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681ebc33 | 1 | \input texinfo @c -*- mode: texinfo; coding: utf-8; -*- |
4009494e | 2 | @c %**start of header |
db78a8cb | 3 | @setfilename ../../info/ses |
1796ef98 | 4 | @settitle @acronym{SES}: Simple Emacs Spreadsheet |
4009494e GM |
5 | @setchapternewpage off |
6 | @syncodeindex fn cp | |
7 | @syncodeindex vr cp | |
8 | @syncodeindex ky cp | |
9 | @c %**end of header | |
10 | ||
11 | @copying | |
1796ef98 | 12 | This file documents @acronym{SES}: the Simple Emacs Spreadsheet. |
4009494e | 13 | |
ab422c4d | 14 | Copyright @copyright{} 2002--2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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15 | |
16 | @quotation | |
17 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
6a2c4aec | 18 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or |
4009494e | 19 | any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no |
debf4439 GM |
20 | Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' |
21 | and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license | |
22 | is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.'' | |
4009494e | 23 | |
6f093307 | 24 | (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and |
6bf430d1 | 25 | modify this GNU manual.'' |
4009494e GM |
26 | @end quotation |
27 | @end copying | |
28 | ||
0c973505 | 29 | @dircategory Emacs misc features |
4009494e | 30 | @direntry |
1796ef98 | 31 | * @acronym{SES}: (ses). Simple Emacs Spreadsheet. |
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32 | @end direntry |
33 | ||
34 | @finalout | |
35 | ||
36 | @titlepage | |
1796ef98 | 37 | @title @acronym{SES} |
4009494e GM |
38 | @subtitle Simple Emacs Spreadsheet |
39 | @author Jonathan A. Yavner | |
40 | @author @email{jyavner@@member.fsf.org} | |
41 | ||
42 | @page | |
43 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
44 | @insertcopying | |
45 | @end titlepage | |
46 | ||
47 | @contents | |
48 | ||
49 | @c =================================================================== | |
50 | ||
51 | @ifnottex | |
563a450c | 52 | @node Top |
4009494e | 53 | @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
1796ef98 | 54 | @top @acronym{SES}: Simple Emacs Spreadsheet |
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55 | |
56 | @display | |
1796ef98 | 57 | @acronym{SES} is a major mode for GNU Emacs to edit spreadsheet files, which |
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58 | contain a rectangular grid of cells. The cells' values are specified |
59 | by formulas that can refer to the values of other cells. | |
60 | @end display | |
61 | @end ifnottex | |
62 | ||
7add5a8a | 63 | To report bugs, use @kbd{M-x report-emacs-bug}. |
4009494e | 64 | |
5dc584b5 KB |
65 | @insertcopying |
66 | ||
4009494e | 67 | @menu |
1796ef98 | 68 | * Sales Pitch:: Why use @acronym{SES}? |
0ec16636 | 69 | * Quick Tutorial:: A quick introduction |
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70 | * The Basics:: Basic spreadsheet commands |
71 | * Advanced Features:: Want to know more? | |
72 | * For Gurus:: Want to know @emph{even more}? | |
73 | * Index:: Concept, Function and Variable Index | |
09ae5da1 | 74 | * Acknowledgments:: Acknowledgments |
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75 | * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
76 | @end menu | |
77 | ||
78 | @c =================================================================== | |
79 | ||
563a450c | 80 | @node Sales Pitch |
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81 | @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
82 | @chapter Sales Pitch | |
83 | @cindex features | |
84 | ||
85 | @itemize @bullet | |
86 | @item Create and edit simple spreadsheets with a minimum of fuss. | |
87 | @item Full undo/redo/autosave. | |
88 | @item Immune to viruses in spreadsheet files. | |
89 | @item Cell formulas are straight Emacs Lisp. | |
90 | @item Printer functions for control of cell appearance. | |
91 | @item Intuitive keystroke commands: C-o = insert row, M-o = insert column, etc. | |
92 | @item ``Spillover'' of lengthy cell values into following blank cells. | |
93 | @item Header line shows column letters or a selected row. | |
94 | @item Completing-read for entering symbols as cell values. | |
95 | @item Cut, copy, and paste can transfer formulas and printer functions. | |
96 | @item Import and export of tab-separated values or tab-separated formulas. | |
97 | @item Plaintext, easily-hacked file format. | |
98 | @end itemize | |
99 | ||
100 | @c =================================================================== | |
101 | ||
0ec16636 | 102 | @node Quick Tutorial |
103 | @chapter Quick Tutorial | |
104 | @cindex introduction | |
105 | @cindex tutorial | |
106 | ||
107 | If you want to get started quickly and think that you know what to | |
108 | expect from a simple spreadsheet, this chapter may be all that you | |
109 | need. | |
110 | ||
111 | First, visit a new file with the @file{.ses} extension. | |
112 | Emacs presents you with an empty spreadsheet containing a single cell. | |
113 | ||
114 | Begin by inserting a headline: @kbd{"Income"@key{RET}}. The double | |
115 | quotes indicate that this is a text cell. (Notice that Emacs | |
116 | automatically inserts the closing quotation mark.) | |
117 | ||
118 | To insert your first income value, you must first resize the | |
119 | spreadsheet. Press @key{TAB} to add a new cell and navigate back up | |
120 | to it. Enter a number, such as @samp{2.23}. Then proceed to add a | |
121 | few more income entries, e.g.: | |
122 | ||
123 | @example | |
124 | @group | |
125 | A | |
126 | Income | |
127 | 2.23 | |
128 | 0.02 | |
129 | 15.76 | |
130 | -4.00 | |
131 | @end group | |
132 | @end example | |
133 | ||
134 | To add up the values, enter a Lisp expression: | |
135 | ||
136 | @example | |
137 | (+ A2 A3 A4 A5) | |
138 | @end example | |
139 | ||
140 | Perhaps you want to add a cell to the right of cell A4 to explain | |
141 | why you have a negative entry. Pressing @kbd{TAB} in that cell | |
142 | adds an entire new column @samp{B}, where you can add such a note. | |
143 | ||
144 | The column is fairly narrow by default, but pressing @kbd{w} allows | |
145 | you to resize it as needed. Make it 20 characters wide. You can | |
146 | now add descriptive legends for all the entries, e.g.: | |
