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1 | \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 | @c %**start of header | |
3 | @setfilename elisp | |
a44af9f2 RS |
4 | @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual |
5 | @c %**end of header | |
6 | ||
cdd76925 | 7 | @c Versino of the manual. |
1919bf4d | 8 | @set VERSION 2.9 |
cdd76925 | 9 | |
140cc574 | 10 | @dircategory Emacs |
221fc415 RS |
11 | @direntry |
12 | * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
13 | @end direntry | |
14 | ||
a9f0a989 | 15 | @smallbook |
a4776185 GM |
16 | @setchapternewpage odd |
17 | @finalout | |
18 | ||
19 | @c Combine indices. | |
20 | @synindex cp fn | |
21 | @syncodeindex vr fn | |
22 | @syncodeindex ky fn | |
23 | @syncodeindex pg fn | |
24 | @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. | |
25 | @c @syncodeindex tp fn | |
a9f0a989 | 26 | |
37680279 | 27 | @ifnottex |
cdd76925 | 28 | This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
1919bf4d | 29 | Reference Manual, corresponding to Emacs version 21.3. |
a44af9f2 | 30 | @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *four* places in this file |
d2fc6ed8 | 31 | @c and also in *one* place in intro.texi and *one* in README. |
a44af9f2 RS |
32 | |
33 | Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
840797ee KH |
34 | 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 |
35 | Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
a44af9f2 | 36 | |
7ff50d3f | 37 | Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2005,@* |
177c0ea7 | 38 | 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
a44af9f2 | 39 | |
a4776185 GM |
40 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
41 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
42 | any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | |
dde745c3 | 43 | Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'', with the Front-Cover texts being |
716e3b88 GM |
44 | ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy |
45 | of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free | |
46 | Documentation License''. | |
a4776185 GM |
47 | |
48 | (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify | |
49 | this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
50 | Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
37680279 | 51 | @end ifnottex |
a44af9f2 | 52 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
53 | @titlepage |
54 | @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
a40d4712 | 55 | @subtitle For Emacs Version 21 |
a44af9f2 RS |
56 | @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
57 | @c and also in the file intro.texi. | |
1919bf4d | 58 | @subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, January 2002 |
a44af9f2 RS |
59 | |
60 | @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman | |
61 | @author and the GNU Manual Group | |
62 | @page | |
63 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
1919bf4d EZ |
64 | Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998,@* |
65 | 1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
66 | |
67 | @sp 2 | |
cdd76925 | 68 | Edition @value{VERSION} @* |
1919bf4d EZ |
69 | Revised for Emacs Version 21.3,@* |
70 | January 2002.@* | |
a44af9f2 | 71 | @sp 2 |
8241495d | 72 | ISBN 1-882114-73-6 |
a44af9f2 RS |
73 | |
74 | @sp 2 | |
75 | Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
840797ee KH |
76 | 59 Temple Place, Suite 330@* |
77 | Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
a44af9f2 | 78 | |
a4776185 GM |
79 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
80 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
81 | any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | |
716e3b88 GM |
82 | Invariant Sections being ``Copying'', with the Front-Cover texts being |
83 | ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy | |
84 | of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free | |
85 | Documentation License''. | |
a4776185 GM |
86 | |
87 | (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify | |
88 | this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
89 | Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
a44af9f2 RS |
90 | |
91 | Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
92 | @end titlepage | |
93 | @page | |
94 | ||
e4a29e5a | 95 | @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) |
a44af9f2 | 96 | |
37680279 | 97 | @ifnottex |
cdd76925 | 98 | This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
1919bf4d | 99 | Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version 21.3. |
37680279 | 100 | @end ifnottex |
a44af9f2 RS |
101 | |
102 | @menu | |
a44af9f2 | 103 | * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. |
e4a29e5a | 104 | * Standards: Coding Conventions. Coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
a44af9f2 | 105 | |
3e099569 | 106 | * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. |
a44af9f2 RS |
107 | * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. |
108 | * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
109 | * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
110 | * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
111 | Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
112 | The description of vectors is here as well. | |
8241495d | 113 | * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
a44af9f2 RS |
114 | * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
115 | ||
116 | * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
117 | * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
118 | * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
119 | * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
120 | that can be invoked from other functions. | |
121 | * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
f9f59935 | 122 | * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
a44af9f2 RS |
123 | |
124 | * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
125 | * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
cc236dfe | 126 | * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
a44af9f2 RS |
127 | * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
128 | ||
3e099569 | 129 | * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. |
a44af9f2 RS |
130 | * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. |
131 | * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
132 | and how you can call its subroutines. | |
133 | * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
134 | * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
135 | * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
136 | ||
137 | * Files:: Accessing files. | |
138 | * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
139 | files are made. | |
140 | * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
141 | * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
142 | * Frames:: Making multiple X windows. | |
143 | * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. | |
144 | * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
145 | automatically when the text is changed. | |
146 | ||
147 | * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
f9f59935 | 148 | * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
a44af9f2 RS |
149 | * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
150 | * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
151 | * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
152 | ||
153 | * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
a40d4712 | 154 | * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
a44af9f2 | 155 | * Calendar:: Customizing the calendar and diary. |
1ac3fc42 GM |
156 | * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment |
157 | variables, and other such things. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
158 | |
159 | Appendices | |
160 | ||
513331d3 | 161 | * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 20. |
e23a63a5 | 162 | * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation |
879bde83 | 163 | * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. |
4356e9eb | 164 | * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
