dired-mark-files-regexp % m | |
2529 | * C-n dired-next-marked-file M-} | |
2530 | * C-p dired-prev-marked-file M-{ | |
2531 | ||
2532 | ** Rmail changes. | |
2533 | ||
2534 | *** When Rmail cannot convert your incoming mail into Babyl format, it | |
2535 | saves the new mail in the file RMAILOSE.n, where n is an integer | |
2536 | chosen to make a unique name. This way, Rmail will not keep crashing | |
2537 | each time you run it. | |
2538 | ||
2539 | *** In Rmail, the variable rmail-summary-line-count-flag now controls | |
2540 | whether to include the line count in the summary. Non-nil means yes. | |
2541 | ||
2542 | *** In Rmail summary buffers, d and C-d (the commands to delete | |
2543 | messages) now take repeat counts as arguments. A negative argument | |
2544 | means to move in the opposite direction. | |
2545 | ||
2546 | *** In Rmail, the t command now takes an optional argument which lets | |
2547 | you specify whether to show the message headers in full or pruned. | |
2548 | ||
2549 | *** In Rmail, the new command w (rmail-output-body-to-file) writes | |
2550 | just the body of the current message into a file, without the headers. | |
2551 | It takes the file name from the message subject, by default, but you | |
2552 | can edit that file name in the minibuffer before it is actually used | |
2553 | for output. | |
2554 | ||
2555 | ** Gnus changes. | |
2556 | ||
2557 | *** nntp.el has been totally rewritten in an asynchronous fashion. | |
2558 | ||
2559 | *** Article prefetching functionality has been moved up into | |
2560 | Gnus. | |
2561 | ||
2562 | *** Scoring can now be performed with logical operators like | |
2563 | `and', `or', `not', and parent redirection. | |
2564 | ||
2565 | *** Article washing status can be displayed in the | |
2566 | article mode line. | |
2567 | ||
2568 | *** gnus.el has been split into many smaller files. | |
2569 | ||
2570 | *** Suppression of duplicate articles based on Message-ID. | |
2571 | ||
2572 | (setq gnus-suppress-duplicates t) | |
2573 | ||
2574 | *** New variables for specifying what score and adapt files | |
2575 | are to be considered home score and adapt files. See | |
2576 | `gnus-home-score-file' and `gnus-home-adapt-files'. | |
2577 | ||
2578 | *** Groups can inherit group parameters from parent topics. | |
2579 | ||
2580 | *** Article editing has been revamped and is now usable. | |
2581 | ||
2582 | *** Signatures can be recognized in more intelligent fashions. | |
2583 | See `gnus-signature-separator' and `gnus-signature-limit'. | |
2584 | ||
2585 | *** Summary pick mode has been made to look more nn-like. | |
2586 | Line numbers are displayed and the `.' command can be | |
2587 | used to pick articles. | |
2588 | ||
2589 | *** Commands for moving the .newsrc.eld from one server to | |
2590 | another have been added. | |
2591 | ||
2592 | `M-x gnus-change-server' | |
2593 | ||
2594 | *** A way to specify that "uninteresting" fields be suppressed when | |
2595 | generating lines in buffers. | |
2596 | ||
2597 | *** Several commands in the group buffer can be undone with | |
2598 | `C-M-_'. | |
2599 | ||
2600 | *** Scoring can be done on words using the new score type `w'. | |
2601 | ||
2602 | *** Adaptive scoring can be done on a Subject word-by-word basis: | |
2603 | ||
2604 | (setq gnus-use-adaptive-scoring '(word)) | |
2605 | ||
2606 | *** Scores can be decayed. | |
2607 | ||
2608 | (setq gnus-decay-scores t) | |
2609 | ||
2610 | *** Scoring can be performed using a regexp on the Date header. The | |
2611 | Date is normalized to compact ISO 8601 format first. | |
2612 | ||
2613 | *** A new command has been added to remove all data on articles from | |
2614 | the native server. | |
2615 | ||
2616 | `M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups' | |
2617 | ||
2618 | *** A new command for reading collections of documents | |
2619 | (nndoc with nnvirtual on top) has been added -- `C-M-d'. | |
2620 | ||
2621 | *** Process mark sets can be pushed and popped. | |
2622 | ||
2623 | *** A new mail-to-news backend makes it possible to post | |
2624 | even when the NNTP server doesn't allow posting. | |
2625 | ||
2626 | *** A new backend for reading searches from Web search engines | |
2627 | (DejaNews, Alta Vista, InReference) has been added. | |
2628 | ||
2629 | Use the `G w' command in the group buffer to create such | |
2630 | a group. | |
2631 | ||
2632 | *** Groups inside topics can now be sorted using the standard | |
2633 | sorting functions, and each topic can be sorted independently. | |
2634 | ||
2635 | See the commands under the `T S' submap. | |
2636 | ||
2637 | *** Subsets of the groups can be sorted independently. | |
2638 | ||
2639 | See the commands under the `G P' submap. | |
2640 | ||
2641 | *** Cached articles can be pulled into the groups. | |
2642 | ||
2643 | Use the `Y c' command. | |
2644 | ||
2645 | *** Score files are now applied in a more reliable order. | |
2646 | ||
2647 | *** Reports on where mail messages end up can be generated. | |
2648 | ||
2649 | `M-x nnmail-split-history' | |
2650 | ||
2651 | *** More hooks and functions have been added to remove junk | |
2652 | from incoming mail before saving the mail. | |
2653 | ||
2654 | See `nnmail-prepare-incoming-header-hook'. | |
2655 | ||
2656 | *** The nnml mail backend now understands compressed article files. | |
2657 | ||
2658 | *** To enable Gnus to read/post multi-lingual articles, you must execute | |
2659 | the following code, for instance, in your .emacs. | |
2660 | ||
2661 | (add-hook 'gnus-startup-hook 'gnus-mule-initialize) | |
2662 | ||
2663 | Then, when you start Gnus, it will decode non-ASCII text automatically | |
2664 | and show appropriate characters. (Note: if you are using gnus-mime | |
2665 | from the SEMI package, formerly known as TM, you should NOT add this | |
2666 | hook to gnus-startup-hook; gnus-mime has its own method of handling | |
2667 | this issue.) | |
2668 | ||
2669 | Since it is impossible to distinguish all coding systems | |
2670 | automatically, you may need to specify a choice of coding system for a | |
2671 | particular news group. This can be done by: | |
2672 | ||
2673 | (gnus-mule-add-group NEWSGROUP 'CODING-SYSTEM) | |
2674 | ||
2675 | Here NEWSGROUP should be a string which names a newsgroup or a tree | |
2676 | of newsgroups. If NEWSGROUP is "XXX.YYY", all news groups under | |
2677 | "XXX.YYY" (including "XXX.YYY.ZZZ") will use the specified coding | |
2678 | system. CODING-SYSTEM specifies which coding system to use (for both | |
2679 | for reading and posting). | |
2680 | ||
2681 | CODING-SYSTEM can also be a cons cell of the form | |
2682 | (READ-CODING-SYSTEM . POST-CODING-SYSTEM) | |
2683 | Then READ-CODING-SYSTEM is used when you read messages from the | |
2684 | newsgroups, while POST-CODING-SYSTEM is used when you post messages | |
2685 | there. | |
2686 | ||
2687 | Emacs knows the right coding systems for certain newsgroups by | |
2688 | default. Here are some of these default settings: | |
2689 | ||
2690 | (gnus-mule-add-group "fj" 'iso-2022-7) | |
2691 | (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.chinese.text" 'hz-gb-2312) | |
2692 | (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.hk" 'hz-gb-2312) | |
2693 | (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.chinese.text.big5" 'cn-big5) | |
2694 | (gnus-mule-add-group "soc.culture.vietnamese" '(nil . viqr)) | |
2695 | ||
2696 | When you reply by mail to an article, these settings are ignored; | |
2697 | the mail is encoded according to sendmail-coding-system, as usual. | |
2698 | ||
2699 | ** CC mode changes. | |
2700 | ||
2701 | *** If you edit primarily one style of C (or C++, Objective-C, Java) | |
2702 | code, you may want to make the CC Mode style variables have global | |
2703 | values so that you can set them directly in your .emacs file. To do | |
2704 | this, set c-style-variables-are-local-p to nil in your .emacs file. | |
2705 | Note that this only takes effect if you do it *before* cc-mode.el is | |
2706 | loaded. | |
2707 | ||
2708 | If you typically edit more than one style of C (or C++, Objective-C, | |
2709 | Java) code in a single Emacs session, you may want to make the CC Mode | |
2710 | style variables have buffer local values. By default, all buffers | |
2711 | share the same style variable settings; to make them buffer local, set | |
2712 | c-style-variables-are-local-p to t in your .emacs file. Note that you | |
2713 | must do this *before* CC Mode is loaded. | |
2714 | ||
2715 | *** The new variable c-indentation-style holds the C style name | |
2716 | of the current buffer. | |
2717 | ||
2718 | *** The variable c-block-comments-indent-p has been deleted, because | |
2719 | it is no longer necessary. C mode now handles all the supported styles | |
2720 | of block comments, with no need to say which one you will use. | |
2721 | ||
2722 | *** There is a new indentation style "python", which specifies the C | |
2723 | style that the Python developers like. | |
2724 | ||
2725 | *** There is a new c-cleanup-list option: brace-elseif-brace. | |
2726 | This says to put ...} else if (...) {... on one line, | |
2727 | just as brace-else-brace says to put ...} else {... on one line. | |
2728 | ||
2729 | ** VC Changes [new] | |
2730 | ||
2731 | *** In vc-retrieve-snapshot (C-x v r), if you don't specify a snapshot | |
2732 | name, it retrieves the *latest* versions of all files in the current | |
2733 | directory and its subdirectories (aside from files already locked). | |
2734 | ||
2735 | This feature is useful if your RCS directory is a link to a common | |
2736 | master directory, and you want to pick up changes made by other | |
2737 | developers. | |
2738 | ||
2739 | You can do the same thing for an individual file by typing C-u C-x C-q | |
2740 | RET in a buffer visiting that file. | |
2741 | ||
2742 | *** VC can now handle files under CVS that are being "watched" by | |
2743 | other developers. Such files are made read-only by CVS. To get a | |
2744 | writable copy, type C-x C-q in a buffer visiting such a file. VC then | |
2745 | calls "cvs edit", which notifies the other developers of it. | |
2746 | ||
2747 | *** vc-version-diff (C-u C-x v =) now suggests reasonable defaults for | |
2748 | version numbers, based on the current state of the file. | |
2749 | ||
2750 | ** Calendar changes. | |
2751 | ||
2752 | *** A new function, list-holidays, allows you list holidays or | |
2753 | subclasses of holidays for ranges of years. Related menu items allow | |
2754 | you do this for the year of the selected date, or the | |
2755 | following/previous years. | |
2756 | ||
2757 | *** There is now support for the Baha'i calendar system. Use `pb' in | |
2758 | the *Calendar* buffer to display the current Baha'i date. The Baha'i | |
2759 | calendar, or "Badi calendar" is a system of 19 months with 19 days | |
2760 | each, and 4 intercalary days (5 during a Gregorian leap year). The | |
2761 | calendar begins May 23, 1844, with each of the months named after a | |
2762 | supposed attribute of God. | |
2763 | ||
2764 | ** ps-print changes | |
2765 | ||
2766 | There are some new user variables and subgroups for customizing the page | |
2767 | layout. | |
2768 | ||
2769 | *** Headers & Footers (subgroup) | |
2770 | ||
2771 | Some printer systems print a header page and force the first page to | |
2772 | be printed on the back of the header page when using duplex. If your | |
2773 | printer system has this behavior, set variable | |
2774 | `ps-banner-page-when-duplexing' to t. | |
2775 | ||
2776 | If variable `ps-banner-page-when-duplexing' is non-nil, it prints a | |
2777 | blank page as the very first printed page. So, it behaves as if the | |
2778 | very first character of buffer (or region) were a form feed ^L (\014). | |
2779 | ||
2780 | The variable `ps-spool-config' specifies who is responsible for | |
2781 | setting duplex mode and page size. Valid values are: | |
2782 | ||
2783 | lpr-switches duplex and page size are configured by `ps-lpr-switches'. | |
2784 | Don't forget to set `ps-lpr-switches' to select duplex | |
2785 | printing for your printer. | |
2786 | ||
2787 | setpagedevice duplex and page size are configured by ps-print using the | |
2788 | setpagedevice PostScript operator. | |
2789 | ||
2790 | nil duplex and page size are configured by ps-print *not* using | |
2791 | the setpagedevice PostScript operator. | |
2792 | ||
2793 | The variable `ps-spool-tumble' specifies how the page images on | |
