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cf719610 | 1 | .\" Copyright (C) 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
b15a393b GM |
2 | .\" |
3 | .\" This file is part of GNU Emacs. | |
4 | .\" | |
5 | .\" GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify | |
6 | .\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by | |
7 | .\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) | |
8 | .\" any later version. | |
9 | .\" | |
10 | .\" GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
11 | .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
12 | .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the | |
13 | .\" GNU General Public License for more details. | |
14 | .\" | |
15 | .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | |
16 | .\" along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the | |
364c38d3 LK |
17 | .\" Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, |
18 | .\" Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. | |
b15a393b | 19 | .\" |
177338c4 | 20 | '\" t |
2398d10d | 21 | .TH EMACS 1 "2001 November 23" |
a7bfd66f DL |
22 | .UC 4 |
23 | .SH NAME | |
24 | emacs \- GNU project Emacs | |
25 | .SH SYNOPSIS | |
26 | .B emacs | |
27 | [ | |
28 | .I command-line switches | |
29 | ] [ | |
30 | .I files ... | |
31 | ] | |
32 | .br | |
33 | .SH DESCRIPTION | |
34 | .I GNU Emacs | |
177c0ea7 | 35 | is a version of |
a7bfd66f | 36 | .I Emacs, |
177c0ea7 | 37 | written by the author of the original (PDP-10) |
a7bfd66f DL |
38 | .I Emacs, |
39 | Richard Stallman. | |
40 | .br | |
41 | The primary documentation of GNU Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual, | |
42 | which you can read on line using Info, a subsystem of Emacs. Please | |
43 | look there for complete and up-to-date documentation. This man page | |
44 | is updated only when someone volunteers to do so; the Emacs | |
45 | maintainers' priority goal is to minimize the amount of time this man | |
46 | page takes away from other more useful projects. | |
47 | .br | |
48 | The user functionality of GNU Emacs encompasses | |
177c0ea7 JB |
49 | everything other |
50 | .I Emacs | |
a7bfd66f DL |
51 | editors do, and it is easily extensible since its |
52 | editing commands are written in Lisp. | |
53 | .PP | |
54 | .I Emacs | |
55 | has an extensive interactive help facility, | |
56 | but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate | |
57 | .I Emacs | |
58 | windows and buffers. | |
2398d10d | 59 | CTRL-h or F1 enters the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) |
a7bfd66f | 60 | requests an interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the fundamentals |
177c0ea7 JB |
61 | of |
62 | .I Emacs | |
a7bfd66f DL |
63 | in a few minutes. |
64 | Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you | |
65 | find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c) | |
66 | describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f) | |
67 | describes a given Lisp function specified by name. | |
68 | .PP | |
69 | .I Emacs's | |
70 | Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is | |
71 | easy to recover from editing mistakes. | |
72 | .PP | |
73 | .I GNU Emacs's | |
74 | many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail), | |
75 | outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells | |
76 | within | |
77 | .I Emacs | |
78 | windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop | |
79 | (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), and automated psychotherapy (Doctor). | |
80 | .PP | |
81 | There is an extensive reference manual, but | |
82 | users of other Emacses | |
83 | should have little trouble adapting even | |
84 | without a copy. Users new to | |
85 | .I Emacs | |
86 | will be able | |
87 | to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and | |
88 | using the self-documentation features. | |
89 | .PP | |
90 | .SM Emacs Options | |
91 | .PP | |
92 | The following options are of general interest: | |
93 | .TP 8 | |
94 | .I file | |
95 | Edit | |
96 | .I file. | |
97 | .TP | |
98 | .BI \+ number | |
99 | Go to the line specified by | |
100 | .I number | |
101 | (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and | |
102 | the number). | |
103 | .TP | |
2398d10d EZ |
104 | .BI \+ line:column |
105 | Go to the specified | |
106 | .I line | |
107 | and | |
108 | .I column | |
109 | .TP | |
a7bfd66f DL |
110 | .B \-q |
111 | Do not load an init file. | |
112 | .TP | |
2398d10d EZ |