a44af9f2 RS |
165 | * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
166 | internal data structures. | |
167 | * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. | |
cc236dfe RS |
168 | * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
169 | List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
170 | * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
171 | * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. | |
172 | ||
a44af9f2 RS |
173 | * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, |
174 | and other terms. | |
175 | ||
a40d4712 | 176 | * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs 21. |
f9f59935 | 177 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
178 | --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
179 | ||
180 | Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, | |
181 | mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
182 | ||
183 | Introduction | |
184 | ||
185 | * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
186 | * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
187 | * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
188 | * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. | |
189 | ||
190 | Conventions | |
191 | ||
192 | * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
193 | * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
194 | * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
195 | * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. | |
196 | * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. | |
197 | * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
198 | * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
199 | ||
4356e9eb RS |
200 | Tips and Conventions |
201 | ||
202 | * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. | |
203 | * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. | |
204 | * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. | |
205 | * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. | |
206 | * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. | |
207 | ||
a44af9f2 RS |
208 | Format of Descriptions |
209 | ||
177c0ea7 JB |
210 | * A Sample Function Description:: |
211 | * A Sample Variable Description:: | |
a44af9f2 RS |
212 | |
213 | Lisp Data Types | |
214 | ||
215 | * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
216 | * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
217 | * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
218 | * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
219 | * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. | |
220 | * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
221 | ||
222 | Programming Types | |
223 | ||
224 | * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
225 | * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
226 | * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
a40d4712 | 227 | control characters. |
a44af9f2 | 228 | * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
3e099569 | 229 | * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). |
a44af9f2 RS |
230 | * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. |
231 | * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
232 | * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
233 | * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, | |
234 | variable, property list, or itself. | |
3e099569 RS |
235 | * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
236 | * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another | |
a44af9f2 RS |
237 | expression, more fundamental but less pretty. |
238 | * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
239 | * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
240 | * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
a40d4712 | 241 | functions. |
a44af9f2 RS |
242 | |
243 | List Type | |
244 | ||
245 | * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. | |
246 | * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. | |
247 | ||
248 | Editing Types | |
249 | ||
250 | * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
251 | * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. | |
252 | * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like. | |
253 | * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. | |
254 | * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. | |
255 | * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. | |
256 | * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
1911e6e5 | 257 | * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
a44af9f2 RS |
258 | |
259 | Numbers | |
260 | ||
261 | * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. | |
262 | * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. | |
263 | * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. | |
264 | * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. | |
265 | * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. | |
266 | * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. | |
267 | * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. | |
22697dac | 268 | * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
a44af9f2 RS |
269 | * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
270 | ||
271 | Strings and Characters | |
272 | ||
273 | * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
274 | * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
275 | * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
276 | * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. | |
277 | * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa. | |
1911e6e5 | 278 | * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
a9f0a989 | 279 | * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
a44af9f2 RS |
280 | |
281 | Lists | |
282 | ||
283 | * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
284 | * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. |
285 | * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
286 | * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
287 | * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. | |
288 | * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
289 | * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
290 | ||
291 | Modifying Existing List Structure | |
292 | ||
293 | * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
294 | * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
295 | This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
296 | * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
297 | ||
298 | Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
299 | ||
300 | * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
301 | * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
302 | * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
303 | * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors. | |
304 | ||
305 | Symbols | |
306 | ||
307 | * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
308 | and property lists. | |
309 | * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
310 | * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
311 | * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
312 | for recording miscellaneous information. | |
313 | ||
314 | Evaluation | |
315 | ||
316 | * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
317 | * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. | |
318 | * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
177c0ea7 | 319 | * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in |
a44af9f2 RS |
320 | the program). |
321 | ||
322 | Kinds of Forms | |
323 | ||
324 | * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
325 | * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
326 | * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
327 | * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. | |
328 | * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
329 | * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives, | |
330 | most of them extremely important. | |
331 | * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
332 | containing their real definitions. | |
333 | ||
334 | Control Structures | |