2794 | opposite sides of a sheet are oriented with respect to each other. If | |
2795 | `ps-spool-tumble' is nil, ps-print produces output suitable for | |
2796 | bindings on the left or right. If `ps-spool-tumble' is non-nil, | |
2797 | ps-print produces output suitable for bindings at the top or bottom. | |
2798 | This variable takes effect only if `ps-spool-duplex' is non-nil. | |
2799 | The default value is nil. | |
2800 | ||
2801 | The variable `ps-header-frame-alist' specifies a header frame | |
2802 | properties alist. Valid frame properties are: | |
2803 | ||
2804 | fore-color Specify the foreground frame color. | |
2805 | Value should be a float number between 0.0 (black | |
2806 | color) and 1.0 (white color), or a string which is a | |
2807 | color name, or a list of 3 float numbers which | |
2808 | correspond to the Red Green Blue color scale, each | |
2809 | float number between 0.0 (dark color) and 1.0 (bright | |
2810 | color). The default is 0 ("black"). | |
2811 | ||
2812 | back-color Specify the background frame color (similar to fore-color). | |
2813 | The default is 0.9 ("gray90"). | |
2814 | ||
2815 | shadow-color Specify the shadow color (similar to fore-color). | |
2816 | The default is 0 ("black"). | |
2817 | ||
2818 | border-color Specify the border color (similar to fore-color). | |
2819 | The default is 0 ("black"). | |
2820 | ||
2821 | border-width Specify the border width. | |
2822 | The default is 0.4. | |
2823 | ||
2824 | Any other property is ignored. | |
2825 | ||
2826 | Don't change this alist directly; instead use Custom, or the | |
2827 | `ps-value', `ps-get', `ps-put' and `ps-del' functions (see there for | |
2828 | documentation). | |
2829 | ||
2830 | Ps-print can also print footers. The footer variables are: | |
2831 | `ps-print-footer', `ps-footer-offset', `ps-print-footer-frame', | |
2832 | `ps-footer-font-family', `ps-footer-font-size', `ps-footer-line-pad', | |
2833 | `ps-footer-lines', `ps-left-footer', `ps-right-footer' and | |
2834 | `ps-footer-frame-alist'. These variables are similar to those | |
2835 | controlling headers. | |
2836 | ||
2837 | *** Color management (subgroup) | |
2838 | ||
2839 | If `ps-print-color-p' is non-nil, the buffer's text will be printed in | |
2840 | color. | |
2841 | ||
2842 | *** Face Management (subgroup) | |
2843 | ||
2844 | If you need to print without worrying about face background colors, | |
2845 | set the variable `ps-use-face-background' which specifies if face | |
2846 | background should be used. Valid values are: | |
2847 | ||
2848 | t always use face background color. | |
2849 | nil never use face background color. | |
2850 | (face...) list of faces whose background color will be used. | |
2851 | ||
2852 | *** N-up printing (subgroup) | |
2853 | ||
2854 | The variable `ps-n-up-printing' specifies the number of pages per | |
2855 | sheet of paper. | |
2856 | ||
2857 | The variable `ps-n-up-margin' specifies the margin in points (pt) | |
2858 | between the sheet border and the n-up printing. | |
2859 | ||
2860 | If variable `ps-n-up-border-p' is non-nil, a border is drawn around | |
2861 | each page. | |
2862 | ||
2863 | The variable `ps-n-up-filling' specifies how the page matrix is filled | |
2864 | on each sheet of paper. Following are the valid values for | |
2865 | `ps-n-up-filling' with a filling example using a 3x4 page matrix: | |
2866 | ||
2867 | `left-top' 1 2 3 4 `left-bottom' 9 10 11 12 | |
2868 | 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 | |
2869 | 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 | |
2870 | ||
2871 | `right-top' 4 3 2 1 `right-bottom' 12 11 10 9 | |
2872 | 8 7 6 5 8 7 6 5 | |
2873 | 12 11 10 9 4 3 2 1 | |
2874 | ||
2875 | `top-left' 1 4 7 10 `bottom-left' 3 6 9 12 | |
2876 | 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 11 | |
2877 | 3 6 9 12 1 4 7 10 | |
2878 | ||
2879 | `top-right' 10 7 4 1 `bottom-right' 12 9 6 3 | |
2880 | 11 8 5 2 11 8 5 2 | |
2881 | 12 9 6 3 10 7 4 1 | |
2882 | ||
2883 | Any other value is treated as `left-top'. | |
2884 | ||
2885 | *** Zebra stripes (subgroup) | |
2886 | ||
2887 | The variable `ps-zebra-color' controls the zebra stripes grayscale or | |
2888 | RGB color. | |
2889 | ||
2890 | The variable `ps-zebra-stripe-follow' specifies how zebra stripes | |
2891 | continue on next page. Visually, valid values are (the character `+' | |
2892 | to the right of each column indicates that a line is printed): | |
2893 | ||
2894 | `nil' `follow' `full' `full-follow' | |
2895 | Current Page -------- ----------- --------- ---------------- | |
2896 | 1 XXXXX + 1 XXXXXXXX + 1 XXXXXX + 1 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2897 | 2 XXXXX + 2 XXXXXXXX + 2 XXXXXX + 2 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2898 | 3 XXXXX + 3 XXXXXXXX + 3 XXXXXX + 3 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2899 | 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + | |
2900 | 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + | |
2901 | 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + | |
2902 | 7 XXXXX + 7 XXXXXXXX + 7 XXXXXX + 7 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2903 | 8 XXXXX + 8 XXXXXXXX + 8 XXXXXX + 8 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2904 | 9 XXXXX + 9 XXXXXXXX + 9 XXXXXX + 9 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2905 | 10 + 10 + | |
2906 | 11 + 11 + | |
2907 | -------- ----------- --------- ---------------- | |
2908 | Next Page -------- ----------- --------- ---------------- | |
2909 | 12 XXXXX + 12 + 10 XXXXXX + 10 + | |
2910 | 13 XXXXX + 13 XXXXXXXX + 11 XXXXXX + 11 + | |
2911 | 14 XXXXX + 14 XXXXXXXX + 12 XXXXXX + 12 + | |
2912 | 15 + 15 XXXXXXXX + 13 + 13 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2913 | 16 + 16 + 14 + 14 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2914 | 17 + 17 + 15 + 15 XXXXXXXXXXXXX + | |
2915 | 18 XXXXX + 18 + 16 XXXXXX + 16 + | |
2916 | 19 XXXXX + 19 XXXXXXXX + 17 XXXXXX + 17 + | |
2917 | 20 XXXXX + 20 XXXXXXXX + 18 XXXXXX + 18 + | |
2918 | 21 + 21 XXXXXXXX + | |
2919 | 22 + 22 + | |
2920 | -------- ----------- --------- ---------------- | |
2921 | ||
2922 | Any other value is treated as `nil'. | |
2923 | ||
2924 | ||
2925 | *** Printer management (subgroup) | |
2926 | ||
2927 | The variable `ps-printer-name-option' determines the option used by | |
2928 | some utilities to indicate the printer name; it's used only when | |
2929 | `ps-printer-name' is a non-empty string. If you're using the lpr | |
2930 | utility to print, for example, `ps-printer-name-option' should be set | |
2931 | to "-P". | |
2932 | ||
2933 | The variable `ps-manual-feed' indicates if the printer requires manual | |
2934 | paper feeding. If it's nil, automatic feeding takes place. If it's | |
2935 | non-nil, manual feeding takes place. | |
2936 | ||
2937 | The variable `ps-end-with-control-d' specifies whether C-d (\x04) | |
2938 | should be inserted at end of the generated PostScript. Non-nil means | |
2939 | do so. | |
2940 | ||
2941 | *** Page settings (subgroup) | |
2942 | ||
2943 | If variable `ps-warn-paper-type' is nil, it's *not* treated as an | |
2944 | error if the PostScript printer doesn't have a paper with the size | |
2945 | indicated by `ps-paper-type'; the default paper size will be used | |
2946 | instead. If `ps-warn-paper-type' is non-nil, an error is signaled if | |
2947 | the PostScript printer doesn't support a paper with the size indicated | |
2948 | by `ps-paper-type'. This is used when `ps-spool-config' is set to | |
2949 | `setpagedevice'. | |
2950 | ||
2951 | The variable `ps-print-upside-down' determines the orientation for | |
2952 | printing pages: nil means `normal' printing, non-nil means | |
2953 | `upside-down' printing (that is, the page is rotated by 180 degrees). | |
2954 | ||
2955 | The variable `ps-selected-pages' specifies which pages to print. If | |
2956 | it's nil, all pages are printed. If it's a list, list elements may be | |
2957 | integers specifying a single page to print, or cons cells (FROM . TO) | |
2958 | specifying to print from page FROM to TO. Invalid list elements, that | |
2959 | is integers smaller than one, or elements whose FROM is greater than | |
2960 | its TO, are ignored. | |
2961 | ||
2962 | The variable `ps-even-or-odd-pages' specifies how to print even/odd | |
2963 | pages. Valid values are: | |
2964 | ||
2965 | nil print all pages. | |
2966 | ||
2967 | `even-page' print only even pages. | |
2968 | ||
2969 | `odd-page' print only odd pages. | |
2970 | ||
2971 | `even-sheet' print only even sheets. | |
2972 | That is, if `ps-n-up-printing' is 1, it behaves like | |
2973 | `even-page', but for values greater than 1, it'll | |
2974 | print only the even sheet of paper. | |
2975 | ||
2976 | `odd-sheet' print only odd sheets. | |
2977 | That is, if `ps-n-up-printing' is 1, it behaves like | |
2978 | `odd-page'; but for values greater than 1, it'll print | |
2979 | only the odd sheet of paper. | |
2980 | ||
2981 | Any other value is treated as nil. | |
2982 | ||
2983 | If you set `ps-selected-pages' (see there for documentation), pages | |
2984 | are filtered by `ps-selected-pages', and then by | |
2985 | `ps-even-or-odd-pages'. For example, if we have: | |
2986 | ||
2987 | (setq ps-selected-pages '(1 4 (6 . 10) (12 . 16) 20)) | |
2988 | ||
2989 | and we combine this with `ps-even-or-odd-pages' and | |
2990 | `ps-n-up-printing', we get: | |
2991 | ||
2992 | `ps-n-up-printing' = 1: | |
2993 | `ps-even-or-odd-pages' PAGES PRINTED | |
2994 | nil 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20 | |
2995 | even-page 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20 | |
2996 | odd-page 1, 7, 9, 13, 15 | |
2997 | even-sheet 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20 | |
2998 | odd-sheet 1, 7, 9, 13, 15 | |
2999 | ||
3000 | `ps-n-up-printing' = 2: | |
3001 | `ps-even-or-odd-pages' PAGES PRINTED | |
3002 | nil 1/4, 6/7, 8/9, 10/12, 13/14, 15/16, 20 | |
3003 | even-page 4/6, 8/10, 12/14, 16/20 | |
3004 | odd-page 1/7, 9/13, 15 | |
3005 | even-sheet 6/7, 10/12, 15/16 | |
3006 | odd-sheet 1/4, 8/9, 13/14, 20 | |
3007 | ||
3008 | *** Miscellany (subgroup) | |
3009 | ||
3010 | The variable `ps-error-handler-message' specifies where error handler | |
3011 | messages should be sent. | |
3012 | ||
3013 | It is also possible to add a user-defined PostScript prologue code in | |
3014 | front of all generated prologue code by setting the variable | |
3015 | `ps-user-defined-prologue'. | |
3016 | ||
3017 | The variable `ps-line-number-font' specifies the font for line numbers. | |
3018 | ||
3019 | The variable `ps-line-number-font-size' specifies the font size in | |
3020 | points for line numbers. | |
3021 | ||
3022 | The variable `ps-line-number-color' specifies the color for line | |
3023 | numbers. See `ps-zebra-color' for documentation. | |
3024 | ||
3025 | The variable `ps-line-number-step' specifies the interval in which | |
3026 | line numbers are printed. For example, if `ps-line-number-step' is set | |
3027 | to 2, the printing will look like: | |
3028 | ||
3029 | 1 one line | |
3030 | one line | |
3031 | 3 one line | |
3032 | one line | |
3033 | 5 one line | |
3034 | one line | |
3035 | ... | |
3036 | ||
3037 | Valid values are: | |
3038 | ||
3039 | integer an integer specifying the interval in which line numbers are | |
3040 | printed. If it's smaller than or equal to zero, 1 | |
3041 | is used. | |
3042 | ||
3043 | `zebra' specifies that only the line number of the first line in a | |
3044 | zebra stripe is to be printed. | |
3045 | ||
3046 | Any other value is treated as `zebra'. | |
3047 | ||
3048 | The variable `ps-line-number-start' specifies the starting point in | |
3049 | the interval given by `ps-line-number-step'. For example, if | |
3050 | `ps-line-number-step' is set to 3, and `ps-line-number-start' is set to | |
3051 | 3, the output will look like: | |
3052 | ||
3053 | one line | |
3054 | one line | |
3055 | 3 one line | |
3056 | one line | |
3057 | one line | |
3058 | 6 one line | |
3059 | one line | |
3060 | one line | |
3061 | 9 one line | |
3062 | one line | |
3063 | ... | |
3064 | ||
3065 | The variable `ps-postscript-code-directory' specifies the directory | |
3066 | where the PostScript prologue file used by ps-print is found. | |
3067 | ||
3068 | The variable `ps-line-spacing' determines the line spacing in points, | |
3069 | for ordinary text, when generating PostScript (similar to | |
3070 | `ps-font-size'). | |
3071 | ||
3072 | The variable `ps-paragraph-spacing' determines the paragraph spacing, | |
