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6bf7aab6 | 1 | @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
b65d8176 | 2 | @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002, |
5df4f04c | 3 | @c 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 |
8838673e | 4 | @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6bf7aab6 DL |
5 | @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
6 | @node Mark, Killing, Help, Top | |
7 | @chapter The Mark and the Region | |
8 | @cindex mark | |
9 | @cindex setting a mark | |
10 | @cindex region | |
11 | ||
12 | Many Emacs commands operate on an arbitrary contiguous part of the | |
13 | current buffer. To specify the text for such a command to operate on, | |
14 | you set @dfn{the mark} at one end of it, and move point to the other | |
15 | end. The text between point and the mark is called @dfn{the region}. | |
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16 | The region always extends between point and the mark, no matter which |
17 | one comes earlier in the text; each time you move point, the region | |
18 | changes. | |
19 | ||
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20 | Setting the mark at a position in the text also @dfn{activates} it. |
21 | When the mark is active, Emacs indicates the extent of the region by | |
22 | highlighting the text within it, using the @code{region} face | |
23 | (@pxref{Face Customization}). After certain non-motion commands, | |
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24 | including any command that changes the text in the buffer, Emacs |
25 | automatically @dfn{deactivates} the mark; this turns off the | |
26 | highlighting. You can also explicitly deactivate the mark at any | |
27 | time, by typing @kbd{C-g} (@pxref{Quitting}). | |
a8a31aae | 28 | |
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29 | This default behavior of the mark is known as Transient Mark mode. |
30 | Disabling Transient Mark mode switches Emacs to an alternative | |
31 | behavior, in which the mark is always active, which was the default | |
32 | prior to Emacs 23. @xref{Persistent Mark}. | |
33 | ||
a8a31aae | 34 | @vindex highlight-nonselected-windows |
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35 | Setting the mark in one buffer has no effect on the marks in other |
36 | buffers. When you return to a buffer with an active mark, the mark is | |
37 | at the same place as before. When multiple windows show the same | |
38 | buffer, they can have different values of point, and thus different | |
39 | regions, but they all share one common mark position. @xref{Windows}. | |
40 | Ordinarily, only the selected window highlights its region; however, | |
41 | if the variable @code{highlight-nonselected-windows} is | |
42 | non-@code{nil}, each window highlights its own region. | |
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43 | |
44 | @menu | |
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45 | * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. |
46 | * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
47 | * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. | |
48 | * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
6bf7aab6 | 49 | * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. |
13abd5e3 | 50 | * Shift Selection:: Using shifted cursor motion keys. |
8838673e | 51 | * Persistent Mark:: Keeping the mark active all the time. |
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52 | @end menu |
53 | ||
54 | @node Setting Mark | |
55 | @section Setting the Mark | |
56 | ||
57 | Here are some commands for setting the mark: | |
58 | ||
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59 | @table @kbd |
60 | @item C-@key{SPC} | |
623cec4c | 61 | Set the mark at point, and activate it (@code{set-mark-command}). |
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62 | @item C-@@ |
63 | The same. | |
64 | @item C-x C-x | |
0665a8b0 | 65 | Set the mark at point, and move point where the mark was |
a8a31aae | 66 | (@code{exchange-point-and-mark}). |
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67 | @item Drag-Mouse-1 |
68 | Set point and the mark around the text you drag across. | |
69 | @item Mouse-3 | |
0665a8b0 | 70 | Set the mark at point, then move point to where you click |
6bf7aab6 | 71 | (@code{mouse-save-then-kill}). |
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72 | @item @samp{Shifted motion keys} |
73 | Set the mark at point if the mark is inactive, then move point. | |
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74 | @end table |
75 | ||
6bf7aab6 | 76 | @kindex C-SPC |