113 | .B \-no-site-file |
114 | Do not load the site-wide startup file. | |
115 | .TP | |
116 | .BI \-debug-init | |
177c0ea7 | 117 | Enable |
2398d10d EZ |
118 | .I Emacs |
119 | Lisp debugger during the processing of the user init file | |
120 | .BI ~/.emacs. | |
121 | This is useful for debugging problems in the init file. | |
122 | .TP | |
a7bfd66f DL |
123 | .BI \-u " user" |
124 | Load | |
125 | .I user's | |
126 | init file. | |
127 | .TP | |
128 | .BI \-t " file" | |
129 | Use specified | |
130 | .I file | |
131 | as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout. | |
132 | This must be the first argument specified in the command line. | |
2398d10d EZ |
133 | .TP |
134 | .B \-version | |
135 | Display | |
136 | .I Emacs | |
137 | version information and exit. | |
a7bfd66f DL |
138 | .PP |
139 | The following options are lisp-oriented | |
140 | (these options are processed in the order encountered): | |
141 | .TP 8 | |
142 | .BI \-f " function" | |
143 | Execute the lisp function | |
144 | .I function. | |
145 | .TP | |
146 | .BI \-l " file" | |
147 | Load the lisp code in the file | |
148 | .I file. | |
2398d10d EZ |
149 | .TP |
150 | .BI \-eval " expr" | |
151 | Evaluate the Lisp expression | |
152 | .I expr. | |
a7bfd66f DL |
153 | .PP |
154 | The following options are useful when running | |
155 | .I Emacs | |
156 | as a batch editor: | |
157 | .TP 8 | |
158 | .BI \-batch | |
159 | Edit in batch mode. The editor will send messages to stderr. This | |
160 | option must be the first in the argument list. You must use -l and -f | |
161 | options to specify files to execute and functions to call. | |
162 | .TP | |
163 | .B \-kill | |
177c0ea7 JB |
164 | Exit |
165 | .I Emacs | |
a7bfd66f | 166 | while in batch mode. |
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167 | .TP |
168 | .BI \-L " directory" | |
169 | Add | |
170 | .I directory | |
177c0ea7 | 171 | to the list of directories |
2398d10d EZ |
172 | .I Emacs |
173 | searches for Lisp files. | |
a7bfd66f DL |
174 | .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X |
175 | .PP | |
176 | .SM Using Emacs with X | |
177 | .PP | |
178 | .I Emacs | |
179 | has been tailored to work well with the X window system. | |
180 | If you run | |
181 | .I Emacs | |
182 | from under X windows, it will create its own X window to | |
183 | display in. You will probably want to start the editor | |
184 | as a background process | |
185 | so that you can continue using your original window. | |
186 | .PP | |
187 | .I Emacs | |
188 | can be started with the following X switches: | |
189 | .TP 8 | |
190 | .BI \-name " name" | |
191 | Specifies the name which should be assigned to the initial | |
192 | .I Emacs | |
193 | window. This controls looking up X resources as well as the window title. | |
194 | .TP 8 | |
195 | .BI \-title " name" | |
196 | Specifies the title for the initial X window. | |
197 | .TP 8 | |
198 | .B \-r | |
199 | Display the | |
200 | .I Emacs | |
201 | window in reverse video. | |
202 | .TP | |
203 | .B \-i | |
204 | Use the "kitchen sink" bitmap icon when iconifying the | |
205 | .I Emacs | |
206 | window. | |
207 | .TP | |
208 | .BI \-font " font, " \-fn " font" | |
209 | Set the | |
210 | .I Emacs | |
211 | window's font to that specified by | |
212 | .I font. | |
213 | You will find the various | |
214 | .I X | |
215 | fonts in the | |
216 | .I /usr/lib/X11/fonts | |
217 | directory. | |
218 | Note that | |
219 | .I Emacs | |
220 | will only accept fixed width fonts. | |
221 | Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the | |
222 | value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed | |
223 | width font. Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form | |
224 | .IR width x height | |
225 | are generally fixed width, as is the font | |
226 | .IR fixed . | |
227 | See | |
228 | .IR xlsfonts (1) | |
229 | for more information. | |
230 | ||
231 | When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the | |
232 | switch and the font name. | |
233 | .TP | |
9002d21f | 234 | .BI \-bw " pixels" |
a7bfd66f DL |
235 | Set the |
236 | .I Emacs | |
237 | window's border width to the number of pixels specified by | |
238 | .I pixels. | |
239 | Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window. | |
240 | .TP | |
241 | .BI \-ib " pixels" | |
242 | Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified | |
177c0ea7 | 243 | by |
a7bfd66f DL |
244 | .I pixels. |
245 | Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window. | |