3073 | in points, for ordinary text, when generating PostScript (similar to | |
3074 | `ps-font-size'). | |
3075 | ||
3076 | The variable `ps-paragraph-regexp' specifies the paragraph delimiter. | |
3077 | ||
3078 | The variable `ps-begin-cut-regexp' and `ps-end-cut-regexp' specify the | |
3079 | start and end of a region to cut out when printing. | |
3080 | ||
3081 | ** hideshow changes. | |
3082 | ||
3083 | *** now supports hiding of blocks of single line comments (like // for | |
3084 | C++, ; for lisp). | |
3085 | ||
3086 | *** Support for java-mode added. | |
3087 | ||
3088 | *** When doing `hs-hide-all' it is now possible to also hide the comments | |
3089 | in the file if `hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all' is set. | |
3090 | ||
3091 | *** The new function `hs-hide-initial-comment' hides the comments at | |
3092 | the beginning of the files. Finally those huge RCS logs don't stay in your | |
3093 | way! This is run by default when entering the `hs-minor-mode'. | |
3094 | ||
3095 | *** Now uses overlays instead of `selective-display', so is more | |
3096 | robust and a lot faster. | |
3097 | ||
3098 | *** A block beginning can span multiple lines. | |
3099 | ||
3100 | *** The new variable `hs-show-hidden-short-form' if t, directs hideshow | |
3101 | to show only the beginning of a block when it is hidden. See the | |
3102 | documentation for more details. | |
3103 | ||
3104 | ** Changes in Enriched mode. | |
3105 | ||
3106 | *** When you visit a file in enriched-mode, Emacs will make sure it is | |
3107 | filled to the current fill-column. This behavior is now independent | |
3108 | of the size of the window. When you save the file, the fill-column in | |
3109 | use is stored as well, so that the whole buffer need not be refilled | |
3110 | the next time unless the fill-column is different. | |
3111 | ||
3112 | *** use-hard-newlines is now a minor mode. When it is enabled, Emacs | |
3113 | distinguishes between hard and soft newlines, and treats hard newlines | |
3114 | as paragraph boundaries. Otherwise all newlines inserted are marked | |
3115 | as soft, and paragraph boundaries are determined solely from the text. | |
3116 | ||
3117 | ** Font Lock mode | |
3118 | ||
3119 | *** Custom support | |
3120 | ||
3121 | The variables font-lock-face-attributes, font-lock-display-type and | |
3122 | font-lock-background-mode are now obsolete; the recommended way to specify | |
3123 | the faces to use for Font Lock mode is with M-x customize-group on the new | |
3124 | custom group font-lock-faces. If you set font-lock-face-attributes in your | |
3125 | ~/.emacs file, Font Lock mode will respect its value. However, you should | |
3126 | consider converting from setting that variable to using M-x customize. | |
3127 | ||
3128 | You can still use X resources to specify Font Lock face appearances. | |
3129 | ||
3130 | *** Maximum decoration | |
3131 | ||
3132 | Fontification now uses the maximum level of decoration supported by | |
3133 | default. Previously, fontification used a mode-specific default level | |
3134 | of decoration, which is typically the minimum level of decoration | |
3135 | supported. You can set font-lock-maximum-decoration to nil | |
3136 | to get the old behavior. | |
3137 | ||
3138 | *** New support | |
3139 | ||
3140 | Support is now provided for Java, Objective-C, AWK and SIMULA modes. | |
3141 | ||
3142 | Note that Font Lock mode can be turned on without knowing exactly what modes | |
3143 | support Font Lock mode, via the command global-font-lock-mode. | |
3144 | ||
3145 | *** Configurable support | |
3146 | ||
3147 | Support for C, C++, Objective-C and Java can be more easily configured for | |
3148 | additional types and classes via the new variables c-font-lock-extra-types, | |
3149 | c++-font-lock-extra-types, objc-font-lock-extra-types and, you guessed it, | |
3150 | java-font-lock-extra-types. These value of each of these variables should be a | |
3151 | list of regexps matching the extra type names. For example, the default value | |
3152 | of c-font-lock-extra-types is ("\\sw+_t") which means fontification follows the | |
3153 | convention that C type names end in _t. This results in slower fontification. | |
3154 | ||
3155 | Of course, you can change the variables that specify fontification in whatever | |
3156 | way you wish, typically by adding regexps. However, these new variables make | |
3157 | it easier to make specific and common changes for the fontification of types. | |
3158 | ||
3159 | *** Adding highlighting patterns to existing support | |
3160 | ||
3161 | You can use the new function font-lock-add-keywords to add your own | |
3162 | highlighting patterns, such as for project-local or user-specific constructs, | |
3163 | for any mode. | |
3164 | ||
3165 | For example, to highlight `FIXME:' words in C comments, put: | |
3166 | ||
3167 | (font-lock-add-keywords 'c-mode '(("\\<FIXME:" 0 font-lock-warning-face t))) | |
3168 | ||
3169 | in your ~/.emacs. | |
3170 | ||
3171 | *** New faces | |
3172 | ||
3173 | Font Lock now defines two new faces, font-lock-builtin-face and | |
3174 | font-lock-warning-face. These are intended to highlight builtin keywords, | |
3175 | distinct from a language's normal keywords, and objects that should be brought | |
3176 | to user attention, respectively. Various modes now use these new faces. | |
3177 | ||
3178 | *** Changes to fast-lock support mode | |
3179 | ||
3180 | The fast-lock package, one of the two Font Lock support modes, can now process | |
3181 | cache files silently. You can use the new variable fast-lock-verbose, in the | |
3182 | same way as font-lock-verbose, to control this feature. | |
3183 | ||
3184 | *** Changes to lazy-lock support mode | |
3185 | ||
3186 | The lazy-lock package, one of the two Font Lock support modes, can now fontify | |
3187 | according to the true syntactic context relative to other lines. You can use | |
3188 | the new variable lazy-lock-defer-contextually to control this feature. If | |
3189 | non-nil, changes to the buffer will cause subsequent lines in the buffer to be | |
3190 | refontified after lazy-lock-defer-time seconds of idle time. If nil, then only | |
3191 | the modified lines will be refontified; this is the same as the previous Lazy | |
3192 | Lock mode behavior and the behavior of Font Lock mode. | |
3193 | ||
3194 | This feature is useful in modes where strings or comments can span lines. | |
3195 | For example, if a string or comment terminating character is deleted, then if | |
3196 | this feature is enabled subsequent lines in the buffer will be correctly | |
3197 | refontified to reflect their new syntactic context. Previously, only the line | |
3198 | containing the deleted character would be refontified and you would have to use | |
3199 | the command M-o M-o (font-lock-fontify-block) to refontify some lines. | |
3200 | ||
3201 | As a consequence of this new feature, two other variables have changed: | |
3202 | ||
3203 | Variable `lazy-lock-defer-driven' is renamed `lazy-lock-defer-on-scrolling'. | |
3204 | Variable `lazy-lock-defer-time' can now only be a time, i.e., a number. | |
3205 | Buffer modes for which on-the-fly deferral applies can be specified via the | |
3206 | new variable `lazy-lock-defer-on-the-fly'. | |
3207 | ||
3208 | If you set these variables in your ~/.emacs, then you may have to change those | |
3209 | settings. | |
3210 | ||
3211 | ** Ada mode changes. | |
3212 | ||
3213 | *** There is now better support for using find-file.el with Ada mode. | |
3214 | If you switch between spec and body, the cursor stays in the same | |
3215 | procedure (modulo overloading). If a spec has no body file yet, but | |
3216 | you try to switch to its body file, Ada mode now generates procedure | |
3217 | stubs. | |
3218 | ||
3219 | *** There are two new commands: | |
3220 | - `ada-make-local' : invokes gnatmake on the current buffer | |
3221 | - `ada-check-syntax' : check syntax of current buffer. | |
3222 | ||
3223 | The user options `ada-compiler-make', `ada-make-options', | |
3224 | `ada-language-version', `ada-compiler-syntax-check', and | |
3225 | `ada-compile-options' are used within these commands. | |
3226 | ||
3227 | *** Ada mode can now work with Outline minor mode. The outline level | |
3228 | is calculated from the indenting, not from syntactic constructs. | |
3229 | Outlining does not work if your code is not correctly indented. | |
3230 | ||
3231 | *** The new function `ada-gnat-style' converts the buffer to the style of | |
3232 | formatting used in GNAT. It places two blanks after a comment start, | |
3233 | places one blank between a word end and an opening '(', and puts one | |
3234 | space between a comma and the beginning of a word. | |
3235 | ||
3236 | ** Scheme mode changes. | |
3237 | ||
3238 | *** Scheme mode indentation now uses many of the facilities of Lisp | |
3239 | mode; therefore, the variables to customize it are the variables used | |
3240 | for Lisp mode which have names starting with `lisp-'. The variables | |
3241 | with names starting with `scheme-' which used to do this no longer | |
3242 | have any effect. | |
3243 | ||
3244 | If you want to use different indentation for Scheme and Lisp, this is | |
3245 | still possible, but now you must do it by adding a hook to | |
3246 | scheme-mode-hook, which could work by setting the `lisp-' indentation | |
3247 | variables as buffer-local variables. | |
3248 | ||
3249 | *** DSSSL mode is a variant of Scheme mode, for editing DSSSL scripts. | |
3250 | Use M-x dsssl-mode. | |
3251 | ||
3252 | ** Changes to the emacsclient program | |
3253 | ||
3254 | *** If a socket can't be found, and environment variables LOGNAME or | |
3255 | USER are set, emacsclient now looks for a socket based on the UID | |
3256 | associated with the name. That is an emacsclient running as root | |
3257 | can connect to an Emacs server started by a non-root user. | |
3258 | ||
3259 | *** The emacsclient program now accepts an option --no-wait which tells | |
3260 | it to return immediately without waiting for you to "finish" the | |
3261 | buffer in Emacs. | |
3262 | ||
3263 | *** The new option --alternate-editor allows to specify an editor to | |
3264 | use if Emacs is not running. The environment variable | |
3265 | ALTERNATE_EDITOR can be used for the same effect; the command line | |
3266 | option takes precedence. | |
3267 | ||
3268 | ** M-x eldoc-mode enables a minor mode in which the echo area | |
3269 | constantly shows the parameter list for function being called at point | |
3270 | (in Emacs Lisp and Lisp Interaction modes only). | |
3271 | ||
3272 | ** C-x n d now runs the new command narrow-to-defun, | |
3273 | which narrows the accessible parts of the buffer to just | |
3274 | the current defun. | |
3275 | ||
3276 | ** Emacs now handles the `--' argument in the standard way; all | |
3277 | following arguments are treated as ordinary file names. | |
3278 | ||
3279 | ** On MSDOS and Windows, the bookmark file is now called _emacs.bmk, | |
3280 | and the saved desktop file is now called _emacs.desktop (truncated if | |
3281 | necessary). | |
3282 | ||
3283 | ** When you kill a buffer that visits a file, | |
3284 | if there are any registers that save positions in the file, | |
3285 | these register values no longer become completely useless. | |
3286 | If you try to go to such a register with C-x j, then you are | |
3287 | asked whether to visit the file again. If you say yes, | |
3288 | it visits the file and then goes to the same position. | |
3289 | ||
3290 | ** When you visit a file that changes frequently outside Emacs--for | |
3291 | example, a log of output from a process that continues to run--it may | |
3292 | be useful for Emacs to revert the file without querying you whenever | |
3293 | you visit the file afresh with C-x C-f. | |
3294 | ||
3295 | You can request this behavior for certain files by setting the | |
3296 | variable revert-without-query to a list of regular expressions. If a | |
3297 | file's name matches any of these regular expressions, find-file and | |
3298 | revert-buffer revert the buffer without asking for permission--but | |
3299 | only if you have not edited the buffer text yourself. | |
3300 | ||
3301 | ** set-default-font has been renamed to set-frame-font | |
3302 | since it applies only to the current frame. | |
3303 | ||
3304 | ** In TeX mode, you can use the variable tex-main-file to specify the | |
3305 | file for tex-file to run TeX on. (By default, tex-main-file is nil, | |