147 | ||
148 | @example | |
149 | @group | |
150 | A B | |
151 | Income | |
152 | 2.23 Consulting fee | |
153 | 0.02 Informed opinion | |
154 | 15.76 Lemonade stand | |
155 | -4 Loan to Joe | |
156 | 14.01 Total | |
157 | @end group | |
158 | @end example | |
159 | ||
160 | By default, the labels in column B are right-justified. To change | |
161 | that, you can enter a printer function for the whole column, using | |
162 | e.g., @kbd{M-p ("%s")}. You can override a column's printer function | |
163 | in any individual cell using @kbd{p}. | |
164 | ||
165 | If Joe pays back his loan, you might blank that entry; e.g., by | |
166 | positioning the cursor in cell A5 and pressing @kbd{C-d} twice. | |
167 | If you do that, the total cell will display @samp{######}. That is | |
168 | because the regular @code{+} operator does not handle a range that | |
169 | contains some empty cells. Instead of emptying the cell, you could | |
170 | enter a literal @samp{0}, or delete the entire row using @kbd{C-k}. | |
171 | An alternative is to use the special function @code{ses+} instead of | |
172 | the regular @code{+}: | |
173 | ||
174 | @example | |
175 | (ses+ A2 A3 A4 A5) | |
176 | @end example | |
177 | ||
178 | To make a formula robust against changes in the spreadsheet geometry, | |
179 | you can use the @code{ses-range} macro to refer to a range of cells by | |
180 | the end-points, e.g.: | |
181 | ||
182 | @example | |
183 | (apply 'ses+ (ses-range A2 A5)) | |
184 | @end example | |
185 | ||
186 | (The @code{apply} is necessary because @code{ses-range} produces a | |
187 | @emph{list} of values. This allows for more complex possibilities.) | |
188 | ||
189 | @c =================================================================== | |
190 | ||
563a450c | 191 | @node The Basics |
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192 | @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
193 | @chapter The Basics | |
194 | @cindex basic commands | |
195 | @findex ses-jump | |
196 | @findex ses-mark-row | |
197 | @findex ses-mark-column | |
198 | @findex ses-mark-whole-buffer | |
199 | @findex set-mark-command | |
200 | @findex keyboard-quit | |
201 | ||
a9afba20 JY |
202 | To create a new spreadsheet, visit a nonexistent file whose name ends |
203 | with ".ses". For example, @kbd{C-x C-f test.ses RET}. | |
204 | ||
205 | ||
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206 | A @dfn{cell identifier} is a symbol with a column letter and a row |
207 | number. Cell B7 is the 2nd column of the 7th row. For very wide | |
208 | spreadsheets, there are two column letters: cell AB7 is the 28th | |
a9afba20 | 209 | column of the 7th row. Super wide spreadsheets get AAA1, etc. |
0ec16636 | 210 | You move around with the regular Emacs movement commands. |
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211 | |
212 | @table @kbd | |
213 | @item j | |
214 | Moves point to cell, specified by identifier (@code{ses-jump}). | |
215 | @end table | |
216 | ||
217 | Point is always at the left edge of a cell, or at the empty endline. | |
218 | When mark is inactive, the current cell is underlined. When mark is | |
1796ef98 | 219 | active, the range is the highlighted rectangle of cells (@acronym{SES} always |
4009494e | 220 | uses transient mark mode). Drag the mouse from A1 to A3 to create the |
1796ef98 | 221 | range A1-A2. Many @acronym{SES} commands operate only on single cells, not |
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222 | ranges. |
223 | ||
224 | @table @kbd | |
225 | @item C-SPC | |
226 | @itemx C-@@ | |
227 | Set mark at point (@code{set-mark-command}). | |
228 | ||
229 | @item C-g | |
230 | Turn off the mark (@code{keyboard-quit}). | |
231 | ||
232 | @item M-h | |
233 | Highlight current row (@code{ses-mark-row}). | |
234 | ||
235 | @item S-M-h | |
236 | Highlight current column (@code{ses-mark-column}). | |
237 | ||
238 | @item C-x h | |
239 | Highlight all cells (@code{mark-whole-buffer}). | |
240 | @end table | |
241 | ||
242 | @menu | |
243 | * Formulas:: | |
244 | * Resizing:: | |
245 | * Printer functions:: | |
246 | * Clearing cells:: | |
247 | * Copy/cut/paste:: | |
1796ef98 | 248 | * Customizing @acronym{SES}:: |
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249 | @end menu |
250 | ||
563a450c | 251 | @node Formulas |
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252 | @section Cell formulas |
253 | @cindex formulas | |
254 | @cindex formulas, entering | |
0ec16636 | 255 | @cindex values |
256 | @cindex cell values | |
257 | @cindex editing cells | |
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258 | @findex ses-read-cell |
259 | @findex ses-read-symbol | |
260 | @findex ses-edit-cell | |
261 | @findex ses-recalculate-cell | |
262 | @findex ses-recalculate-all | |
263 | ||
0ec16636 | 264 | To insert a value into a cell, simply type a numeric expression, |
265 | @samp{"double-quoted text"}, or a Lisp expression. | |
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266 | |
267 | @table @kbd | |
268 | @item 0..9 | |
269 | Self-insert a digit (@code{ses-read-cell}). | |
270 | ||
271 | @item - | |
272 | Self-insert a negative number (@code{ses-read-cell}). | |
273 | ||
274 | @item . | |
275 | Self-insert a fractional number (@code{ses-read-cell}). | |
276 | ||
277 | @item " | |
278 | Self-insert a quoted string. The ending double-quote | |
279 | is inserted for you (@code{ses-read-cell}). | |
280 | ||
281 | @item ( | |
282 | Self-insert an expression. The right-parenthesis is inserted for you | |
283 | (@code{ses-read-cell}). To access another cell's value, just use its | |
284 | identifier in your expression. Whenever the other cell is changed, | |
285 | this cell's formula will be reevaluated. While typing in the | |
286 | expression, you can use @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to complete symbol names. | |
287 | ||
288 | @item ' @r{(apostrophe)} | |
1796ef98 | 289 | Enter a symbol (ses-read-symbol). @acronym{SES} remembers all symbols that have |
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290 | been used as formulas, so you can type just the beginning of a symbol |
291 | and use @kbd{@key{SPC}}, @kbd{@key{TAB}}, and @kbd{?} to complete it. | |
292 | @end table | |
293 | ||
294 | To enter something else (e.g., a vector), begin with a digit, then | |
295 | erase the digit and type whatever you want. | |