246 | .PP | |
247 | .TP 8 | |
62022aad | 248 | .BI \-\-geometry " geometry" |
a7bfd66f DL |
249 | Set the |
250 | .I Emacs | |
251 | window's width, height, and position as specified. The geometry | |
252 | specification is in the standard X format; see | |
253 | .IR X (1) | |
254 | for more information. | |
255 | The width and height are specified in characters; the default is 80 by | |
62022aad RS |
256 | 24. See the Emacs manual, section "Options for Window Size and Position", |
257 | for information on how window sizes interact | |
258 | with selecting or deselecting the tool bar and menu bar. | |
a7bfd66f DL |
259 | .PP |
260 | .TP 8 | |
261 | .BI \-fg " color" | |
262 | On color displays, sets the color of the text. | |
263 | ||
264 | See the file | |
265 | .I /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt | |
266 | for a list of valid | |
267 | color names. | |
268 | .TP | |
269 | .BI \-bg " color" | |
270 | On color displays, | |
271 | sets the color of the window's background. | |
272 | .TP | |
273 | .BI \-bd " color" | |
274 | On color displays, | |
275 | sets the color of the window's border. | |
276 | .TP | |
277 | .BI \-cr " color" | |
278 | On color displays, | |
279 | sets the color of the window's text cursor. | |
280 | .TP | |
281 | .BI \-ms " color" | |
282 | On color displays, | |
283 | sets the color of the window's mouse cursor. | |
284 | .TP | |
285 | .BI \-d " displayname, " \-display " displayname" | |
286 | Create the | |
287 | .I Emacs | |
288 | window on the display specified by | |
289 | .IR displayname . | |
290 | Must be the first option specified in the command line. | |
291 | .TP | |
292 | .B \-nw | |
293 | Tells | |
294 | .I Emacs | |
295 | not to use its special interface to X. If you use this | |
296 | switch when invoking | |
297 | .I Emacs | |
298 | from an | |
299 | .IR xterm (1) | |
300 | window, display is done in that window. | |
301 | This must be the first option specified in the command line. | |
302 | .PP | |
303 | You can set | |
304 | .I X | |
305 | default values for your | |
306 | .I Emacs | |
307 | windows in your | |
308 | .I \.Xresources | |
309 | file (see | |
310 | .IR xrdb (1)). | |
311 | Use the following format: | |
312 | .IP | |
313 | emacs.keyword:value | |
314 | .PP | |
315 | where | |
316 | .I value | |
317 | specifies the default value of | |
318 | .I keyword. | |
319 | .I Emacs | |
320 | lets you set default values for the following keywords: | |
321 | .TP 8 | |
322 | .B font (\fPclass\fB Font) | |
323 | Sets the window's text font. | |
324 | .TP | |
325 | .B reverseVideo (\fPclass\fB ReverseVideo) | |
326 | If | |
327 | .I reverseVideo's | |
328 | value is set to | |
329 | .I on, | |
330 | the window will be displayed in reverse video. | |
331 | .TP | |
332 | .B bitmapIcon (\fPclass\fB BitmapIcon) | |
333 | If | |
334 | .I bitmapIcon's | |
335 | value is set to | |
336 | .I on, | |
337 | the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink." | |
338 | .TP | |
339 | .B borderWidth (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth) | |
340 | Sets the window's border width in pixels. | |
341 | .TP | |
342 | .B internalBorder (\fPclass\fB BorderWidth) | |
343 | Sets the window's internal border width in pixels. | |
344 | .TP | |
345 | .B foreground (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
346 | For color displays, | |
347 | sets the window's text color. | |
348 | .TP | |
349 | .B background (\fPclass\fB Background) | |
350 | For color displays, | |
351 | sets the window's background color. | |
352 | .TP | |
353 | .B borderColor (\fPclass\fB BorderColor) | |
354 | For color displays, | |
355 | sets the color of the window's border. | |
356 | .TP | |
357 | .B cursorColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
358 | For color displays, | |
359 | sets the color of the window's text cursor. | |
360 | .TP | |
361 | .B pointerColor (\fPclass\fB Foreground) | |
362 | For color displays, | |
363 | sets the color of the window's mouse cursor. | |
364 | .TP | |
365 | .B geometry (\fPclass\fB Geometry) | |
366 | Sets the geometry of the | |
367 | .I Emacs | |
368 | window (as described above). | |
369 | .TP | |
370 | .B title (\fPclass\fB Title) | |
371 | Sets the title of the | |
372 | .I Emacs | |
373 | window. | |
374 | .TP | |
375 | .B iconName (\fPclass\fB Title) | |
376 | Sets the icon name for the | |
377 | .I Emacs | |
378 | window icon. | |
379 | .PP | |
380 | If you try to set color values while using a black and white display, | |