3306 | and tex-file runs TeX on the current visited file.) | |
3307 | ||
3308 | This is useful when you are editing a document that consists of | |
3309 | multiple files. In each of the included files, you can set up a local | |
3310 | variable list which specifies the top-level file of your document for | |
3311 | tex-main-file. Then tex-file will run TeX on the whole document | |
3312 | instead of just the file you are editing. | |
3313 | ||
3314 | ** RefTeX mode | |
3315 | ||
3316 | RefTeX mode is a new minor mode with special support for \label, \ref | |
3317 | and \cite macros in LaTeX documents. RefTeX distinguishes labels of | |
3318 | different environments (equation, figure, ...) and has full support for | |
3319 | multifile documents. To use it, select a buffer with a LaTeX document and | |
3320 | turn the mode on with M-x reftex-mode. Here are the main user commands: | |
3321 | ||
3322 | C-c ( reftex-label | |
3323 | Creates a label semi-automatically. RefTeX is context sensitive and | |
3324 | knows which kind of label is needed. | |
3325 | ||
3326 | C-c ) reftex-reference | |
3327 | Offers in a menu all labels in the document, along with context of the | |
3328 | label definition. The selected label is referenced as \ref{LABEL}. | |
3329 | ||
3330 | C-c [ reftex-citation | |
3331 | Prompts for a regular expression and displays a list of matching BibTeX | |
3332 | database entries. The selected entry is cited with a \cite{KEY} macro. | |
3333 | ||
3334 | C-c & reftex-view-crossref | |
3335 | Views the cross reference of a \ref or \cite command near point. | |
3336 | ||
3337 | C-c = reftex-toc | |
3338 | Shows a table of contents of the (multifile) document. From there you | |
3339 | can quickly jump to every section. | |
3340 | ||
3341 | Under X, RefTeX installs a "Ref" menu in the menu bar, with additional | |
3342 | commands. Press `?' to get help when a prompt mentions this feature. | |
3343 | Full documentation and customization examples are in the file | |
3344 | reftex.el. You can use the finder to view the file documentation: | |
3345 | C-h p --> tex --> reftex.el | |
3346 | ||
3347 | ** Changes in BibTeX mode. | |
3348 | ||
3349 | *** Info documentation is now available. | |
3350 | ||
3351 | *** Don't allow parentheses in string constants anymore. This confused | |
3352 | both the BibTeX program and Emacs BibTeX mode. | |
3353 | ||
3354 | *** Renamed variable bibtex-mode-user-optional-fields to | |
3355 | bibtex-user-optional-fields. | |
3356 | ||
3357 | *** Removed variable bibtex-include-OPTannote | |
3358 | (use bibtex-user-optional-fields instead). | |
3359 | ||
3360 | *** New interactive functions to copy and kill fields and complete | |
3361 | entries to the BibTeX kill ring, from where they can be yanked back by | |
3362 | appropriate functions. | |
3363 | ||
3364 | *** New interactive functions for repositioning and marking of | |
3365 | entries. They are bound by default to C-M-l and C-M-h. | |
3366 | ||
3367 | *** New hook bibtex-clean-entry-hook. It is called after entry has | |
3368 | been cleaned. | |
3369 | ||
3370 | *** New variable bibtex-field-delimiters, which replaces variables | |
3371 | bibtex-field-{left|right}-delimiter. | |
3372 | ||
3373 | *** New variable bibtex-entry-delimiters to determine how entries | |
3374 | shall be delimited. | |
3375 | ||
3376 | *** Allow preinitialization of fields. See documentation of | |
3377 | bibtex-user-optional-fields, bibtex-entry-field-alist, and | |
3378 | bibtex-include-OPTkey for details. | |
3379 | ||
3380 | *** Book and InBook entries require either an author or an editor | |
3381 | field. This is now supported by bibtex.el. Alternative fields are | |
3382 | prefixed with `ALT'. | |
3383 | ||
3384 | *** New variable bibtex-entry-format, which replaces variable | |
3385 | bibtex-clean-entry-zap-empty-opts and allows specification of many | |
3386 | formatting options performed on cleaning an entry (see variable | |
3387 | documentation). | |
3388 | ||
3389 | *** Even more control on how automatic keys are generated. See | |
3390 | documentation of bibtex-generate-autokey for details. Transcriptions | |
3391 | for foreign languages other than German are now handled, too. | |
3392 | ||
3393 | *** New boolean user option bibtex-comma-after-last-field to decide if | |
3394 | comma should be inserted at end of last field. | |
3395 | ||
3396 | *** New boolean user option bibtex-align-at-equal-sign to determine if | |
3397 | alignment should be made at left side of field contents or at equal | |
3398 | signs. New user options to control entry layout (e.g. indentation). | |
3399 | ||
3400 | *** New function bibtex-fill-entry to realign entries. | |
3401 | ||
3402 | *** New function bibtex-reformat to reformat region or buffer. | |
3403 | ||
3404 | *** New function bibtex-convert-alien to convert a BibTeX database | |
3405 | from alien sources. | |
3406 | ||
3407 | *** New function bibtex-complete-key (similar to bibtex-complete-string) | |
3408 | to complete prefix to a key defined in buffer. Mainly useful in | |
3409 | crossref entries. | |
3410 | ||
3411 | *** New function bibtex-count-entries to count entries in buffer or | |
3412 | region. | |
3413 | ||
3414 | *** Added support for imenu. | |
3415 | ||
3416 | *** The function `bibtex-validate' now checks current region instead | |
3417 | of buffer if mark is active. Now it shows all errors of buffer in a | |
3418 | `compilation mode' buffer. You can use the normal commands (e.g. | |
3419 | `next-error') for compilation modes to jump to errors. | |
3420 | ||
3421 | *** New variable `bibtex-string-file-path' to determine where the files | |
3422 | from `bibtex-string-files' are searched. | |
3423 | ||
3424 | ** Iso Accents mode now supports Latin-3 as an alternative. | |
3425 | ||
3426 | ** The command next-error now opens blocks hidden by hideshow. | |
3427 | ||
3428 | ** The function using-unix-filesystems has been replaced by the | |
3429 | functions add-untranslated-filesystem and remove-untranslated-filesystem. | |
3430 | Each of these functions takes the name of a drive letter or directory | |
3431 | as an argument. | |
3432 | ||
3433 | When a filesystem is added as untranslated, all files on it are read | |
3434 | and written in binary mode (no cr/lf translation is performed). | |
3435 | ||
3436 | ** browse-url changes | |
3437 | ||
3438 | *** New methods for: Grail (browse-url-generic), MMM (browse-url-mmm), | |
3439 | Lynx in a separate xterm (browse-url-lynx-xterm) or in an Emacs window | |
3440 | (browse-url-lynx-emacs), remote W3 (browse-url-w3-gnudoit), generic | |
3441 | non-remote-controlled browsers (browse-url-generic) and associated | |
3442 | customization variables. | |
3443 | ||
3444 | *** New commands `browse-url-of-region' and `browse-url'. | |
3445 | ||
3446 | *** URLs marked up with <URL:...> (RFC1738) work if broken across | |
3447 | lines. Browsing methods can be associated with URL regexps | |
3448 | (e.g. mailto: URLs) via `browse-url-browser-function'. | |
3449 | ||
3450 | ** Changes in Ediff | |
3451 | ||
3452 | *** Clicking Mouse-2 on a brief command description in Ediff control panel | |
3453 | pops up the Info file for this command. | |
3454 | ||
3455 | *** There is now a variable, ediff-autostore-merges, which controls whether | |
3456 | the result of a merge is saved in a file. By default, this is done only when | |
3457 | merge is done from a session group (eg, when merging files in two different | |
3458 | directories). | |
3459 | ||
3460 | *** Since Emacs 19.31 (this hasn't been announced before), Ediff can compare | |
3461 | and merge groups of files residing in different directories, or revisions of | |
3462 | files in the same directory. | |
3463 | ||
3464 | *** Since Emacs 19.31, Ediff can apply multi-file patches interactively. | |
3465 | The patches must be in the context format or GNU unified format. (The bug | |
3466 | related to the GNU format has now been fixed.) | |
3467 | ||
3468 | ** Changes in Viper | |
3469 | ||
3470 | *** The startup file is now .viper instead of .vip | |
3471 | *** All variable/function names have been changed to start with viper- | |
3472 | instead of vip-. | |
3473 | *** C-\ now simulates the meta-key in all Viper states. | |
3474 | *** C-z in Insert state now escapes to Vi for the duration of the next | |
3475 | Viper command. In Vi and Insert states, C-z behaves as before. | |
3476 | *** C-c \ escapes to Vi for one command if Viper is in Insert or Emacs states. | |
3477 | *** _ is no longer the meta-key in Vi state. | |
3478 | *** The variable viper-insert-state-cursor-color can be used to change cursor | |
3479 | color when Viper is in insert state. | |
3480 | *** If search lands the cursor near the top or the bottom of the window, | |
3481 | Viper pulls the window up or down to expose more context. The variable | |
3482 | viper-adjust-window-after-search controls this behavior. | |
3483 | ||
3484 | ** Etags changes. | |
3485 | ||
3486 | *** In C, C++, Objective C and Java, Etags tags global variables by | |
3487 | default. The resulting tags files are inflated by 30% on average. | |
3488 | Use --no-globals to turn this feature off. Etags can also tag | |
3489 | variables which are members of structure-like constructs, but it does | |
3490 | not by default. Use --members to turn this feature on. | |
3491 | ||
3492 | *** C++ member functions are now recognized as tags. | |
3493 | ||
3494 | *** Java is tagged like C++. In addition, "extends" and "implements" | |
3495 | constructs are tagged. Files are recognized by the extension .java. | |
3496 | ||
7877f373 JB |
3497 | *** Etags can now handle programs written in PostScript. Files are |
3498 | recognized by the extensions .ps and .pdb (PostScript with C syntax). | |
3499 | In PostScript, tags are lines that start with a slash. | |
9a21d88b KS |
3500 | |
3501 | *** Etags now handles Objective C and Objective C++ code. The usual C and | |
3502 | C++ tags are recognized in these languages; in addition, etags | |
3503 | recognizes special Objective C syntax for classes, class categories, | |
3504 | methods and protocols. | |
3505 | ||
3506 | *** Etags also handles Cobol. Files are recognized by the extension | |
3507 | .cobol. The tagged lines are those containing a word that begins in | |
3508 | column 8 and ends in a full stop, i.e. anything that could be a | |
3509 | paragraph name. | |
3510 | ||
3511 | *** Regexps in Etags now support intervals, as in ed or grep. The syntax of | |
3512 | an interval is \{M,N\}, and it means to match the preceding expression | |
3513 | at least M times and as many as N times. | |
3514 | ||
3515 | ** The format for specifying a custom format for time-stamp to insert | |
3516 | in files has changed slightly. | |
3517 | ||
3518 | With the new enhancements to the functionality of format-time-string, | |
3519 | time-stamp-format will change to be eventually compatible with it. | |
3520 | This conversion is being done in two steps to maintain compatibility | |
3521 | with old time-stamp-format values. | |
3522 | ||
3523 | In the new scheme, alternate case is signified by the number-sign | |
3524 | (`#') modifier, rather than changing the case of the format character. | |
3525 | This feature is as yet incompletely implemented for compatibility | |
3526 | reasons. | |
3527 | ||
3528 | In the old time-stamp-format, all numeric fields defaulted to their | |
3529 | natural width. (With format-time-string, each format has a | |
3530 | fixed-width default.) In this version, you can specify the colon | |
3531 | (`:') modifier to a numeric conversion to mean "give me the historical | |
3532 | time-stamp-format width default." Do not use colon if you are | |
3533 | specifying an explicit width, as in "%02d". | |
3534 | ||
3535 | Numbers are no longer truncated to the requested width, except in the | |
3536 | case of "%02y", which continues to give a two-digit year. Digit | |
3537 | truncation probably wasn't being used for anything else anyway. | |
3538 | ||
3539 | The new formats will work with old versions of Emacs. New formats are | |
3540 | being recommended now to allow time-stamp-format to change in the | |
3541 | future to be compatible with format-time-string. The new forms being | |
3542 | recommended now will continue to work then. | |
3543 | ||
3544 | See the documentation string for the variable time-stamp-format for | |
3545 | details. | |
3546 | ||
3547 | ** There are some additional major modes: | |
3548 | ||