296 | ||
297 | @table @kbd | |
298 | @item RET | |
299 | Edit the existing formula in the current cell (@code{ses-edit-cell}). | |
300 | ||
301 | @item C-c C-c | |
302 | Force recalculation of the current cell or range (@code{ses-recalculate-cell}). | |
303 | ||
304 | @item C-c C-l | |
305 | Recalculate the entire spreadsheet (@code{ses-recalculate-all}). | |
306 | @end table | |
307 | ||
563a450c | 308 | @node Resizing |
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309 | @section Resizing the spreadsheet |
310 | @cindex resizing spreadsheets | |
0ec16636 | 311 | @cindex dimensions |
312 | @cindex row, adding or removing | |
313 | @cindex column, adding or removing | |
314 | @cindex adding rows or columns | |
315 | @cindex inserting rows or columns | |
316 | @cindex removing rows or columns | |
317 | @cindex deleting rows or columns | |
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318 | @findex ses-insert-row |
319 | @findex ses-insert-column | |
320 | @findex ses-delete-row | |
321 | @findex ses-delete-column | |
322 | @findex ses-set-column-width | |
323 | @findex ses-forward-or-insert | |
324 | @findex ses-append-row-jump-first-column | |
325 | ||
326 | ||
327 | Basic commands: | |
328 | ||
329 | @table @kbd | |
330 | @item C-o | |
331 | (@code{ses-insert-row}) | |
332 | ||
333 | @item M-o | |
334 | (@code{ses-insert-column}) | |
335 | ||
336 | @item C-k | |
337 | (@code{ses-delete-row}) | |
338 | ||
339 | @item M-k | |
340 | (@code{ses-delete-column}) | |
341 | ||
342 | @item w | |
343 | (@code{ses-set-column-width}) | |
344 | ||
345 | @item TAB | |
346 | Moves point to the next rightward cell, or inserts a new column if | |
347 | already at last cell on line, or inserts a new row if at endline | |
348 | (@code{ses-forward-or-insert}). | |
349 | ||
350 | @item C-j | |
351 | Linefeed inserts below the current row and moves to column A | |
352 | (@code{ses-append-row-jump-first-column}). | |
353 | @end table | |
354 | ||
355 | Resizing the spreadsheet (unless you're just changing a column width) | |
356 | relocates all the cell-references in formulas so they still refer to | |
357 | the same cells. If a formula mentioned B1 and you insert a new first | |
358 | row, the formula will now mention B2. | |
359 | ||
360 | If you delete a cell that a formula refers to, the cell-symbol is | |
361 | deleted from the formula, so @code{(+ A1 B1 C1)} after deleting the third | |
362 | column becomes @code{(+ A1 B1)}. In case this is not what you wanted: | |
363 | ||
364 | @table @kbd | |
365 | @item C-_ | |
366 | @itemx C-x u | |
367 | Undo previous action (@code{(undo)}). | |
368 | @end table | |
369 | ||
370 | ||
563a450c | 371 | @node Printer functions |
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372 | @section Printer functions |
373 | @cindex printer functions | |
0ec16636 | 374 | @cindex cell formatting |
375 | @cindex formatting cells | |
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376 | @findex ses-read-cell-printer |
377 | @findex ses-read-column-printer | |
378 | @findex ses-read-default-printer | |
379 | @findex ses-center | |
380 | @findex ses-center-span | |
381 | @findex ses-dashfill | |
382 | @findex ses-dashfill-span | |
383 | @findex ses-tildefill-span | |
384 | ||
385 | ||
386 | Printer functions convert binary cell values into the print forms that | |
387 | Emacs will display on the screen. | |
388 | ||
389 | A printer can be a format string, like @samp{"$%.2f"}. The result | |
390 | string is right-aligned within the print cell. To get left-alignment, | |
391 | use parentheses: @samp{("$%.2f")}. A printer can also be a | |
392 | one-argument function (a symbol or a lambda), whose result is a string | |
393 | (right-aligned) or list of one string (left-aligned). While typing in | |
394 | a lambda, you can use @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to complete the names of symbols. | |
395 | ||
396 | Each cell has a printer. If @code{nil}, the column-printer for the cell's | |
397 | column is used. If that is also @code{nil}, the default-printer for the | |
398 | spreadsheet is used. | |
399 | ||
400 | @table @kbd | |
401 | @item p | |
402 | Enter a printer for current cell or range (@code{ses-read-cell-printer}). | |
403 | ||
404 | @item M-p | |
405 | Enter a printer for the current column (@code{ses-read-column-printer}). | |
406 | ||
407 | @item C-c C-p | |
408 | Enter the default printer for the spreadsheet | |
409 | (@code{ses-read-default-printer}). | |
410 | @end table | |
411 | ||
412 | The @code{ses-read-@r{XXX}-printer} commands have their own minibuffer | |
413 | history, which is preloaded with the set of all printers used in this | |
414 | spreadsheet, plus the standard printers. | |
415 | ||
416 | The standard printers are suitable only for cells, not columns or | |
417 | default, because they format the value using the column-printer (or | |
418 | default-printer if @code{nil}) and then center the result: | |
419 | ||
420 | @table @code | |
421 | @item ses-center | |
422 | Just centering. | |
423 | ||
424 | @item ses-center-span | |
425 | Centering with spill-over to following blank cells. | |
426 | ||
427 | @item ses-dashfill | |
428 | Centering using dashes (-) instead of spaces. | |
429 | ||
430 | @item ses-dashfill-span | |
431 | Centering with dashes and spill-over. | |
432 | ||
433 | @item ses-tildefill-span | |
434 | Centering with tildes (~) and spill-over. | |
435 | @end table | |
436 | ||
437 | ||
563a450c | 438 | @node Clearing cells |
4009494e GM |
439 | @section Clearing cells |
440 | @cindex clearing commands | |
441 | @findex ses-clear-cell-backward | |
442 | @findex ses-clear-cell-forward | |
443 | ||
444 | These commands set both formula and printer to @code{nil}: | |
445 | ||
446 | @table @kbd | |
447 | @item DEL | |
448 | Clear cell and move left (@code{ses-clear-cell-backward}). | |
449 | ||
450 | @item C-d | |
451 | Clear cell and move right (@code{ses-clear-cell-forward}). | |
452 | @end table | |
453 | ||
454 | ||
563a450c | 455 | @node Copy/cut/paste |
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456 | @section Copy, cut, and paste |
457 | @cindex copy | |
458 | @cindex cut | |
459 | @cindex paste | |
460 | @findex kill-ring-save | |
461 | @findex mouse-set-region | |
462 | @findex mouse-set-secondary | |
463 | @findex ses-kill-override | |
464 | @findex yank | |