0665a8b0 | 77 | @kindex C-@@ |
6bf7aab6 | 78 | @findex set-mark-command |
a8a31aae | 79 | The most common way to set the mark is with @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} |
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80 | (@code{set-mark-command})@footnote{There is no @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} |
81 | character in @acronym{ASCII}; usually, typing @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} on a | |
82 | text terminal gives the character @kbd{C-@@}. This key is also bound | |
83 | to @code{set-mark-command}, so unless you are unlucky enough to have | |
da0bbbc4 | 84 | a text terminal that behaves differently, you might as well think of |
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85 | @kbd{C-@@} as @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}.}. This sets the mark where point is, |
86 | and activates it. You can then move point away, leaving the mark | |
87 | behind. | |
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88 | |
89 | For example, suppose you wish to convert part of the buffer to upper | |
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90 | case. To accomplish this, go to the beginning of the desired text, |
91 | type @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}, and move point until the desired portion of | |
92 | text is highlighted. Now type @kbd{C-x C-u} (@code{upcase-region}). | |
93 | This converts the text in the region to upper case, and then | |
94 | deactivates the mark. | |
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95 | |
96 | @kindex C-x C-x | |
97 | @findex exchange-point-and-mark | |
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98 | The command @kbd{C-x C-x} (@code{exchange-point-and-mark}) exchanges |
99 | the positions of point and the mark, keeping the region unchanged. If | |
623cec4c | 100 | the mark is inactive, Emacs first reactivates the mark wherever it was |
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101 | last set. @kbd{C-x C-x} is useful when you are satisfied with the |
102 | position of point but want to move the other end of the region (where | |
103 | the mark is). Using @kbd{C-x C-x} a second time, if necessary, puts | |
104 | the mark at the new position with point back at its original position. | |
105 | ||
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106 | You can also set the mark with the mouse. If you press the left |
107 | mouse button (@kbd{down-mouse-1}) and drag the mouse across a range of | |
108 | text while holding down this button, this sets the mark where you | |
109 | first pressed the mouse button and puts point where you release it. | |
110 | Alternatively, clicking the right mouse button (@kbd{mouse-3}) sets | |
111 | the mark at point and then moves point to where you clicked. Using | |
112 | the mouse to mark a region also copies the region into the kill ring | |
113 | (@pxref{Kill Ring}). @xref{Mouse Commands}, for a more detailed | |
114 | description of these mouse commands. | |
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115 | |
116 | @cindex shift-selection | |
117 | Finally, you can set the mark by holding down the shift key while | |
118 | typing certain cursor motion commands (such as @kbd{S-@key{right}}, | |
119 | @kbd{S-C-f}, @kbd{S-C-n}, etc.) This is referred to as | |
120 | @dfn{shift-selection}. This sets the mark at point before moving | |
121 | point, but only if there is no active mark set via shift-selection. | |
122 | The mark set by mouse commands and by shift-selection behaves slightly | |
123 | differently from the usual mark: any subsequent unshifted cursor | |
124 | motion command deactivates it automatically. For details, @xref{Shift | |
13abd5e3 | 125 | Selection}. |
6bf7aab6 | 126 | |
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127 | Whenever the mark is active, you can deactivate it by typing |
128 | @kbd{C-g} (@pxref{Quitting}). The mark is also automatically | |
129 | deactivated after certain non-motion commands. | |
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130 | |
131 | @node Marking Objects | |
132 | @section Commands to Mark Textual Objects | |
133 | ||
134 | @cindex marking sections of text | |
135 | Here are the commands for placing point and the mark around a textual | |
a8a31aae | 136 | object such as a word, list, paragraph or page: |
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137 | |
138 | @table @kbd | |
139 | @item M-@@ | |
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140 | Set mark after end of next word (@code{mark-word}). This does not |