3549 | dcl-mode, for editing VMS DCL files. | |
3550 | m4-mode, for editing files of m4 input. | |
3551 | meta-mode, for editing MetaFont and MetaPost source files. | |
3552 | ||
3553 | ** In Shell mode, the command shell-copy-environment-variable lets you | |
3554 | copy the value of a specified environment variable from the subshell | |
3555 | into Emacs. | |
3556 | ||
3557 | ** New Lisp packages include: | |
3558 | ||
3559 | *** battery.el displays battery status for laptops. | |
3560 | ||
3561 | *** M-x bruce (named after Lenny Bruce) is a program that might | |
3562 | be used for adding some indecent words to your email. | |
3563 | ||
3564 | *** M-x crisp-mode enables an emulation for the CRiSP editor. | |
3565 | ||
3566 | *** M-x dirtrack arranges for better tracking of directory changes | |
3567 | in shell buffers. | |
3568 | ||
3569 | *** The new library elint.el provides for linting of Emacs Lisp code. | |
3570 | See the documentation for `elint-initialize', `elint-current-buffer' | |
3571 | and `elint-defun'. | |
3572 | ||
3573 | *** M-x expand-add-abbrevs defines a special kind of abbrev which is | |
3574 | meant for programming constructs. These abbrevs expand like ordinary | |
3575 | ones, when you type SPC, but only at the end of a line and not within | |
3576 | strings or comments. | |
3577 | ||
3578 | These abbrevs can act as templates: you can define places within an | |
3579 | abbrev for insertion of additional text. Once you expand the abbrev, | |
3580 | you can then use C-x a p and C-x a n to move back and forth to these | |
3581 | insertion points. Thus you can conveniently insert additional text | |
3582 | at these points. | |
3583 | ||
3584 | *** filecache.el remembers the location of files so that you | |
3585 | can visit them by short forms of their names. | |
3586 | ||
3587 | *** find-func.el lets you find the definition of the user-loaded | |
3588 | Emacs Lisp function at point. | |
3589 | ||
3590 | *** M-x handwrite converts text to a "handwritten" picture. | |
3591 | ||
3592 | *** M-x iswitchb-buffer is a command for switching to a buffer, much like | |
3593 | switch-buffer, but it reads the argument in a more helpful way. | |
3594 | ||
3595 | *** M-x landmark implements a neural network for landmark learning. | |
3596 | ||
3597 | *** M-x locate provides a convenient interface to the `locate' program. | |
3598 | ||
3599 | *** M4 mode is a new mode for editing files of m4 input. | |
3600 | ||
3601 | *** mantemp.el creates C++ manual template instantiations | |
3602 | from the GCC error messages which indicate which instantiations are needed. | |
3603 | ||
3604 | *** mouse-copy.el provides a one-click copy and move feature. | |
3605 | You can drag a region with M-mouse-1, and it is automatically | |
3606 | inserted at point. M-Shift-mouse-1 deletes the text from its | |
3607 | original place after inserting the copy. | |
3608 | ||
3609 | *** mouse-drag.el lets you do scrolling by dragging Mouse-2 | |
3610 | on the buffer. | |
3611 | ||
3612 | You click the mouse and move; that distance either translates into the | |
3613 | velocity to scroll (with mouse-drag-throw) or the distance to scroll | |
3614 | (with mouse-drag-drag). Horizontal scrolling is enabled when needed. | |
3615 | ||
3616 | Enable mouse-drag with: | |
3617 | (global-set-key [down-mouse-2] 'mouse-drag-throw) | |
3618 | -or- | |
3619 | (global-set-key [down-mouse-2] 'mouse-drag-drag) | |
3620 | ||
3621 | *** mspools.el is useful for determining which mail folders have | |
3622 | mail waiting to be read in them. It works with procmail. | |
3623 | ||
3624 | *** Octave mode is a major mode for editing files of input for Octave. | |
3625 | It comes with a facility for communicating with an Octave subprocess. | |
3626 | ||
3627 | *** ogonek | |
3628 | ||
3629 | The ogonek package provides functions for changing the coding of | |
3630 | Polish diacritic characters in buffers. Codings known from various | |
3631 | platforms are supported such as ISO8859-2, Mazovia, IBM Latin2, and | |
3632 | TeX. For example, you can change the coding from Mazovia to | |
3633 | ISO8859-2. Another example is a change of coding from ISO8859-2 to | |
3634 | prefix notation (in which `/a' stands for the aogonek character, for | |
3635 | instance) and vice versa. | |
3636 | ||
3637 | To use this package load it using | |
3638 | M-x load-library [enter] ogonek | |
3639 | Then, you may get an explanation by calling one of | |
3640 | M-x ogonek-jak -- in Polish | |
3641 | M-x ogonek-how -- in English | |
3642 | The info specifies the commands and variables provided as well as the | |
3643 | ways of customization in `.emacs'. | |
3644 | ||
3645 | *** Interface to ph. | |
3646 | ||
3647 | Emacs provides a client interface to CCSO Nameservers (ph/qi) | |
3648 | ||
3649 | The CCSO nameserver is used in many universities to provide directory | |
3650 | services about people. ph.el provides a convenient Emacs interface to | |
3651 | these servers. | |
3652 | ||
3653 | *** uce.el is useful for replying to unsolicited commercial email. | |
3654 | ||
3655 | *** vcursor.el implements a "virtual cursor" feature. | |
3656 | You can move the virtual cursor with special commands | |
3657 | while the real cursor does not move. | |
3658 | ||
3659 | *** webjump.el is a "hot list" package which you can set up | |
3660 | for visiting your favorite web sites. | |
3661 | ||
3662 | *** M-x winner-mode is a minor mode which saves window configurations, | |
3663 | so you can move back to other configurations that you have recently used. | |
3664 | ||
3665 | ** movemail change | |
3666 | ||
3667 | Movemail no longer needs to be installed setuid root in order for POP | |
3668 | mail retrieval to function properly. This is because it no longer | |
3669 | supports the RPOP (reserved-port POP) protocol; instead, it uses the | |
3670 | user's POP password to authenticate to the mail server. | |
3671 | ||
3672 | This change was made earlier, but not reported in NEWS before. | |
3673 | ||
3674 | \f | |
3675 | * Emacs 20.1 changes for MS-DOS and MS-Windows. | |
3676 | ||
3677 | ** Changes in handling MS-DOS/MS-Windows text files. | |
3678 | ||
3679 | Emacs handles three different conventions for representing | |
3680 | end-of-line: CRLF for MSDOS, LF for Unix and GNU, and CR (used on the | |
3681 | Macintosh). Emacs determines which convention is used in a specific | |
3682 | file based on the contents of that file (except for certain special | |
3683 | file names), and when it saves the file, it uses the same convention. | |
3684 | ||
3685 | To save the file and change the end-of-line convention, you can use | |
3686 | C-x RET f (set-buffer-file-coding-system) to specify a different | |
3687 | coding system for the buffer. Then, when you save the file, the newly | |
3688 | specified coding system will take effect. For example, to save with | |
3689 | LF, specify undecided-unix (or some other ...-unix coding system); to | |
3690 | save with CRLF, specify undecided-dos. | |
3691 | ||
3692 | \f | |
3693 | * Lisp Changes in Emacs 20.1 | |
3694 | ||
3695 | ** Byte-compiled files made with Emacs 20 will, in general, work in | |
3696 | Emacs 19 as well, as long as the source code runs in Emacs 19. And | |
3697 | vice versa: byte-compiled files made with Emacs 19 should also run in | |
3698 | Emacs 20, as long as the program itself works in Emacs 20. | |
3699 | ||
3700 | ** Windows-specific functions and variables have been renamed | |
3701 | to start with w32- instead of win32-. | |
3702 | ||
3703 | In hacker language, calling something a "win" is a form of praise. We | |
3704 | don't want to praise a non-free Microsoft system, so we don't call it | |
3705 | "win". | |
3706 | ||
3707 | ** Basic Lisp changes | |
3708 | ||
3709 | *** A symbol whose name starts with a colon now automatically | |
3710 | evaluates to itself. Therefore such a symbol can be used as a constant. | |
3711 | ||
3712 | *** The defined purpose of `defconst' has been changed. It should now | |
3713 | be used only for values that should not be changed whether by a program | |
3714 | or by the user. | |
3715 | ||
3716 | The actual behavior of defconst has not been changed. | |
3717 | ||
3718 | *** There are new macros `when' and `unless' | |
3719 | ||
3720 | (when CONDITION BODY...) is short for (if CONDITION (progn BODY...)) | |
3721 | (unless CONDITION BODY...) is short for (if CONDITION nil BODY...) | |
3722 | ||
3723 | *** Emacs now defines functions caar, cadr, cdar and cddr with their | |
3724 | usual Lisp meanings. For example, caar returns the car of the car of | |
3725 | its argument. | |
3726 | ||
3727 | *** equal, when comparing strings, now ignores their text properties. | |
3728 | ||
3729 | *** The new function `functionp' tests whether an object is a function. | |
3730 | ||
3731 | *** arrayp now returns t for char-tables and bool-vectors. | |
3732 | ||
3733 | *** Certain primitives which use characters (as integers) now get an | |
3734 | error if the integer is not a valid character code. These primitives | |
3735 | include insert-char, char-to-string, and the %c construct in the | |
3736 | `format' function. | |
3737 | ||
3738 | *** The `require' function now insists on adding a suffix, either .el | |
3739 | or .elc, to the file name. Thus, (require 'foo) will not use a file | |
3740 | whose name is just foo. It insists on foo.el or foo.elc. | |
3741 | ||
3742 | *** The `autoload' function, when the file name does not contain | |
3743 | either a directory name or the suffix .el or .elc, insists on | |
3744 | adding one of these suffixes. | |
3745 | ||
3746 | *** string-to-number now takes an optional second argument BASE | |
3747 | which specifies the base to use when converting an integer. | |
3748 | If BASE is omitted, base 10 is used. | |
3749 | ||
3750 | We have not implemented other radices for floating point numbers, | |
3751 | because that would be much more work and does not seem useful. | |
3752 | ||
3753 | *** substring now handles vectors as well as strings. | |
3754 | ||
3755 | *** The Common Lisp function eql is no longer defined normally. | |
3756 | You must load the `cl' library to define it. | |
3757 | ||
3758 | *** The new macro `with-current-buffer' lets you evaluate an expression | |
3759 | conveniently with a different current buffer. It looks like this: | |
3760 | ||
3761 | (with-current-buffer BUFFER BODY-FORMS...) | |
3762 | ||
3763 | BUFFER is the expression that says which buffer to use. | |
3764 | BODY-FORMS say what to do in that buffer. | |
3765 | ||
3766 | *** The new primitive `save-current-buffer' saves and restores the | |
3767 | choice of current buffer, like `save-excursion', but without saving or | |
3768 | restoring the value of point or the mark. `with-current-buffer' | |
3769 | works using `save-current-buffer'. | |
3770 | ||
3771 | *** The new macro `with-temp-file' lets you do some work in a new buffer and | |
3772 | write the output to a specified file. Like `progn', it returns the value | |
3773 | of the last form. | |
3774 | ||
3775 | *** The new macro `with-temp-buffer' lets you do some work in a new buffer, | |
3776 | which is discarded after use. Like `progn', it returns the value of the | |
3777 | last form. If you wish to return the buffer contents, use (buffer-string) | |
3778 | as the last form. | |
3779 | ||
3780 | *** The new function split-string takes a string, splits it at certain | |
3781 | characters, and returns a list of the substrings in between the | |
3782 | matches. | |
3783 | ||
3784 | For example, (split-string "foo bar lose" " +") returns ("foo" "bar" "lose"). | |
3785 | ||
3786 | *** The new macro with-output-to-string executes some Lisp expressions | |
3787 | with standard-output set up so that all output feeds into a string. | |
3788 | Then it returns that string. | |
3789 | ||
3790 | For example, if the current buffer name is `foo', | |
3791 | ||
3792 | (with-output-to-string | |
3793 | (princ "The buffer is ") | |
3794 | (princ (buffer-name))) | |
3795 | ||
3796 | returns "The buffer is foo". | |
3797 | ||
3798 | ** Non-ASCII characters are now supported, if enable-multibyte-characters | |
3799 | is non-nil. | |
3800 | ||
3801 | These characters have character codes above 256. When inserted in the | |
3802 | buffer or stored in a string, they are represented as multibyte | |
3803 | characters that occupy several buffer positions each. | |
3804 | ||
3805 | *** When enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil, a single character in | |