465 | @findex clipboard-yank | |
466 | @findex mouse-yank-at-click | |
467 | @findex mouse-yank-at-secondary | |
468 | @findex ses-yank-pop | |
469 | ||
470 | The copy functions work on rectangular regions of cells. You can paste the | |
1796ef98 | 471 | copies into non-@acronym{SES} buffers to export the print text. |
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472 | |
473 | @table @kbd | |
474 | @item M-w | |
475 | @itemx [copy] | |
476 | @itemx [C-insert] | |
477 | Copy the highlighted cells to kill ring and primary clipboard | |
478 | (@code{kill-ring-save}). | |
479 | ||
480 | @item [drag-mouse-1] | |
481 | Mark a region and copy it to kill ring and primary clipboard | |
482 | (@code{mouse-set-region}). | |
483 | ||
484 | @item [M-drag-mouse-1] | |
485 | Mark a region and copy it to kill ring and secondary clipboard | |
486 | (@code{mouse-set-secondary}). | |
487 | ||
488 | @item C-w | |
489 | @itemx [cut] | |
490 | @itemx [S-delete] | |
491 | The cut functions do not actually delete rows or columns---they copy | |
492 | and then clear (@code{ses-kill-override}). | |
493 | ||
494 | @item C-y | |
495 | @itemx [S-insert] | |
496 | Paste from kill ring (@code{yank}). The paste functions behave | |
497 | differently depending on the format of the text being inserted: | |
498 | @itemize @bullet | |
499 | @item | |
1796ef98 | 500 | When pasting cells that were cut from a @acronym{SES} buffer, the print text is |
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501 | ignored and only the attached formula and printer are inserted; cell |
502 | references in the formula are relocated unless you use @kbd{C-u}. | |
503 | @item | |
504 | The pasted text overwrites a rectangle of cells whose top left corner | |
505 | is the current cell. If part of the rectangle is beyond the edges of | |
506 | the spreadsheet, you must confirm the increase in spreadsheet size. | |
507 | @item | |
1796ef98 | 508 | Non-@acronym{SES} text is usually inserted as a replacement formula for the |
4009494e GM |
509 | current cell. If the formula would be a symbol, it's treated as a |
510 | string unless you use @kbd{C-u}. Pasted formulas with syntax errors | |
511 | are always treated as strings. | |
512 | @end itemize | |
513 | ||
514 | @item [paste] | |
515 | Paste from primary clipboard or kill ring (@code{clipboard-yank}). | |
516 | ||
517 | @item [mouse-2] | |
518 | Set point and paste from primary clipboard (@code{mouse-yank-at-click}). | |
519 | ||
520 | @item [M-mouse-2] | |
521 | Set point and paste from secondary clipboard (@code{mouse-yank-secondary}). | |
522 | ||
523 | @item M-y | |
524 | Immediately after a paste, you can replace the text with a preceding | |
525 | element from the kill ring (@code{ses-yank-pop}). Unlike the standard | |
1796ef98 | 526 | Emacs yank-pop, the @acronym{SES} version uses @code{undo} to delete the old |
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527 | yank. This doesn't make any difference? |
528 | @end table | |
529 | ||
563a450c | 530 | @node Customizing @acronym{SES} |
1796ef98 | 531 | @section Customizing @acronym{SES} |
4009494e GM |
532 | @cindex customizing |
533 | @vindex enable-local-eval | |
534 | @vindex ses-mode-hook | |
535 | @vindex safe-functions | |
536 | @vindex enable-local-eval | |
537 | ||
538 | ||
539 | By default, a newly-created spreadsheet has 1 row and 1 column. The | |
540 | column width is 7 and the default printer is @samp{"%.7g"}. Each of these | |
541 | can be customized. Look in group ``ses''. | |
542 | ||
543 | After entering a cell value, point normally moves right to the next | |
544 | cell. You can customize @code{ses-after-entry-functions} to move left or | |
545 | up or down. For diagonal movement, select two functions from the | |
546 | list. | |
547 | ||
548 | @code{ses-mode-hook} is a normal mode hook (list of functions to | |
1796ef98 | 549 | execute when starting @acronym{SES} mode for a buffer). |
4009494e GM |
550 | |
551 | The variable @code{safe-functions} is a list of possibly-unsafe | |
e4920bc9 | 552 | functions to be treated as safe when analyzing formulas and printers. |
4009494e GM |
553 | @xref{Virus protection}. Before customizing @code{safe-functions}, |
554 | think about how much you trust the person who's suggesting this | |
555 | change. The value @code{t} turns off all anti-virus protection. A | |
556 | list-of-functions value might enable a ``gee whiz'' spreadsheet, but it | |
557 | also creates trapdoors in your anti-virus armor. In order for virus | |
558 | protection to work, you must always press @kbd{n} when presented with | |
559 | a virus warning, unless you understand what the questionable code is | |
560 | trying to do. Do not listen to those who tell you to customize | |
561 | @code{enable-local-eval}---this variable is for people who don't wear | |
562 | safety belts! | |
563 | ||
564 | ||
565 | @c =================================================================== | |
566 | ||
563a450c | 567 | @node Advanced Features |
4009494e GM |
568 | @chapter Advanced Features |
569 | @cindex advanced features | |
570 | @findex ses-read-header-row | |
571 | ||
572 | ||
573 | @table @kbd | |
574 | @item C-c M-C-h | |
1796ef98 VB |
575 | (@code{ses-set-header-row}). |
576 | @findex ses-set-header-row | |
577 | @kindex C-c M-C-h | |
578 | The header line at the top of the @acronym{SES} | |
4009494e GM |
579 | window normally shows the column letter for each column. You can set |
580 | it to show a copy of some row, such as a row of column titles, so that | |
581 | row will always be visible. Default is to set the current row as the | |
582 | header; use C-u to prompt for header row. Set the header to row 0 to | |
583 | show column letters again. | |
584 | @item [header-line mouse-3] | |
585 | Pops up a menu to set the current row as the header, or revert to | |
586 | column letters. | |
1796ef98 | 587 | @item M-x ses-rename-cell |
7831fb1b PE |
588 | @findex ses-rename-cell |
589 | Rename a cell from a standard A1-like name to any | |
590 | string. | |
1796ef98 VB |
591 | @item M-x ses-repair-cell-reference-all |
592 | @findex ses-repair-cell-reference-all | |
593 | When you interrupt a cell formula update by clicking @kbd{C-g}, then | |
594 | the cell reference link may be broken, which will jeopardize automatic | |
595 | cell update when any other cell on which it depends is changed. To | |