381 | the window's characteristics will default as follows: | |
382 | the foreground color will be set to black, | |
383 | the background color will be set to white, | |
384 | the border color will be set to grey, | |
385 | and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black. | |
386 | .PP | |
177c0ea7 | 387 | .SM Using the Mouse |
a7bfd66f DL |
388 | .PP |
389 | The following lists the mouse button bindings for the | |
390 | .I Emacs | |
391 | window under X11. | |
392 | ||
177338c4 EZ |
393 | .TS |
394 | l l. | |
a7bfd66f | 395 | MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION |
a7bfd66f | 396 | left Set point. |
a7bfd66f | 397 | middle Paste text. |
a7bfd66f | 398 | right Cut text into X cut buffer. |
a7bfd66f | 399 | SHIFT-middle Cut text into X cut buffer. |
a7bfd66f | 400 | SHIFT-right Paste text. |
a7bfd66f | 401 | CTRL-middle Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it. |
177338c4 | 402 | CTRL-right T{ |
177c0ea7 | 403 | Select this window, then split it into |
a7bfd66f | 404 | two windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 2. |
177338c4 | 405 | T} |
a7bfd66f | 406 | .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS |
177338c4 EZ |
407 | CTRL-SHIFT-left T{ |
408 | X buffer menu--hold the buttons and keys | |
177c0ea7 | 409 | down, wait for menu to appear, select |
a7bfd66f DL |
410 | buffer, and release. Move mouse out of |
411 | menu and release to cancel. | |
177338c4 EZ |
412 | T} |
413 | CTRL-SHIFT-middle X help menu--pop up index card menu for Emacs help. | |
a7bfd66f | 414 | .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS |
177338c4 EZ |
415 | CTRL-SHIFT-right T{ |
416 | Select window with mouse, and delete all | |
a7bfd66f | 417 | other windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 1. |
177338c4 | 418 | T} |
a7bfd66f | 419 | .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X |
177338c4 | 420 | .TE |
a7bfd66f DL |
421 | .PP |
422 | .SH MANUALS | |
423 | You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free | |
424 | Software Foundation, which develops GNU software. See the file ORDERS | |
425 | for ordering information. | |
426 | .br | |
427 | Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available. As | |
428 | with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted to | |
429 | make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual. The TeX source to the | |
430 | manual is also included in the Emacs source distribution. | |
431 | .PP | |
432 | .SH FILES | |
433 | /usr/local/info - files for the Info documentation browser | |
434 | (a subsystem of Emacs) to refer to. Currently not much of Unix | |
435 | is documented here, but the complete text of the Emacs reference | |
436 | manual is included in a convenient tree structured form. | |
437 | ||
438 | /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/src - C source files and object files | |
439 | ||
440 | /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp - Lisp source files and compiled files | |
441 | that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded; | |
442 | others are autoloaded from this directory when used. | |
177c0ea7 | 443 | |
a7bfd66f DL |
444 | /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc - various programs that are used with |
445 | GNU Emacs, and some files of information. | |
446 | ||
447 | /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* - contains the documentation | |
448 | strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions | |
449 | of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the size of | |
450 | Emacs proper. | |
451 | ||
452 | /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/OTHER.EMACSES discusses GNU Emacs | |
453 | vs. other versions of Emacs. | |
454 | .br | |
455 | /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering | |
456 | various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education, | |
457 | troubleshooting, porting and customization. | |
458 | .br | |
459 | These files also have information useful to anyone wishing to write | |
460 | programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language, which has not yet been fully | |
461 | documented. | |
462 | ||
463 | /usr/local/com/emacs/lock - holds lock files that are made for all | |
464 | files being modified in Emacs, to prevent simultaneous modification | |
465 | of one file by two users. | |
466 | ||
467 | .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X | |