3806 | a buffer or string can be two or more bytes (as many as four). | |
3807 | ||
3808 | Buffers and strings are still made up of unibyte elements; | |
3809 | character positions and string indices are always measured in bytes. | |
3810 | Therefore, moving forward one character can increase the buffer | |
3811 | position by 2, 3 or 4. The function forward-char moves by whole | |
3812 | characters, and therefore is no longer equivalent to | |
3813 | (lambda (n) (goto-char (+ (point) n))). | |
3814 | ||
3815 | ASCII characters (codes 0 through 127) are still single bytes, always. | |
3816 | Sequences of byte values 128 through 255 are used to represent | |
3817 | non-ASCII characters. These sequences are called "multibyte | |
3818 | characters". | |
3819 | ||
3820 | The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range 128 | |
3821 | through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called | |
3822 | "leading codes". The second and subsequent bytes are always in the | |
3823 | range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through 0377). The first byte, the | |
3824 | leading code, determines how many bytes long the sequence is. | |
3825 | ||
3826 | *** The function forward-char moves over characters, and therefore | |
3827 | (forward-char 1) may increase point by more than 1 if it moves over a | |
3828 | multibyte character. Likewise, delete-char always deletes a | |
3829 | character, which may be more than one buffer position. | |
3830 | ||
3831 | This means that some Lisp programs, which assume that a character is | |
3832 | always one buffer position, need to be changed. | |
3833 | ||
3834 | However, all ASCII characters are always one buffer position. | |
3835 | ||
3836 | *** The regexp [\200-\377] no longer matches all non-ASCII characters, | |
3837 | because when enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil, these characters | |
3838 | have codes that are not in the range octal 200 to octal 377. However, | |
3839 | the regexp [^\000-\177] does match all non-ASCII characters, | |
3840 | guaranteed. | |
3841 | ||
3842 | *** The function char-boundary-p returns non-nil if position POS is | |
3843 | between two characters in the buffer (not in the middle of a | |
3844 | character). | |
3845 | ||
3846 | When the value is non-nil, it says what kind of character follows POS: | |
3847 | ||
3848 | 0 if POS is at an ASCII character or at the end of range, | |
3849 | 1 if POS is before a 2-byte length multi-byte form, | |
3850 | 2 if POS is at a head of 3-byte length multi-byte form, | |
3851 | 3 if POS is at a head of 4-byte length multi-byte form, | |
3852 | 4 if POS is at a head of multi-byte form of a composite character. | |
3853 | ||
3854 | *** The function char-bytes returns how many bytes the character CHAR uses. | |
3855 | ||
3856 | *** Strings can contain multibyte characters. The function | |
3857 | `length' returns the string length counting bytes, which may be | |
3858 | more than the number of characters. | |
3859 | ||
3860 | You can include a multibyte character in a string constant by writing | |
3861 | it literally. You can also represent it with a hex escape, | |
3862 | \xNNNNNNN..., using as many digits as necessary. Any character which | |
3863 | is not a valid hex digit terminates this construct. If you want to | |
3864 | follow it with a character that is a hex digit, write backslash and | |
3865 | newline in between; that will terminate the hex escape. | |
3866 | ||
3867 | *** The function concat-chars takes arguments which are characters | |
3868 | and returns a string containing those characters. | |
3869 | ||
3870 | *** The function sref access a multibyte character in a string. | |
3871 | (sref STRING INDX) returns the character in STRING at INDEX. INDEX | |
3872 | counts from zero. If INDEX is at a position in the middle of a | |
3873 | character, sref signals an error. | |
3874 | ||
3875 | *** The function chars-in-string returns the number of characters | |
3876 | in a string. This is less than the length of the string, if the | |
3877 | string contains multibyte characters (the length counts bytes). | |
3878 | ||
3879 | *** The function chars-in-region returns the number of characters | |
3880 | in a region from BEG to END. This is less than (- END BEG) if the | |
3881 | region contains multibyte characters (the length counts bytes). | |
3882 | ||
3883 | *** The function string-to-list converts a string to a list of | |
3884 | the characters in it. string-to-vector converts a string | |
3885 | to a vector of the characters in it. | |
3886 | ||
3887 | *** The function store-substring alters part of the contents | |
3888 | of a string. You call it as follows: | |
3889 | ||
3890 | (store-substring STRING IDX OBJ) | |
3891 | ||
3892 | This says to alter STRING, by storing OBJ starting at index IDX in | |
3893 | STRING. OBJ may be either a character or a (smaller) string. | |
3894 | This function really does alter the contents of STRING. | |
3895 | Since it is impossible to change the length of an existing string, | |
3896 | it is an error if OBJ doesn't fit within STRING's actual length. | |
3897 | ||
3898 | *** char-width returns the width (in columns) of the character CHAR, | |
3899 | if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. | |
3900 | ||
3901 | *** string-width returns the width (in columns) of the text in STRING, | |
3902 | if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. | |
3903 | ||
3904 | *** truncate-string-to-width shortens a string, if necessary, | |
3905 | to fit within a certain number of columns. (Of course, it does | |
3906 | not alter the string that you give it; it returns a new string | |
3907 | which contains all or just part of the existing string.) | |
3908 | ||
3909 | (truncate-string-to-width STR END-COLUMN &optional START-COLUMN PADDING) | |
3910 | ||
3911 | This returns the part of STR up to column END-COLUMN. | |
3912 | ||
3913 | The optional argument START-COLUMN specifies the starting column. | |
3914 | If this is non-nil, then the first START-COLUMN columns of the string | |
3915 | are not included in the resulting value. | |
3916 | ||
3917 | The optional argument PADDING, if non-nil, is a padding character to be added | |
3918 | at the beginning and end the resulting string, to extend it to exactly | |
3919 | WIDTH columns. If PADDING is nil, that means do not pad; then, if STRING | |
3920 | is narrower than WIDTH, the value is equal to STRING. | |
3921 | ||
3922 | If PADDING and START-COLUMN are both non-nil, and if there is no clean | |
3923 | place in STRING that corresponds to START-COLUMN (because one | |
3924 | character extends across that column), then the padding character | |
3925 | PADDING is added one or more times at the beginning of the result | |
3926 | string, so that its columns line up as if it really did start at | |
3927 | column START-COLUMN. | |
3928 | ||
3929 | *** When the functions in the list after-change-functions are called, | |
3930 | the third argument is the number of bytes in the pre-change text, not | |
3931 | necessarily the number of characters. It is, in effect, the | |
3932 | difference in buffer position between the beginning and the end of the | |
3933 | changed text, before the change. | |
3934 | ||
3935 | *** The characters Emacs uses are classified in various character | |
3936 | sets, each of which has a name which is a symbol. In general there is | |
3937 | one character set for each script, not for each language. | |
3938 | ||
3939 | **** The function charsetp tests whether an object is a character set name. | |
3940 | ||
3941 | **** The variable charset-list holds a list of character set names. | |
3942 | ||
3943 | **** char-charset, given a character code, returns the name of the character | |
3944 | set that the character belongs to. (The value is a symbol.) | |
3945 | ||
3946 | **** split-char, given a character code, returns a list containing the | |
3947 | name of the character set, followed by one or two byte-values | |
3948 | which identify the character within that character set. | |
3949 | ||
3950 | **** make-char, given a character set name and one or two subsequent | |
3951 | byte-values, constructs a character code. This is roughly the | |
3952 | opposite of split-char. | |
3953 | ||
3954 | **** find-charset-region returns a list of the character sets | |
3955 | of all the characters between BEG and END. | |
3956 | ||
3957 | **** find-charset-string returns a list of the character sets | |
3958 | of all the characters in a string. | |
3959 | ||
3960 | *** Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems | |
3961 | and specifying coding systems. | |
3962 | ||
3963 | **** The function coding-system-list returns a list of all coding | |
3964 | system names (symbols). With optional argument t, it returns a list | |
3965 | of all distinct base coding systems, not including variants. | |
3966 | (Variant coding systems are those like latin-1-dos, latin-1-unix | |
3967 | and latin-1-mac which specify the end-of-line conversion as well | |
3968 | as what to do about code conversion.) | |
3969 | ||
3970 | **** coding-system-p tests a symbol to see if it is a coding system | |
3971 | name. It returns t if so, nil if not. | |
3972 | ||
3973 | **** file-coding-system-alist specifies which coding systems to use | |
3974 | for certain file names. It works like network-coding-system-alist, | |
3975 | except that the PATTERN is matched against the file name. | |
3976 | ||
3977 | Each element has the format (PATTERN . VAL), where PATTERN determines | |
3978 | which file names the element applies to. PATTERN should be a regexp | |
3979 | to match against a file name. | |
3980 | ||
3981 | VAL is a coding system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or | |
3982 | a function symbol. If VAL is a coding system, it is used for both | |
3983 | decoding what received from the network stream and encoding what sent | |
3984 | to the network stream. If VAL is a cons cell containing two coding | |
3985 | systems, the car specifies the coding system for decoding, and the cdr | |
3986 | specifies the coding system for encoding. | |
3987 | ||
3988 | If VAL is a function symbol, the function must return a coding system | |
3989 | or a cons cell containing two coding systems, which is used as above. | |
3990 | ||
3991 | **** The variable network-coding-system-alist specifies | |
3992 | the coding system to use for network sockets. | |
3993 | ||
3994 | Each element has the format (PATTERN . VAL), where PATTERN determines | |
3995 | which network sockets the element applies to. PATTERN should be | |
3996 | either a port number or a regular expression matching some network | |
3997 | service names. | |
3998 | ||
3999 | VAL is a coding system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or | |
4000 | a function symbol. If VAL is a coding system, it is used for both | |
4001 | decoding what received from the network stream and encoding what sent | |
4002 | to the network stream. If VAL is a cons cell containing two coding | |
4003 | systems, the car specifies the coding system for decoding, and the cdr | |
4004 | specifies the coding system for encoding. | |
4005 | ||
4006 | If VAL is a function symbol, the function must return a coding system | |
4007 | or a cons cell containing two coding systems, which is used as above. | |
4008 | ||
4009 | **** process-coding-system-alist specifies which coding systems to use | |
4010 | for certain subprocess. It works like network-coding-system-alist, | |
4011 | except that the PATTERN is matched against the program name used to | |
4012 | start the subprocess. | |
4013 | ||
4014 | **** The variable default-process-coding-system specifies the coding | |
4015 | systems to use for subprocess (and net connection) input and output, | |
4016 | when nothing else specifies what to do. The value is a cons cell | |
4017 | (OUTPUT-CODING . INPUT-CODING). OUTPUT-CODING applies to output | |
4018 | to the subprocess, and INPUT-CODING applies to input from it. | |
4019 | ||
4020 | **** The variable coding-system-for-write, if non-nil, specifies the | |
4021 | coding system to use for writing a file, or for output to a synchronous | |
4022 | subprocess. | |
4023 | ||
4024 | It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network connection, | |
4025 | but in a different way: the value of coding-system-for-write when you | |
4026 | start the subprocess or connection affects that subprocess or | |
4027 | connection permanently or until overridden. | |