596 | repair that use function @code{ses-repair-cell-reference-all} | |
4009494e GM |
597 | @end table |
598 | ||
599 | @menu | |
600 | * The print area:: | |
601 | * Ranges in formulas:: | |
602 | * Sorting by column:: | |
603 | * Standard formula functions:: | |
604 | * More on cell printing:: | |
605 | * Import and export:: | |
606 | * Virus protection:: | |
607 | * Spreadsheets with details and summary:: | |
608 | @end menu | |
609 | ||
563a450c | 610 | @node The print area |
4009494e GM |
611 | @section The print area |
612 | @cindex print area | |
613 | @findex widen | |
614 | @findex ses-renarrow-buffer | |
615 | @findex ses-reprint-all | |
616 | ||
1796ef98 | 617 | A @acronym{SES} file consists of a print area and a data area. Normally the |
4009494e | 618 | buffer is narrowed to show only the print area. The print area is |
1796ef98 | 619 | read-only except for special @acronym{SES} commands; it contains cell values |
4009494e GM |
620 | formatted by printer functions. The data area records the formula and |
621 | printer functions, etc. | |
622 | ||
623 | @table @kbd | |
624 | @item C-x n w | |
625 | Show print and data areas (@code{widen}). | |
626 | ||
627 | @item C-c C-n | |
628 | Show only print area (@code{ses-renarrow-buffer}). | |
629 | ||
630 | @item S-C-l | |
631 | @itemx M-C-l | |
632 | Recreate print area by reevaluating printer functions for all cells | |
633 | (@code{ses-reprint-all}). | |
634 | @end table | |
635 | ||
563a450c | 636 | @node Ranges in formulas |
4009494e GM |
637 | @section Ranges in formulas |
638 | @cindex ranges | |
639 | @findex ses-insert-range-click | |
640 | @findex ses-insert-range | |
641 | @findex ses-insert-ses-range-click | |
642 | @findex ses-insert-ses-range | |
643 | @vindex from | |
644 | @vindex to | |
645 | ||
646 | A formula like | |
647 | @lisp | |
648 | (+ A1 A2 A3) | |
649 | @end lisp | |
650 | is the sum of three specific cells. If you insert a new second row, | |
651 | the formula becomes | |
652 | @lisp | |
653 | (+ A1 A3 A4) | |
654 | @end lisp | |
655 | and the new row is not included in the sum. | |
656 | ||
657 | The macro @code{(ses-range @var{from} @var{to})} evaluates to a list of | |
658 | the values in a rectangle of cells. If your formula is | |
659 | @lisp | |
660 | (apply '+ (ses-range A1 A3)) | |
661 | @end lisp | |
662 | and you insert a new second row, it becomes | |
663 | @lisp | |
664 | (apply '+ (ses-range A1 A4)) | |
665 | @end lisp | |
666 | and the new row is included in the sum. | |
667 | ||
668 | While entering or editing a formula in the minibuffer, you can select | |
669 | a range in the spreadsheet (using mouse or keyboard), then paste a | |
670 | representation of that range into your formula. Suppose you select | |
671 | A1-C1: | |
672 | ||
673 | @table @kbd | |
674 | @item [S-mouse-3] | |
675 | Inserts "A1 B1 C1" @code{(ses-insert-range-click}) | |
676 | ||
677 | @item C-c C-r | |
678 | Keyboard version (@code{ses-insert-range}). | |
679 | ||
680 | @item [C-S-mouse-3] | |
681 | Inserts "(ses-range A1 C1)" (@code{ses-insert-ses-range-click}). | |
682 | ||
683 | @item C-c C-s | |
684 | Keyboard version (@code{ses-insert-ses-range}). | |
685 | @end table | |
686 | ||
687 | If you delete the @var{from} or @var{to} cell for a range, the nearest | |
688 | still-existing cell is used instead. If you delete the entire range, | |
689 | the formula relocator will delete the ses-range from the formula. | |
690 | ||
691 | If you insert a new row just beyond the end of a one-column range, or | |
692 | a new column just beyond a one-row range, the new cell is included in | |
693 | the range. New cells inserted just before a range are not included. | |
694 | ||
1796ef98 VB |
695 | Flags can be added to @code{ses-range} immediately after the @var{to} |
696 | cell. | |
697 | @table @code | |
698 | @item ! | |
699 | Empty cells in range can be removed by adding the @code{!} flag. An | |
700 | empty cell is a cell the value of which is one of symbols @code{nil} | |
701 | or @code{*skip*}. For instance @code{(ses-range A1 A4 !)} will do the | |
702 | same as @code{(list A1 A3)} when cells @code{A2} and @code{A4} are | |
703 | empty. | |
704 | @item _ | |
705 | Empty cell values are replaced by the argument following flag | |
706 | @code{_}, or @code{0} when flag @code{_} is last in argument list. For | |
707 | instance @code{(ses-range A1 A4 _ "empty")} will do the same as | |
708 | @code{(list A1 "empty" A3 "empty")} when cells @code{A2} and @code{A4} | |
709 | are empty. Similarly, @code{(ses-range A1 A4 _ )} will do the same as | |
710 | @code{(list A1 0 A3 0)}. | |
711 | @item >v | |
7831fb1b | 712 | When order matters, list cells by reading cells row-wise from top left |
1796ef98 VB |
713 | to bottom right. This flag is provided for completeness only as it is |
714 | the default reading order. | |
715 | @item <v | |
7831fb1b | 716 | List cells by reading cells row-wise from top right to bottom left. |
1796ef98 | 717 | @item v> |
7831fb1b | 718 | List cells by reading cells column-wise from top left to bottom right. |
1796ef98 | 719 | @item v< |
7831fb1b | 720 | List cells by reading cells column-wise from top right to bottom left. |
1796ef98 VB |
721 | @item v |
722 | A short hand for @code{v>}. | |
723 | @item ^ | |
724 | A short hand for @code{^>}. | |
725 | @item > | |
726 | A short hand for @code{>v}. | |
727 | @item < | |
728 | A short hand for @code{>^}. | |
729 | @item * | |
730 | Instead of listing cells, it makes a Calc vector or matrix of it | |
731 | (@pxref{Top,,,calc,GNU Emacs Calc Manual}). If the range contains only | |
732 | one row or one column a vector is made, otherwise a matrix is made. | |
733 | @item *2 | |
734 | Same as @code{*} except that a matrix is always made even when there | |
735 | is only one row or column in the range. | |
736 | @item *1 | |
737 | Same as @code{*} except that a vector is always made even when there | |
738 | is only one row or column in the range, that is to say the | |
739 | corresponding matrix is flattened. | |
740 | @end table | |
4009494e | 741 | |
563a450c | 742 | @node Sorting by column |
4009494e GM |
743 | @section Sorting by column |
744 | @cindex sorting | |
745 | @findex ses-sort-column | |
746 | @findex ses-sort-column-click | |
747 | ||
748 | @table @kbd | |
749 | @item C-c M-C-s | |
750 | Sort the cells of a range using one of the columns | |