335 | ||
336 | * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
337 | * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}. | |
338 | * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. | |
339 | * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
340 | * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
341 | ||
342 | Nonlocal Exits | |
343 | ||
344 | * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
345 | * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
346 | * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
347 | * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
348 | error happens. | |
349 | ||
350 | Errors | |
351 | ||
352 | * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
353 | * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
354 | * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
3e099569 | 355 | * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. |
a44af9f2 RS |
356 | |
357 | Variables | |
358 | ||
359 | * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
360 | * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
361 | * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
362 | * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
363 | * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
364 | * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names | |
365 | are known only at run time. | |
366 | * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
367 | * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
368 | * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
369 | ||
370 | Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
371 | ||
177c0ea7 | 372 | * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value |
a44af9f2 RS |
373 | is visible. Comparison with other languages. |
374 | * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
375 | * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
177c0ea7 | 376 | * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and |
a44af9f2 RS |
377 | avoid problems. |
378 | ||
379 | Buffer-Local Variables | |
380 | ||
381 | * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
382 | * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
383 | * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
cc236dfe | 384 | that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
a44af9f2 RS |
385 | |
386 | Functions | |
387 | ||
388 | * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. | |
389 | * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | |
390 | * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
391 | * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
392 | * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
393 | * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
177c0ea7 | 394 | * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. |
a44af9f2 RS |
395 | * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition |
396 | of a symbol. | |
397 | * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives | |
177c0ea7 | 398 | that have a special bearing on how |
a44af9f2 RS |
399 | functions work. |
400 | ||
401 | Lambda Expressions | |
402 | ||
403 | * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
404 | * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
405 | * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
406 | * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
407 | ||
408 | Macros | |
409 | ||
410 | * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
411 | * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
412 | * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
413 | * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
414 | * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. | |
415 | * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. | |
416 | Don't hide the user's variables. | |
ca99e358 | 417 | * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls. |
a44af9f2 RS |
418 | |
419 | Loading | |
420 | ||
421 | * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
858ede52 RS |
422 | * Library Search:: Finding a library to load. |
423 | * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files. | |
a44af9f2 | 424 | * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. |
a44af9f2 | 425 | * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
858ede52 RS |
426 | * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
427 | * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol. | |
f7e28285 | 428 | * Unloading:: How to ``unload'' a library that was loaded. |
858ede52 RS |
429 | * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when |
430 | particular libraries are loaded. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
431 | |
432 | Byte Compilation | |
433 | ||
434 | * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. | |
435 | * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. | |
436 | ||
a9f0a989 RS |
437 | Advising Functions |
438 | ||
439 | * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. | |
440 | * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. | |
441 | * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. | |
442 | * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. | |
443 | * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. | |
444 | * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the | |
445 | loading of compiled advice. | |
1911e6e5 | 446 | * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
583abbac | 447 | * Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
a9f0a989 RS |
448 | * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
449 | ||
a44af9f2 RS |
450 | Debugging Lisp Programs |
451 | ||
452 | * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | |
453 | * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. | |
177c0ea7 | 454 | * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in |
a44af9f2 RS |
455 | byte compilation. |
456 | * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. | |
177c0ea7 | 457 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
458 | The Lisp Debugger |
459 | ||
460 | * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
461 | * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. | |
462 | * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
463 | * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
464 | * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
465 | * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
466 | * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
467 | ||
468 | Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax | |
469 | ||
470 | * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
471 | * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
472 | ||
473 | Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
474 | ||
475 | * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
177c0ea7 | 476 | * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
a44af9f2 RS |
477 | input streams. |
478 | * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
177c0ea7 | 479 | * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
a44af9f2 RS |
480 | output streams. |
481 | * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
482 | ||
483 | Minibuffers | |
484 | ||
485 | * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
486 | * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
487 | * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
488 | * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. | |
489 | * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
490 | * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. | |
491 | ||
492 | Completion | |
493 | ||
494 | * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
495 | (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
496 | * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
497 | * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
498 | * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
499 | (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
500 | * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
501 | * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
502 | ||