4028 | ||
4029 | The variable coding-system-for-write takes precedence over | |
4030 | file-coding-system-alist, process-coding-system-alist and | |
4031 | network-coding-system-alist, and all other methods of specifying a | |
4032 | coding system for output. But most of the time this variable is nil. | |
4033 | It exists so that Lisp programs can bind it to a specific coding | |
4034 | system for one operation at a time. | |
4035 | ||
4036 | **** coding-system-for-read applies similarly to input from | |
4037 | files, subprocesses or network connections. | |
4038 | ||
4039 | **** The function process-coding-system tells you what | |
4040 | coding systems(s) an existing subprocess is using. | |
4041 | The value is a cons cell, | |
4042 | (DECODING-CODING-SYSTEM . ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM) | |
4043 | where DECODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for decoding output from | |
4044 | the subprocess, and ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for encoding | |
4045 | input to the subprocess. | |
4046 | ||
4047 | **** The function set-process-coding-system can be used to | |
4048 | change the coding systems in use for an existing subprocess. | |
4049 | ||
4050 | ** Emacs has a new facility to help users manage the many | |
4051 | customization options. To make a Lisp program work with this facility, | |
4052 | you need to use the new macros defgroup and defcustom. | |
4053 | ||
4054 | You use defcustom instead of defvar, for defining a user option | |
4055 | variable. The difference is that you specify two additional pieces of | |
4056 | information (usually): the "type" which says what values are | |
4057 | legitimate, and the "group" which specifies the hierarchy for | |
4058 | customization. | |
4059 | ||
4060 | Thus, instead of writing | |
4061 | ||
4062 | (defvar foo-blurgoze nil | |
4063 | "*Non-nil means that foo will act very blurgozely.") | |
4064 | ||
4065 | you would now write this: | |
4066 | ||
4067 | (defcustom foo-blurgoze nil | |
4068 | "*Non-nil means that foo will act very blurgozely." | |
4069 | :type 'boolean | |
4070 | :group foo) | |
4071 | ||
4072 | The type `boolean' means that this variable has only | |
4073 | two meaningful states: nil and non-nil. Other type values | |
4074 | describe other possibilities; see the manual for Custom | |
4075 | for a description of them. | |
4076 | ||
4077 | The "group" argument is used to specify a group which the option | |
4078 | should belong to. You define a new group like this: | |
4079 | ||
4080 | (defgroup ispell nil | |
4081 | "Spell checking using Ispell." | |
4082 | :group 'processes) | |
4083 | ||
4084 | The "group" argument in defgroup specifies the parent group. The root | |
4085 | group is called `emacs'; it should not contain any variables itself, | |
4086 | but only other groups. The immediate subgroups of `emacs' correspond | |
4087 | to the keywords used by C-h p. Under these subgroups come | |
4088 | second-level subgroups that belong to individual packages. | |
4089 | ||
4090 | Each Emacs package should have its own set of groups. A simple | |
4091 | package should have just one group; a more complex package should | |
4092 | have a hierarchy of its own groups. The sole or root group of a | |
4093 | package should be a subgroup of one or more of the "keyword" | |
4094 | first-level subgroups. | |
4095 | ||
4096 | ** New `widget' library for inserting UI components in buffers. | |
4097 | ||
4098 | This library, used by the new custom library, is documented in a | |
4099 | separate manual that accompanies Emacs. | |
4100 | ||
4101 | ** easy-mmode | |
4102 | ||
4103 | The easy-mmode package provides macros and functions that make | |
4104 | developing minor modes easier. Roughly, the programmer has to code | |
4105 | only the functionality of the minor mode. All the rest--toggles, | |
4106 | predicate, and documentation--can be done in one call to the macro | |
4107 | `easy-mmode-define-minor-mode' (see the documentation). See also | |
4108 | `easy-mmode-define-keymap'. | |
4109 | ||
4110 | ** Text property changes | |
4111 | ||
4112 | *** The `intangible' property now works on overlays as well as on a | |
4113 | text property. | |
4114 | ||
4115 | *** The new functions next-char-property-change and | |
4116 | previous-char-property-change scan through the buffer looking for a | |
4117 | place where either a text property or an overlay might change. The | |
4118 | functions take two arguments, POSITION and LIMIT. POSITION is the | |
4119 | starting position for the scan. LIMIT says where to stop the scan. | |
4120 | ||
4121 | If no property change is found before LIMIT, the value is LIMIT. If | |
4122 | LIMIT is nil, scan goes to the beginning or end of the accessible part | |
4123 | of the buffer. If no property change is found, the value is the | |
4124 | position of the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
4125 | ||
4126 | *** In the `local-map' text property or overlay property, the property | |
4127 | value can now be a symbol whose function definition is a keymap. This | |
4128 | is an alternative to using the keymap itself. | |
4129 | ||
4130 | ** Changes in invisibility features | |
4131 | ||
4132 | *** Isearch can now temporarily show parts of the buffer which are | |
4133 | hidden by an overlay with a invisible property, when the search match | |
4134 | is inside that portion of the buffer. To enable this the overlay | |
4135 | should have a isearch-open-invisible property which is a function that | |
4136 | would be called having the overlay as an argument, the function should | |
4137 | make the overlay visible. | |
4138 | ||
4139 | During incremental search the overlays are shown by modifying the | |
4140 | invisible and intangible properties, if beside this more actions are | |
4141 | needed the overlay should have a isearch-open-invisible-temporary | |
4142 | which is a function. The function is called with 2 arguments: one is | |
4143 | the overlay and the second is nil when it should show the overlay and | |
4144 | t when it should hide it. | |
4145 | ||
4146 | *** add-to-invisibility-spec, remove-from-invisibility-spec | |
4147 | ||
4148 | Modes that use overlays to hide portions of a buffer should set the | |
4149 | invisible property of the overlay to the mode's name (or another symbol) | |
4150 | and modify the `buffer-invisibility-spec' to include that symbol. | |
4151 | Use `add-to-invisibility-spec' and `remove-from-invisibility-spec' to | |
4152 | manipulate the `buffer-invisibility-spec'. | |
4153 | Here is an example of how to do this: | |
4154 | ||
4155 | ;; If we want to display an ellipsis: | |
4156 | (add-to-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) | |
4157 | ;; If you don't want ellipsis: | |
4158 | (add-to-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) | |
4159 | ||
4160 | ... | |
4161 | (overlay-put (make-overlay beginning end) 'invisible 'my-symbol) | |
4162 | ||
4163 | ... | |
4164 | ;; When done with the overlays: | |
4165 | (remove-from-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) | |
4166 | ;; Or respectively: | |
4167 | (remove-from-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) | |
4168 | ||
4169 | ** Changes in syntax parsing. | |
4170 | ||
4171 | *** The syntax-directed buffer-scan functions (such as | |
4172 | `parse-partial-sexp', `forward-word' and similar functions) can now | |
4173 | obey syntax information specified by text properties, if the variable | |
4174 | `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is non-nil. | |
4175 | ||
4176 | If the value of `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is nil, the behavior | |
4177 | is as before: the syntax-table of the current buffer is always | |
4178 | used to determine the syntax of the character at the position. | |
4179 | ||
4180 | When `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is non-nil, the syntax of a | |
4181 | character in the buffer is calculated thus: | |
4182 | ||
4183 | a) if the `syntax-table' text-property of that character | |
4184 | is a cons, this cons becomes the syntax-type; | |
4185 | ||
4186 | Valid values of `syntax-table' text-property are: nil, a valid | |
4187 | syntax-table, and a valid syntax-table element, i.e., | |
4188 | a cons cell of the form (SYNTAX-CODE . MATCHING-CHAR). | |
4189 | ||
4190 | b) if the character's `syntax-table' text-property | |
4191 | is a syntax table, this syntax table is used | |
4192 | (instead of the syntax-table of the current buffer) to | |
4193 | determine the syntax type of the character. | |
4194 | ||
4195 | c) otherwise the syntax-type is determined by the syntax-table | |
4196 | of the current buffer. | |
4197 | ||
4198 | *** The meaning of \s in regular expressions is also affected by the | |
4199 | value of `parse-sexp-lookup-properties'. The details are the same as | |
4200 | for the syntax-directed buffer-scan functions. | |
4201 | ||
4202 | *** There are two new syntax-codes, `!' and `|' (numeric values 14 | |
4203 | and 15). A character with a code `!' starts a comment which is ended | |
4204 | only by another character with the same code (unless quoted). A | |
4205 | character with a code `|' starts a string which is ended only by | |
4206 | another character with the same code (unless quoted). | |
4207 | ||
4208 | These codes are mainly meant for use as values of the `syntax-table' | |
4209 | text property. | |
4210 | ||
4211 | *** The function `parse-partial-sexp' has new semantics for the sixth | |
4212 | arg COMMENTSTOP. If it is `syntax-table', parse stops after the start | |
4213 | of a comment or a string, or after end of a comment or a string. | |
4214 | ||
4215 | *** The state-list which the return value from `parse-partial-sexp' | |
4216 | (and can also be used as an argument) now has an optional ninth | |
4217 | element: the character address of the start of last comment or string; | |
4218 | nil if none. The fourth and eighth elements have special values if the | |
4219 | string/comment is started by a "!" or "|" syntax-code. | |
4220 | ||
4221 | *** Since new features of `parse-partial-sexp' allow a complete | |
4222 | syntactic parsing, `font-lock' no longer supports | |
4223 | `font-lock-comment-start-regexp'. | |
4224 | ||
4225 | ** Changes in face features | |
4226 | ||
4227 | *** The face functions are now unconditionally defined in Emacs, even | |
4228 | if it does not support displaying on a device that supports faces. | |
4229 | ||
4230 | *** The function face-documentation returns the documentation string | |
4231 | of a face (or nil if it doesn't have one). | |
4232 | ||
4233 | *** The function face-bold-p returns t if a face should be bold. | |
4234 | set-face-bold-p sets that flag. | |
4235 | ||
4236 | *** The function face-italic-p returns t if a face should be italic. | |
4237 | set-face-italic-p sets that flag. | |
4238 | ||
4239 | *** You can now specify foreground and background colors for text | |
4240 | by adding elements of the form (foreground-color . COLOR-NAME) | |
4241 | and (background-color . COLOR-NAME) to the list of faces in | |
4242 | the `face' property (either the character's text property or an | |
4243 | overlay property). | |
4244 | ||
4245 | This means that you no longer need to create named faces to use | |
4246 | arbitrary colors in a Lisp package. | |
4247 | ||
4248 | ** Changes in file-handling functions | |
4249 | ||
4250 | *** File-access primitive functions no longer discard an extra redundant | |
4251 | directory name from the beginning of the file name. In other words, | |
4252 | they no longer do anything special with // or /~. That conversion | |
4253 | is now done only in substitute-in-file-name. | |
4254 | ||
4255 | This makes it possible for a Lisp program to open a file whose name | |
4256 | begins with ~. | |
4257 | ||
4258 | *** If copy-file is unable to set the date of the output file, | |
4259 | it now signals an error with the condition file-date-error. | |
4260 | ||
4261 | *** The inode number returned by file-attributes may be an integer (if | |
4262 | the number fits in a Lisp integer) or a list of integers. | |
4263 | ||
4264 | *** insert-file-contents can now read from a special file, | |
4265 | as long as the arguments VISIT and REPLACE are nil. | |
4266 | ||
4267 | *** The RAWFILE arg to find-file-noselect, if non-nil, now suppresses | |
4268 | character code conversion as well as other things. | |
4269 | ||
4270 | Meanwhile, this feature does work with remote file names | |