751 | (@code{ses-sort-column}). The rows (or partial rows if the range | |
752 | doesn't include all columns) are rearranged so the chosen column will | |
753 | be in order. | |
754 | ||
755 | @item [header-line mouse-2] | |
756 | The easiest way to sort is to click mouse-2 on the chosen column's header row | |
757 | (@code{ses-sort-column-click}). | |
758 | @end table | |
759 | ||
760 | The sort comparison uses @code{string<}, which works well for | |
761 | right-justified numbers and left-justified strings. | |
762 | ||
763 | With prefix arg, sort is in descending order. | |
764 | ||
765 | Rows are moved one at a time, with relocation of formulas. This works | |
766 | well if formulas refer to other cells in their row, not so well for | |
767 | formulas that refer to other rows in the range or to cells outside the | |
768 | range. | |
769 | ||
770 | ||
563a450c | 771 | @node Standard formula functions |
4009494e GM |
772 | @section Standard formula functions |
773 | @cindex standard formula functions | |
774 | @cindex *skip* | |
775 | @cindex *error* | |
776 | @findex ses-delete-blanks | |
777 | @findex ses-average | |
778 | @findex ses+ | |
779 | ||
780 | Oftentimes you want a calculation to exclude the blank cells. Here | |
781 | are some useful functions to call from your formulas: | |
782 | ||
783 | @table @code | |
784 | @item (ses-delete-blanks &rest @var{args}) | |
785 | Returns a list from which all blank cells (value is either @code{nil} or | |
786 | '*skip*) have been deleted. | |
787 | ||
788 | @item (ses+ &rest @var{args}) | |
789 | Sum of non-blank arguments. | |
790 | ||
791 | @item (ses-average @var{list}) | |
792 | Average of non-blank elements in @var{list}. Here the list is passed | |
793 | as a single argument, since you'll probably use it with @code{ses-range}. | |
794 | @end table | |
795 | ||
563a450c | 796 | @node More on cell printing |
4009494e GM |
797 | @section More on cell printing |
798 | @cindex cell printing, more | |
799 | @findex ses-truncate-cell | |
800 | @findex ses-recalculate-cell | |
801 | ||
802 | Special cell values: | |
803 | @itemize | |
804 | @item nil prints the same as "", but allows previous cell to spill over. | |
805 | @item '*skip* replaces nil when the previous cell actually does spill over; | |
806 | nothing is printed for it. | |
807 | @item '*error* indicates that the formula signaled an error instead of | |
808 | producing a value: the print cell is filled with hash marks (#). | |
809 | @end itemize | |
810 | ||
811 | If the result from the printer function is too wide for the cell and | |
812 | the following cell is @code{nil}, the result will spill over into the | |
813 | following cell. Very wide results can spill over several cells. If | |
814 | the result is too wide for the available space (up to the end of the | |
815 | row or the next non-@code{nil} cell), the result is truncated if the cell's | |
816 | value is a string, or replaced with hash marks otherwise. | |
817 | ||
1796ef98 | 818 | @acronym{SES} could get confused by printer results that contain newlines or |
4009494e GM |
819 | tabs, so these are replaced with question marks. |
820 | ||
821 | @table @kbd | |
a9afba20 | 822 | @item t |
4009494e GM |
823 | Confine a cell to its own column (@code{ses-truncate-cell}). This |
824 | allows you to move point to a rightward cell that would otherwise be | |
825 | covered by a spill-over. If you don't change the rightward cell, the | |
826 | confined cell will spill over again the next time it is reprinted. | |
827 | ||
a9afba20 JY |
828 | @item c |
829 | When applied to a single cell, this command displays in the echo area | |
830 | any formula error or printer error that occurred during | |
831 | recalculation/reprinting (@code{ses-recalculate-cell}). You can use | |
832 | this to undo the effect of @kbd{t}. | |
4009494e GM |
833 | @end table |
834 | ||
a9afba20 | 835 | When a printer function signals an error, the fallback printer |
4009494e | 836 | @samp{"%s"} is substituted. This is useful when your column printer |
a9afba20 JY |
837 | is numeric-only and you use a string as a cell value. Note that the |
838 | standard default printer is ``%.7g'' which is numeric-only, so cells | |
839 | that are empty of contain strings will use the fallback printer. | |
840 | @kbd{c} on such cells will display ``Format specifier doesn't match | |
841 | argument type''. | |
4009494e GM |
842 | |
843 | ||
563a450c | 844 | @node Import and export |
4009494e GM |
845 | @section Import and export |
846 | @cindex import and export | |
847 | @cindex export, and import | |
848 | @findex ses-export-tsv | |
849 | @findex ses-export-tsf | |
850 | ||
851 | @table @kbd | |
852 | @item x t | |
853 | Export a range of cells as tab-separated values (@code{ses-export-tsv}). | |
854 | @item x T | |
855 | Export a range of cells as tab-separated formulas (@code{ses-export-tsf}). | |
856 | @end table | |
857 | ||
f99f1641 | 858 | The exported text goes to the kill ring; you can paste it into |
4009494e GM |
859 | another buffer. Columns are separated by tabs, rows by newlines. |
860 | ||
861 | To import text, use any of the yank commands where the text to paste | |
862 | contains tabs and/or newlines. Imported formulas are not relocated. | |
863 | ||
563a450c | 864 | @node Virus protection |
4009494e GM |
865 | @section Virus protection |
866 | @cindex virus protection | |
867 | ||
868 | Whenever a formula or printer is read from a file or is pasted into | |
869 | the spreadsheet, it receives a ``needs safety check'' marking. Later, | |
870 | when the formula or printer is evaluated for the first time, it is | |
871 | checked for safety using the @code{unsafep} predicate; if found to be | |
872 | ``possibly unsafe'', the questionable formula or printer is displayed | |
873 | and you must press Y to approve it or N to use a substitute. The | |
874 | substitute always signals an error. | |
875 | ||
876 | Formulas or printers that you type in are checked immediately for | |
877 | safety. If found to be possibly unsafe and you press N to disapprove, | |
878 | the action is canceled and the old formula or printer will remain. | |
879 | ||
880 | Besides viruses (which try to copy themselves to other files), | |
881 | @code{unsafep} can also detect all other kinds of Trojan horses, such as | |
882 | spreadsheets that delete files, send email, flood Web sites, alter | |