503 | Command Loop | |
504 | ||
505 | * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
506 | * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
507 | * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
508 | * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
509 | * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. | |
510 | * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
511 | * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. | |
512 | * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
513 | * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
514 | * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
515 | and why you usually shouldn't. | |
516 | * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
517 | * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
518 | * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
519 | ||
520 | Defining Commands | |
521 | ||
522 | * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
523 | * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
524 | in various ways. | |
525 | * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
526 | ||
527 | Keymaps | |
528 | ||
529 | * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
530 | * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
531 | * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
532 | * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
533 | of another keymap. | |
534 | * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
e294b7f1 | 535 | * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X |
a44af9f2 RS |
536 | or for use from the terminal. |
537 | * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
538 | to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
a40d4712 | 539 | Each minor mode can also override them. |
a44af9f2 RS |
540 | * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. |
541 | * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
542 | * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
3afe8e39 | 543 | * Remapping Commands:: Bindings that translate one command to another. |
a44af9f2 RS |
544 | * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. |
545 | * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
546 | ||
547 | Major and Minor Modes | |
548 | ||
549 | * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. | |
550 | * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
551 | * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
177c0ea7 | 552 | * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that |
a44af9f2 RS |
553 | provides hooks. |
554 | ||
555 | Major Modes | |
556 | ||
557 | * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. | |
558 | * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
559 | * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
560 | * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
561 | ||
562 | Minor Modes | |
563 | ||
564 | * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
565 | * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
566 | ||
567 | Mode Line Format | |
568 | ||
569 | * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. | |
570 | * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
571 | * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
572 | ||
573 | Documentation | |
574 | ||
575 | * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. | |
576 | Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. | |
577 | * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. | |
578 | * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
579 | * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
580 | non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
581 | * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
582 | ||
583 | Files | |
584 | ||
585 | * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
586 | * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
587 | * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. | |
588 | * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
589 | * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
590 | simultaneous editing by two people. | |
591 | * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. | |
592 | * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. | |
f9f59935 RS |
593 | * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
594 | * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
595 | |
596 | Visiting Files | |
597 | ||
598 | * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
599 | * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
600 | ||
601 | Information about Files | |
602 | ||
603 | * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
604 | * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A link? | |
605 | * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. | |
606 | ||
607 | File Names | |
608 | ||
609 | * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
610 | * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory | |
611 | is different from its name as a file. | |
177c0ea7 | 612 | * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a |
a44af9f2 RS |
613 | current directory. |
614 | * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
615 | * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
616 | * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
617 | ||
618 | Backups and Auto-Saving | |
619 | ||
177c0ea7 | 620 | * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names |
a44af9f2 RS |
621 | are chosen. |
622 | * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
623 | names are chosen. | |
177c0ea7 | 624 | * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize |
a44af9f2 RS |
625 | what it does. |
626 | ||
627 | Backup Files | |
628 | ||
629 | * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
177c0ea7 | 630 | * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file |
a44af9f2 RS |
631 | or copying it. |
632 | * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
633 | * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
634 | ||
635 | Buffers | |
636 | ||
637 | * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
638 | * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. | |
639 | * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
640 | is visited. | |
641 | * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
642 | * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
643 | ``behind Emacs's back''. | |
644 | * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a | |
645 | read-only buffer. | |
646 | * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
647 | * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
648 | * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
649 | * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current | |
650 | so primitives will access its contents. | |
651 | ||
652 | Windows | |
653 | ||
654 | * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
655 | * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
656 | * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
657 | * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
658 | * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
659 | * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
660 | * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer | |
661 | and choosing a window for it. | |
662 | * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. | |
663 | * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
177c0ea7 | 664 | is on-screen in the window. |
a44af9f2 RS |
665 | * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in the window. |
666 | * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text sideways on the window. | |
667 | * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. | |
668 | * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
669 | * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. | |
670 | ||
bfe721d1 KH |
671 | Frames |
672 | ||
673 | * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. | |
674 | * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays. | |
675 | * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. | |