4271 | (formerly it did not). | |
4272 | ||
4273 | *** Lisp packages which create temporary files should use the TMPDIR | |
4274 | environment variable to decide which directory to put them in. | |
4275 | ||
4276 | *** interpreter-mode-alist elements now specify regexps | |
4277 | instead of constant strings. | |
4278 | ||
4279 | *** expand-file-name no longer treats `//' or `/~' specially. It used | |
4280 | to delete all the text of a file name up through the first slash of | |
4281 | any `//' or `/~' sequence. Now it passes them straight through. | |
4282 | ||
4283 | substitute-in-file-name continues to treat those sequences specially, | |
4284 | in the same way as before. | |
4285 | ||
4286 | *** The variable `format-alist' is more general now. | |
4287 | The FROM-FN and TO-FN in a format definition can now be strings | |
4288 | which specify shell commands to use as filters to perform conversion. | |
4289 | ||
4290 | *** The new function access-file tries to open a file, and signals an | |
4291 | error if that fails. If the open succeeds, access-file does nothing | |
4292 | else, and returns nil. | |
4293 | ||
4294 | *** The function insert-directory now signals an error if the specified | |
4295 | directory cannot be listed. | |
4296 | ||
4297 | ** Changes in minibuffer input | |
4298 | ||
4299 | *** The functions read-buffer, read-variable, read-command, read-string | |
4300 | read-file-name, read-from-minibuffer and completing-read now take an | |
4301 | additional argument which specifies the default value. If this | |
4302 | argument is non-nil, it should be a string; that string is used in two | |
4303 | ways: | |
4304 | ||
4305 | It is returned if the user enters empty input. | |
4306 | It is available through the history command M-n. | |
4307 | ||
4308 | *** The functions read-string, read-from-minibuffer, | |
4309 | read-no-blanks-input and completing-read now take an additional | |
4310 | argument INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD. If this is non-nil, then the | |
4311 | minibuffer inherits the current input method and the setting of | |
4312 | enable-multibyte-characters from the previously current buffer. | |
4313 | ||
4314 | In an interactive spec, you can use M instead of s to read an | |
4315 | argument in this way. | |
4316 | ||
4317 | *** All minibuffer input functions discard text properties | |
4318 | from the text you enter in the minibuffer, unless the variable | |
4319 | minibuffer-allow-text-properties is non-nil. | |
4320 | ||
4321 | ** Echo area features | |
4322 | ||
4323 | *** Clearing the echo area now runs the normal hook | |
4324 | echo-area-clear-hook. Note that the echo area can be used while the | |
4325 | minibuffer is active; in that case, the minibuffer is still active | |
4326 | after the echo area is cleared. | |
4327 | ||
4328 | *** The function current-message returns the message currently displayed | |
4329 | in the echo area, or nil if there is none. | |
4330 | ||
4331 | ** Keyboard input features | |
4332 | ||
4333 | *** tty-erase-char is a new variable that reports which character was | |
4334 | set up as the terminal's erase character when time Emacs was started. | |
4335 | ||
4336 | *** num-nonmacro-input-events is the total number of input events | |
4337 | received so far from the terminal. It does not count those generated | |
4338 | by keyboard macros. | |
4339 | ||
4340 | ** Frame-related changes | |
4341 | ||
4342 | *** make-frame runs the normal hook before-make-frame-hook just before | |
4343 | creating a frame, and just after creating a frame it runs the abnormal | |
4344 | hook after-make-frame-functions with the new frame as arg. | |
4345 | ||
4346 | *** The new hook window-configuration-change-hook is now run every time | |
4347 | the window configuration has changed. The frame whose configuration | |
4348 | has changed is the selected frame when the hook is run. | |
4349 | ||
4350 | *** Each frame now independently records the order for recently | |
4351 | selected buffers, in its buffer-list frame parameter, so that the | |
4352 | value of other-buffer is now based on the buffers recently displayed | |
4353 | in the selected frame. | |
4354 | ||
4355 | *** The value of the frame parameter vertical-scroll-bars | |
4356 | is now `left', `right' or nil. A non-nil value specifies | |
4357 | which side of the window to put the scroll bars on. | |
4358 | ||
4359 | ** X Windows features | |
4360 | ||
4361 | *** You can examine X resources for other applications by binding | |
4362 | x-resource-class around a call to x-get-resource. The usual value of | |
4363 | x-resource-class is "Emacs", which is the correct value for Emacs. | |
4364 | ||
4365 | *** In menus, checkboxes and radio buttons now actually work. | |
4366 | The menu displays the current status of the box or button. | |
4367 | ||
4368 | *** The function x-list-fonts now takes an optional fourth argument | |
4369 | MAXIMUM which sets a limit on how many matching fonts to return. | |
4370 | A smaller value of MAXIMUM makes the function faster. | |
4371 | ||
4372 | If the only question is whether *any* font matches the pattern, | |
4373 | it is good to supply 1 for this argument. | |
4374 | ||
4375 | ** Subprocess features | |
4376 | ||
4377 | *** A reminder: it is no longer necessary for subprocess filter | |
4378 | functions and sentinels to do save-match-data, because Emacs does this | |
4379 | automatically. | |
4380 | ||
4381 | *** The new function shell-command-to-string executes a shell command | |
4382 | and returns the output from the command as a string. | |
4383 | ||
4384 | *** The new function process-contact returns t for a child process, | |
4385 | and (HOSTNAME SERVICE) for a net connection. | |
4386 | ||
4387 | ** An error in running pre-command-hook or post-command-hook | |
4388 | does clear the variable to nil. The documentation was wrong before. | |
4389 | ||
4390 | ** In define-key-after, if AFTER is t, the new binding now always goes | |
4391 | at the end of the keymap. If the keymap is a menu, this means it | |
4392 | goes after the other menu items. | |
4393 | ||
4394 | ** If you have a program that makes several changes in the same area | |
4395 | of the buffer, you can use the macro combine-after-change-calls | |
4396 | around that Lisp code to make it faster when after-change hooks | |
4397 | are in use. | |
4398 | ||
4399 | The macro arranges to call the after-change functions just once for a | |
4400 | series of several changes--if that seems safe. | |
4401 | ||
4402 | Don't alter the variables after-change-functions and | |
4403 | after-change-function within the body of a combine-after-change-calls | |
4404 | form. | |
4405 | ||
4406 | ** If you define an abbrev (with define-abbrev) whose EXPANSION | |
4407 | is not a string, then the abbrev does not expand in the usual sense, | |
4408 | but its hook is still run. | |
4409 | ||
4410 | ** Normally, the Lisp debugger is not used (even if you have enabled it) | |
4411 | for errors that are handled by condition-case. | |
4412 | ||
4413 | If you set debug-on-signal to a non-nil value, then the debugger is called | |
4414 | regardless of whether there is a handler for the condition. This is | |
4415 | useful for debugging problems that happen inside of a condition-case. | |
4416 | ||
4417 | This mode of operation seems to be unreliable in other ways. Errors that | |
4418 | are normal and ought to be handled, perhaps in timers or process | |
4419 | filters, will instead invoke the debugger. So don't say you weren't | |
4420 | warned. | |
4421 | ||
4422 | ** The new variable ring-bell-function lets you specify your own | |
4423 | way for Emacs to "ring the bell". | |
4424 | ||
4425 | ** If run-at-time's TIME argument is t, the action is repeated at | |
4426 | integral multiples of REPEAT from the epoch; this is useful for | |
4427 | functions like display-time. | |
4428 | ||
4429 | ** You can use the function locate-library to find the precise file | |
4430 | name of a Lisp library. This isn't new, but wasn't documented before. | |
4431 | ||
4432 | ** Commands for entering view mode have new optional arguments that | |
4433 | can be used from Lisp. Low-level entrance to and exit from view mode | |
4434 | is done by functions view-mode-enter and view-mode-exit. | |
4435 | ||
4436 | ** batch-byte-compile-file now makes Emacs return a nonzero status code | |
4437 | if there is an error in compilation. | |
4438 | ||
4439 | ** pop-to-buffer, switch-to-buffer-other-window and | |
4440 | switch-to-buffer-other-frame now accept an additional optional | |
4441 | argument NORECORD, much like switch-to-buffer. If it is non-nil, | |
4442 | they don't put the buffer at the front of the buffer list. | |
4443 | ||
4444 | ** If your .emacs file leaves the *scratch* buffer non-empty, | |
4445 | Emacs does not display the startup message, so as to avoid changing | |
4446 | the *scratch* buffer. | |
4447 | ||
4448 | ** The new function regexp-opt returns an efficient regexp to match a string. | |
4449 | The arguments are STRINGS and (optionally) PAREN. This function can be used | |
4450 | where regexp matching or searching is intensively used and speed is important, | |
4451 | e.g., in Font Lock mode. | |
4452 | ||
4453 | ** The variable buffer-display-count is local to each buffer, | |
4454 | and is incremented each time the buffer is displayed in a window. | |
4455 | It starts at 0 when the buffer is created. | |
4456 | ||
4457 | ** The new function compose-mail starts composing a mail message | |
4458 | using the user's chosen mail composition agent (specified with the | |
4459 | variable mail-user-agent). It has variants compose-mail-other-window | |
4460 | and compose-mail-other-frame. | |
4461 | ||
4462 | ** The `user-full-name' function now takes an optional parameter which | |
4463 | can either be a number (the UID) or a string (the login name). The | |
4464 | full name of the specified user will be returned. | |
4465 | ||
4466 | ** Lisp packages that load files of customizations, or any other sort | |
4467 | of user profile, should obey the variable init-file-user in deciding | |
4468 | where to find it. They should load the profile of the user name found | |
4469 | in that variable. If init-file-user is nil, meaning that the -q | |
4470 | option was used, then Lisp packages should not load the customization | |
4471 | files at all. | |
4472 | ||
4473 | ** format-time-string now allows you to specify the field width | |
4474 | and type of padding. This works as in printf: you write the field | |
4475 | width as digits in the middle of a %-construct. If you start | |
4476 | the field width with 0, it means to pad with zeros. | |
4477 | ||
4478 | For example, %S normally specifies the number of seconds since the | |
4479 | minute; %03S means to pad this with zeros to 3 positions, %_3S to pad | |
4480 | with spaces to 3 positions. Plain %3S pads with zeros, because that | |
4481 | is how %S normally pads to two positions. | |
4482 | ||
4483 | ** thing-at-point now supports a new kind of "thing": url. | |
4484 | ||
4485 | ** imenu.el changes. | |
4486 | ||
4487 | You can now specify a function to be run when selecting an | |
4488 | item from menu created by imenu. | |
4489 | ||
4490 | An example of using this feature: if we define imenu items for the | |
4491 | #include directives in a C file, we can open the included file when we | |
4492 | select one of those items. | |
4493 | ||
4494 | \f | |
4495 | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
5b87ad55 | 4496 | This file is part of GNU Emacs. |
9a21d88b | 4497 | |
ab73e885 | 4498 | GNU Emacs is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify |
5b87ad55 | 4499 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by |
ab73e885 GM |
4500 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or |
4501 | (at your option) any later version. | |
5b87ad55 GM |
4502 | |
4503 | GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
4504 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
4505 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the | |
4506 | GNU General Public License for more details. | |
9a21d88b | 4507 | |
5b87ad55 | 4508 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License |
ab73e885 | 4509 | along with GNU Emacs. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. |
9a21d88b | 4510 | |
9a21d88b KS |
4511 | \f |
4512 | Local variables: | |
4513 | mode: outline | |
4514 | paragraph-separate: "[ \f]*$" | |
4515 | end: |