883 | your Emacs settings, etc. | |
884 | ||
885 | Generally, spreadsheet formulas and printers are simple things that | |
886 | don't need to do any fancy computing, so all potentially-dangerous | |
887 | parts of the Emacs Lisp environment can be excluded without cramping | |
888 | your style as a formula-writer. See the documentation in @file{unsafep.el} | |
889 | for more info on how Lisp forms are classified as safe or unsafe. | |
890 | ||
563a450c | 891 | @node Spreadsheets with details and summary |
4009494e GM |
892 | @section Spreadsheets with details and summary |
893 | @cindex details and summary | |
894 | @cindex summary, and details | |
895 | ||
896 | A common organization for spreadsheets is to have a bunch of ``detail'' | |
897 | rows, each perhaps describing a transaction, and then a set of | |
898 | ``summary'' rows that each show reduced data for some subset of the | |
1796ef98 | 899 | details. @acronym{SES} supports this organization via the @code{ses-select} |
4009494e GM |
900 | function. |
901 | ||
902 | @table @code | |
903 | @item (ses-select @var{fromrange} @var{test} @var{torange}) | |
904 | Returns a subset of @var{torange}. For each member in @var{fromrange} | |
905 | that is equal to @var{test}, the corresponding member of @var{torange} | |
906 | is included in the result. | |
907 | @end table | |
908 | ||
909 | Example of use: | |
910 | @lisp | |
911 | (ses-average (ses-select (ses-range A1 A5) 'Smith (ses-range B1 B5))) | |
912 | @end lisp | |
913 | This computes the average of the B column values for those rows whose | |
914 | A column value is the symbol 'Smith. | |
915 | ||
916 | Arguably one could specify only @var{fromrange} plus | |
917 | @var{to-row-offset} and @var{to-column-offset}. The @var{torange} is | |
918 | stated explicitly to ensure that the formula will be recalculated if | |
919 | any cell in either range is changed. | |
920 | ||
921 | File @file{etc/ses-example.el} in the Emacs distribution is an example of a | |
922 | details-and-summary spreadsheet. | |
923 | ||
924 | ||
925 | @c =================================================================== | |
926 | ||
563a450c | 927 | @node For Gurus |
4009494e GM |
928 | @chapter For Gurus |
929 | @cindex advanced features | |
930 | ||
931 | @menu | |
932 | * Deferred updates:: | |
933 | * Nonrelocatable references:: | |
934 | * The data area:: | |
935 | * Buffer-local variables in spreadsheets:: | |
1796ef98 | 936 | * Uses of defadvice in @acronym{SES}:: |
4009494e GM |
937 | @end menu |
938 | ||
563a450c | 939 | @node Deferred updates |
4009494e GM |
940 | @section Deferred updates |
941 | @cindex deferred updates | |
942 | @cindex updates, deferred | |
943 | @vindex run-with-idle-timer | |
944 | ||
945 | To save time by avoiding redundant computations, cells that need | |
946 | recalculation due to changes in other cells are added to a set. At | |
947 | the end of the command, each cell in the set is recalculated once. | |
948 | This can create a new set of cells that need recalculation. The | |
949 | process is repeated until either the set is empty or it stops changing | |
950 | (due to circular references among the cells). In extreme cases, you | |
951 | might see progress messages of the form ``Recalculating... (@var{nnn} | |
952 | cells left)''. If you interrupt the calculation using @kbd{C-g}, the | |
953 | spreadsheet will be left in an inconsistent state, so use @kbd{C-_} or | |
954 | @kbd{C-c C-l} to fix it. | |
955 | ||
956 | To save even more time by avoiding redundant writes, cells that have | |
957 | changes are added to a set instead of being written immediately to the | |
958 | data area. Each cell in the set is written once, at the end of the | |
959 | command. If you change vast quantities of cells, you might see a | |
960 | progress message of the form ``Writing... (@var{nnn} cells left)''. | |
961 | These deferred cell-writes cannot be interrupted by @kbd{C-g}, so | |
962 | you'll just have to wait. | |
963 | ||
1796ef98 | 964 | @acronym{SES} uses @code{run-with-idle-timer} to move the cell underline when |
4009494e GM |
965 | Emacs will be scrolling the buffer after the end of a command, and |
966 | also to narrow and underline after @kbd{C-x C-v}. This is visible as | |
967 | a momentary glitch after C-x C-v and certain scrolling commands. You | |
968 | can type ahead without worrying about the glitch. | |
969 | ||
970 | ||
563a450c | 971 | @node Nonrelocatable references |
4009494e GM |
972 | @section Nonrelocatable references |
973 | @cindex nonrelocatable references | |
974 | @cindex references, nonrelocatable | |
975 | ||
976 | @kbd{C-y} relocates all cell-references in a pasted formula, while | |
977 | @kbd{C-u C-y} relocates none of the cell-references. What about mixed | |
978 | cases? | |
979 | ||
980 | You can use | |
981 | @lisp | |
982 | (symbol-value 'B3) | |
983 | @end lisp | |
984 | to make an @dfn{absolute reference}. The formula relocator skips over | |
985 | quoted things, so this will not be relocated when pasted or when | |
986 | rows/columns are inserted/deleted. However, B3 will not be recorded | |
987 | as a dependency of this cell, so this cell will not be updated | |
988 | automatically when B3 is changed. | |
989 | ||
990 | The variables @code{row} and @code{col} are dynamically bound while a | |
991 | cell formula is being evaluated. You can use | |
992 | @lisp | |
993 | (ses-cell-value row 0) | |
994 | @end lisp | |
995 | to get the value from the leftmost column in the current row. This | |
996 | kind of dependency is also not recorded. | |
997 | ||
998 | ||
563a450c | 999 | @node The data area |
4009494e GM |
1000 | @section The data area |
1001 | @cindex data area | |
1002 | @findex ses-reconstruct-all | |
1003 | ||
1004 | Begins with an 014 character, followed by sets of cell-definition | |
1005 | macros for each row, followed by column-widths, column-printers, | |
1006 | default-printer, and header-row. Then there's the global parameters | |
1007 | (file-format ID, numrows, numcols) and the local variables (specifying | |
01fcc3a5 | 1008 | @acronym{SES} mode for the buffer, etc.). |
4009494e | 1009 | |
1796ef98 | 1010 | When a @acronym{SES} file is loaded, first the numrows and numcols values are |
4009494e GM |
1011 | loaded, then the entire data area is @code{eval}ed, and finally the local |