676 | * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. | |
677 | * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. | |
678 | * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
679 | * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
680 | display of text always works through windows. | |
681 | * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. | |
682 | * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. | |
683 | * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. | |
684 | * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows; | |
1911e6e5 | 685 | lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
bfe721d1 KH |
686 | * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
687 | * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. | |
688 | * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
689 | * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
690 | * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. | |
691 | * Pointer Shapes:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. | |
ebc6903b | 692 | * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
bfe721d1 KH |
693 | * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
694 | * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. | |
e79a8eb2 | 695 | * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal. |
bfe721d1 | 696 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
697 | Positions |
698 | ||
699 | * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
700 | * Motion:: Changing point. | |
701 | * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
702 | * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
703 | ||
704 | Motion | |
705 | ||
706 | * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
707 | * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
708 | * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
709 | * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
710 | * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
711 | * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. |
712 | * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
713 | ||
714 | Markers | |
715 | ||
716 | * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
717 | * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
718 | * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
719 | * Information from Markers:: Finding the marker's buffer or character | |
177c0ea7 | 720 | position. |
f9f59935 | 721 | * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
a44af9f2 RS |
722 | * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker. |
723 | * The Region:: How to access ``the region''. | |
724 | ||
725 | Text | |
726 | ||
727 | * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
728 | * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
729 | * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. | |
730 | * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
731 | * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
732 | * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
733 | * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
734 | later use. | |
735 | * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
736 | * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. | |
737 | * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. | |
bfe721d1 | 738 | * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
a44af9f2 RS |
739 | * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
740 | * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. | |
741 | * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. | |
742 | * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
840797ee | 743 | * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
a44af9f2 | 744 | * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
840797ee | 745 | * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
a44af9f2 RS |
746 | * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
747 | the text or position stored in a register. | |
bb3c26a9 | 748 | * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes ``atomically''. |
3afe8e39 RS |
749 | * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
750 | * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 ``message digest''/``checksum''. | |
840797ee | 751 | * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
177c0ea7 | 752 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
753 | The Kill Ring |
754 | ||
755 | * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
756 | * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
3afe8e39 | 757 | * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
a44af9f2 | 758 | * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
22697dac | 759 | * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
a44af9f2 RS |
760 | * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
761 | ||
762 | Indentation | |
763 | ||
764 | * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
765 | * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
766 | * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
767 | * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
768 | * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
769 | * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
770 | ||
840797ee KH |
771 | Text Properties |
772 | ||
773 | * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
774 | * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. | |
775 | * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
776 | * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
777 | * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. | |
778 | * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from | |
779 | neighboring text. | |
780 | * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading | |
781 | them back. | |
782 | * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion | |
783 | only when text is examined. | |
3d24098d RS |
784 | * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
785 | do something when you click on them. | |
786 | * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines | |
787 | fields within the buffer. | |
840797ee KH |
788 | * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
789 | Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
790 | ||
5557b83b RS |
791 | Non-ASCII Characters |
792 | ||
793 | * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations | |
794 | * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. | |
795 | * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. | |
796 | * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to | |
797 | codes of individual characters. | |
798 | * Character Sets:: The space of possible characters codes | |
799 | is divided into various character sets. | |
800 | * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. | |
801 | * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. | |
802 | * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? | |
803 | * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. | |
804 | * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. | |
805 | * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various | |
8a9e355c | 806 | non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
5557b83b RS |
807 | * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
808 | ||
a44af9f2 RS |
809 | Searching and Matching |
810 | ||
811 | * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
812 | * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. | |
813 | * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
814 | * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched | |
815 | various parts of a regexp, after regexp search. | |
816 | * Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring this information. | |
817 | * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... | |
818 | * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. | |
819 | ||
820 | Regular Expressions | |
821 | ||
822 | * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
823 | * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
824 | ||
825 | Syntax Tables | |
826 | ||