468 | /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt - list of valid X color names. | |
469 | .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X | |
470 | .PP | |
471 | .SH BUGS | |
472 | There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu on the internet | |
473 | (ucbvax!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-emacs on UUCPnet), for reporting Emacs | |
474 | bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try | |
475 | to be sure that it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a | |
476 | deliberate feature. We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs | |
477 | Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints | |
478 | on how and when to report bugs. Also, include the version number of | |
479 | the Emacs you are running in \fIevery\fR bug report that you send in. | |
480 | ||
481 | Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The purpose of reporting | |
482 | bugs is to get them fixed for everyone in the next release, if possible. | |
483 | For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for | |
484 | a list of people who offer it. | |
485 | ||
486 | Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list. | |
487 | Send requests to be added to mailing lists to the special list | |
488 | info-gnu-emacs-request@prep.ai.mit.edu (or the corresponding UUCP | |
489 | address). For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the | |
490 | file /usr/local/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS. Bugs tend actually to be | |
491 | fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report | |
492 | them in such a way that they can be easily reproduced. | |
493 | .PP | |
494 | Bugs that I know about are: shell will not work with programs | |
495 | running in Raw mode on some Unix versions. | |
496 | .SH UNRESTRICTIONS | |
497 | .PP | |
177c0ea7 JB |
498 | .I Emacs |
499 | is free; anyone may redistribute copies of | |
500 | .I Emacs | |
a7bfd66f | 501 | to |
177c0ea7 JB |
502 | anyone under the terms stated in the |
503 | .I Emacs | |
a7bfd66f | 504 | General Public License, |
177c0ea7 JB |
505 | a copy of which accompanies each copy of |
506 | .I Emacs | |
a7bfd66f DL |
507 | and which also |
508 | appears in the reference manual. | |
509 | .PP | |
510 | Copies of | |
511 | .I Emacs | |
512 | may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems, | |
513 | but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those | |
514 | systems. Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution | |
515 | is permitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public | |
516 | License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions | |
177c0ea7 | 517 | to redistribution of |
a7bfd66f DL |
518 | .I Emacs. |
519 | .PP | |
177c0ea7 JB |
520 | Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend |
521 | .I Emacs, | |
a7bfd66f DL |
522 | and urges that |
523 | you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. Eventually GNU | |
524 | (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement for Berkeley | |
525 | Unix. | |
526 | Everyone will be free to use, copy, study and change the GNU system. | |
527 | .SH SEE ALSO | |
528 | X(1), xlsfonts(1), xterm(1), xrdb(1) | |
529 | .SH AUTHORS | |
530 | .PP | |
531 | .I Emacs | |
532 | was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. | |
533 | Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features. | |
0096aed2 | 534 | .SH COPYING |
177c0ea7 | 535 | Copyright |
0096aed2 EZ |
536 | .if t \(co |
537 | .if n (c) | |
7ef5e870 | 538 | 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
0096aed2 | 539 | .PP |
2398d10d EZ |
540 | Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this |
541 | document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are | |
542 | preserved on all copies. | |
543 | .PP | |
544 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of | |
545 | this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that | |
546 | the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of | |
547 | a permission notice identical to this one. | |
0096aed2 | 548 | .PP |
2398d10d EZ |
549 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this |
550 | document into another language, under the above conditions for | |
551 | modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated | |
552 | in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. | |
ab5796a9 MB |
553 | |
554 | .\" arch-tag: 04dfd376-b46e-4924-919a-cecc3b257eaa |