1012 | variables are processed. | |
1013 | ||
1014 | You can edit the data area, but don't insert or delete any newlines | |
1796ef98 | 1015 | except in the local-variables part, since @acronym{SES} locates things by |
4009494e GM |
1016 | counting newlines. Use @kbd{C-x C-e} at the end of a line to install |
1017 | your edits into the spreadsheet data structures (this does not update | |
1df7defd | 1018 | the print area, use, e.g., @kbd{C-c C-l} for that). |
4009494e GM |
1019 | |
1020 | The data area is maintained as an image of spreadsheet data | |
1021 | structures that area stored in buffer-local variables. If the data | |
1022 | area gets messed up, you can try reconstructing the data area from the | |
1023 | data structures: | |
1024 | ||
1025 | @table @kbd | |
1026 | @item C-c M-C-l | |
1027 | (@code{ses-reconstruct-all}). | |
1028 | @end table | |
1029 | ||
1030 | ||
563a450c | 1031 | @node Buffer-local variables in spreadsheets |
4009494e GM |
1032 | @section Buffer-local variables in spreadsheets |
1033 | @cindex buffer-local variables | |
1034 | @cindex variables, buffer-local | |
1035 | ||
1036 | You can add additional local variables to the list at the bottom of | |
1037 | the data area, such as hidden constants you want to refer to in your | |
1038 | formulas. | |
1039 | ||
a9afba20 | 1040 | You can override the variable @code{ses--symbolic-formulas} to be a list of |
4009494e GM |
1041 | symbols (as parenthesized strings) to show as completions for the ' |
1042 | command. This initial completions list is used instead of the actual | |
1043 | set of symbols-as-formulas in the spreadsheet. | |
1044 | ||
a9afba20 | 1045 | For an example of this, see file @file{etc/ses-example.ses}. |
4009494e GM |
1046 | |
1047 | If (for some reason) you want your formulas or printers to save data | |
1048 | into variables, you must declare these variables as buffer-locals in | |
1049 | order to avoid a virus warning. | |
1050 | ||
1051 | You can define functions by making them values for the fake local | |
1052 | variable @code{eval}. Such functions can then be used in your | |
1053 | formulas and printers, but usually each @code{eval} is presented to | |
f99f1641 | 1054 | the user during file loading as a potential virus. This can get |
4009494e GM |
1055 | annoying. |
1056 | ||
1057 | You can define functions in your @file{.emacs} file. Other people can | |
1058 | still read the print area of your spreadsheet, but they won't be able | |
1059 | to recalculate or reprint anything that depends on your functions. To | |
1060 | avoid virus warnings, each function used in a formula needs | |
1061 | @lisp | |
1062 | (put 'your-function-name 'safe-function t) | |
1063 | @end lisp | |
1064 | ||
563a450c | 1065 | @node Uses of defadvice in @acronym{SES} |
1796ef98 | 1066 | @section Uses of defadvice in @acronym{SES} |
4009494e GM |
1067 | @cindex defadvice |
1068 | @cindex undo-more | |
1069 | @cindex copy-region-as-kill | |
1070 | @cindex yank | |
1071 | ||
1072 | @table @code | |
1073 | @item undo-more | |
1074 | Defines a new undo element format (@var{fun} . @var{args}), which | |
1075 | means ``undo by applying @var{fun} to @var{args}''. For spreadsheet | |
1076 | buffers, it allows undos in the data area even though that's outside | |
1077 | the narrowing. | |
1078 | ||
1079 | @item copy-region-as-kill | |
1080 | When copying from the print area of a spreadsheet, treat the region as | |
1081 | a rectangle and attach each cell's formula and printer as 'ses | |
1082 | properties. | |
1083 | ||
1084 | @item yank | |
1085 | When yanking into the print area of a spreadsheet, first try to yank | |
1086 | as cells (if the yank text has 'ses properties), then as tab-separated | |
1087 | formulas, then (if all else fails) as a single formula for the current | |
1088 | cell. | |
1089 | @end table | |
1090 | ||
1091 | @c =================================================================== | |
563a450c | 1092 | @node Index |
4009494e GM |
1093 | @unnumbered Index |
1094 | ||
1095 | @printindex cp | |
1096 | ||
1097 | @c =================================================================== | |
1098 | ||
563a450c | 1099 | @node Acknowledgments |
d9b03add | 1100 | @unnumbered Acknowledgments |
4009494e GM |
1101 | |
1102 | Coding by: | |
1103 | @quotation | |
7add5a8a GM |
1104 | @c jyavner@@member.fsf.org |
1105 | Jonathan Yavner, | |
1106 | @c monnier@@gnu.org | |
1107 | Stefan Monnier, | |
1108 | @c shigeru.fukaya@@gmail.com | |
1109 | Shigeru Fukaya | |
4009494e GM |
1110 | @end quotation |
1111 | ||
1112 | @noindent | |
1113 | Texinfo manual by: | |
1114 | @quotation | |
7add5a8a GM |
1115 | @c jyavner@@member.fsf.org |
1116 | Jonathan Yavner, | |
1117 | @c brad@@chenla.org | |
1118 | Brad Collins | |
4009494e GM |
1119 | @end quotation |
1120 | ||
1121 | @noindent | |
1122 | Ideas from: | |
1123 | @quotation | |
7add5a8a GM |
1124 | @c christoph.conrad@@gmx.de |
1125 | Christoph Conrad, | |
1126 | @c cyberbob@@redneck.gacracker.org | |
1127 | CyberBob, | |
1128 | @c syver-en@@online.no | |
1129 | Syver Enstad, | |
1130 | @c fischman@@zion.bpnetworks.com | |
1131 | Ami Fischman, | |
1132 | @c Thomas.Gehrlein@@t-online.de | |
1133 | Thomas Gehrlein, | |
1134 | @c c.f.a.johnson@@rogers.com | |
6ccb9cab | 1135 | Chris F.A. Johnson, |
7add5a8a GM |
1136 | @c lyusong@@hotmail.com |
1137 | Yusong Li, | |
1138 | @c juri@@jurta.org | |
1139 | Juri Linkov, | |
1140 | @c maierh@@myself.com | |
1141 | Harald Maier, | |
1142 | @c anash@@san.rr.com | |
1143 | Alan Nash, | |
1144 | @c pinard@@iro.umontreal.ca | |
6ccb9cab | 1145 | François Pinard, |
7add5a8a GM |
1146 | @c ppinto@@cs.cmu.edu |
1147 | Pedro Pinto, | |
1148 | @c xsteve@@riic.at | |
6ccb9cab | 1149 | Stefan Reichör, |
7add5a8a GM |
1150 | @c epameinondas@@gmx.de |
1151 | Oliver Scholz, | |
1152 | @c rms@@gnu.org | |
1153 | Richard M. Stallman, | |
1154 | @c teirllm@@dms.auburn.edu | |
1155 | Luc Teirlinck, | |
1156 | @c jotto@@pobox.com | |
1157 | J. Otto Tennant, | |
1158 | @c jphil@@acs.pagesjaunes.fr | |
1159 | Jean-Philippe Theberge | |
4009494e GM |
1160 | @end quotation |
1161 | ||
1162 | @c =================================================================== | |
1163 | ||
563a450c | 1164 | @node GNU Free Documentation License |
4009494e GM |
1165 | @appendix GNU Free Documentation License |
1166 | @include doclicense.texi | |
1167 | ||
1168 | @bye |