827 | * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. | |
828 | * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
829 | * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions | |
830 | using the syntax table. | |
831 | * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
832 | * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
833 | ||
834 | Syntax Descriptors | |
835 | ||
836 | * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
837 | * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
838 | ||
839 | Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion | |
840 | ||
841 | * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. | |
842 | * Tables: Abbrev Tables. Creating and working with abbrev tables. | |
843 | * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. | |
844 | * Files: Abbrev Files. Saving abbrevs in files. | |
845 | * Expansion: Abbrev Expansion. Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. | |
846 | * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. | |
847 | ||
848 | Processes | |
849 | ||
850 | * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
851 | * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. | |
852 | * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
853 | * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
854 | * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
855 | * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
856 | * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
857 | an asynchronous subprocess. | |
858 | * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
859 | * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
bfe721d1 | 860 | * Network:: Opening network connections. |
a44af9f2 RS |
861 | |
862 | Receiving Output from Processes | |
863 | ||
864 | * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
865 | * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
e37769b1 | 866 | * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. |
a44af9f2 RS |
867 | * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. |
868 | ||
869 | Operating System Interface | |
870 | ||
871 | * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
872 | * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
873 | * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
874 | * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging. | |
875 | * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
876 | * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. |
877 | ||
878 | Starting Up Emacs | |
879 | ||
8241495d | 880 | * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. |
a44af9f2 RS |
881 | * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). |
882 | * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
8241495d | 883 | * Command-Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed, |
a44af9f2 RS |
884 | and how you can customize them. |
885 | ||
886 | Getting out of Emacs | |
887 | ||
888 | * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
889 | * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
890 | ||
891 | Emacs Display | |
892 | ||
893 | * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
894 | * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. | |
895 | * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed. | |
ca99e358 | 896 | * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. |
a44af9f2 RS |
897 | * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
898 | * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. | |
899 | * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. | |
ca99e358 RS |
900 | * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. |
901 | * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. | |
902 | * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style | |
903 | for text characters: font, colors, etc. | |
904 | * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. | |
905 | * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. | |
906 | * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. | |
a44af9f2 | 907 | * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. |
ca99e358 RS |
908 | * Inverse Video:: Specifying how the screen looks. |
909 | * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. | |
910 | * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
911 | * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. |
912 | * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
913 | ||
914 | GNU Emacs Internals | |
915 | ||
916 | * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs. | |
917 | * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. | |
918 | * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
919 | * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. | |
920 | * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. | |
921 | ||
922 | Object Internals | |
923 | ||
924 | * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
925 | * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
926 | * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
927 | @end menu | |
928 | ||
929 | @include intro.texi | |
930 | @include objects.texi | |
931 | @include numbers.texi | |
932 | @include strings.texi | |
933 | ||
934 | @include lists.texi | |
935 | @include sequences.texi | |
8241495d | 936 | @include hash.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
937 | @include symbols.texi |
938 | @include eval.texi | |
939 | ||
940 | @include control.texi | |
941 | @include variables.texi | |
942 | @include functions.texi | |
943 | @include macros.texi | |
944 | ||
f9f59935 | 945 | @include customize.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
946 | @include loading.texi |
947 | @include compile.texi | |
cc236dfe | 948 | @include advice.texi |
a44af9f2 | 949 | |
cc236dfe | 950 | @include debugging.texi |
f9f59935 | 951 | @include streams.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
952 | @include minibuf.texi |
953 | @include commands.texi | |
a44af9f2 | 954 | |
cc236dfe | 955 | @include keymaps.texi |
f9f59935 | 956 | @include modes.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
957 | @include help.texi |
958 | @include files.texi | |
a44af9f2 | 959 | |
cc236dfe | 960 | @include backups.texi |
f9f59935 | 961 | @include buffers.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
962 | @include windows.texi |
963 | @include frames.texi | |
f9f59935 | 964 | |
cc236dfe | 965 | @include positions.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
966 | @include markers.texi |
967 | @include text.texi | |
f9f59935 | 968 | @include nonascii.texi |
f9f59935 | 969 | |
cc236dfe | 970 | @include searching.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
971 | @include syntax.texi |
972 | @include abbrevs.texi | |
a44af9f2 | 973 | @include processes.texi |
f9f59935 | 974 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
975 | @include display.texi |
976 | @include calendar.texi | |
513331d3 | 977 | @include os.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
978 | |
979 | @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
980 | ||
981 | @c appendices | |
982 | ||
983 | @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
984 | ||
a40d4712 | 985 | @include anti.texi |
9695b783 GM |
986 | @include doclicense.texi |
987 | @include gpl.texi | |
a44af9f2 RS |
988 | @include tips.texi |
989 | @include internals.texi | |
990 | @include errors.texi | |
991 | @include locals.texi | |
992 | @include maps.texi | |
993 | @include hooks.texi | |
a44af9f2 RS |
994 | |
995 | @include index.texi | |
996 | ||
f9f59935 | 997 | @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
a9f0a989 | 998 | @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
f9f59935 | 999 | |
cc236dfe | 1000 | @printindex tp |
f9f59935 | 1001 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
1002 | @c Print the tables of contents |
1003 | @summarycontents | |
1004 | @contents | |
1005 | @c That's all | |
1006 | ||
1007 | @bye | |
1008 | ||
1009 | \f | |
1010 | These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. | |
ab5796a9 MB |
1011 | |
1012 | @ignore | |
1013 | arch-tag: f7e9a219-a0e1-4776-b631-08eaa1d49b34 | |
1014 | @end ignore |