141 | move point. | |
6bf7aab6 | 142 | @item C-M-@@ |
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143 | Set mark after end of following balanced expression |
144 | (@code{mark-sexp}). This does not move point. | |
6bf7aab6 | 145 | @item M-h |
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146 | Move point to the beginning of the current paragraph, and set mark at |
147 | the end (@code{mark-paragraph}). | |
6bf7aab6 | 148 | @item C-M-h |
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149 | Move point to the beginning of the current defun, and set mark at the |
150 | end (@code{mark-defun}). | |
6bf7aab6 | 151 | @item C-x C-p |
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152 | Move point to the beginning of the current page, and set mark at the |
153 | end (@code{mark-page}). | |
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154 | @item C-x h |
155 | Move point to the beginning of the buffer, and set mark at the end | |
156 | (@code{mark-whole-buffer}). | |
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157 | @end table |
158 | ||
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159 | @findex mark-word |
160 | @findex mark-sexp | |
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161 | @kbd{M-@@} (@code{mark-word}) puts the mark at the end of the next |
162 | word, while @kbd{C-M-@@} (@code{mark-sexp}) puts it at the end of the | |
163 | next balanced expression (@pxref{Expressions}). These commands handle | |
a8a31aae | 164 | arguments just like @kbd{M-f} and @kbd{C-M-f}. |
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165 | |
166 | @kindex C-x h | |
167 | @findex mark-whole-buffer | |
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168 | The other commands in the above list set both point and mark, so as |
169 | to delimit an object in the buffer. @kbd{M-h} (@code{mark-paragraph}) | |
170 | moves point to the beginning of the paragraph that surrounds or | |
171 | follows point, and sets the mark at the end of that paragraph | |
172 | (@pxref{Paragraphs}). As a special exception, repeated invocations of | |
173 | @kbd{M-h} extend the region to subsequent paragraphs. This is | |
174 | convenient for indenting, case-converting, or killing entire | |
175 | paragraphs. | |
176 | ||
177 | The @kbd{M-h} command accepts prefix arguments. If the argument's | |
178 | value is positive, @kbd{M-h} marks that many paragraphs starting with | |
179 | the one surrounding point; therefore, @kbd{C-u M-h} is equivalent to | |
180 | @kbd{M-h M-h M-h M-h}. If the prefix argument is @minus{}@var{n}, | |
181 | @kbd{M-h} marks @var{n} paragraphs running back from the one | |
182 | surrounding point; in this case, point moves forward to the end of | |
183 | that paragraph, and the mark goes at the start of the region. | |
184 | ||
185 | Similarly, @kbd{C-M-h} (@code{mark-defun}) sets mark and point | |
186 | around major top-level definitions (@pxref{Moving by Defuns}), and | |
187 | @kbd{C-x C-p} (@code{mark-page}) does the same for pages | |
a8ce3d17 | 188 | (@pxref{Pages}). These treat repeated invocations and prefix |
0665a8b0 | 189 | arguments similarly to @code{mark-paragraph}. |
a8a31aae | 190 | |
6bf7aab6 | 191 | Finally, @kbd{C-x h} (@code{mark-whole-buffer}) sets up the entire |
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192 | buffer as the region, by putting point at the beginning and the mark |
193 | at the end. (In some programs this is called ``select all.'') | |
6bf7aab6 | 194 | |
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195 | @node Using Region |
196 | @section Operating on the Region | |
197 | ||
198 | @cindex operations on a marked region | |
199 | Once you have a region, here are some of the ways you can operate on | |
200 | it: | |
201 | ||
202 | @itemize @bullet | |
203 | @item | |
204 | Kill it with @kbd{C-w} (@pxref{Killing}). | |
205 | @item | |
206 | Copy it to the kill ring with @kbd{M-w} (@pxref{Yanking}). | |
207 | @item | |
208 | Convert case with @kbd{C-x C-l} or @kbd{C-x C-u} (@pxref{Case}). | |
209 | @item | |
210 | Undo changes within it using @kbd{C-u C-/} (@pxref{Undo}). | |
211 | @item | |
212 | Replace text within it using @kbd{M-%} (@pxref{Query Replace}). | |
213 | @item | |
214 | Indent it with @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} or @kbd{C-M-\} (@pxref{Indentation}). | |
215 | @item | |
216 | Fill it as text with @kbd{M-x fill-region} (@pxref{Filling}). | |
217 | @item | |
218 | Print hardcopy with @kbd{M-x print-region} (@pxref{Printing}). | |
219 | @item | |
220 | Evaluate it as Lisp code with @kbd{M-x eval-region} (@pxref{Lisp Eval}). | |
221 | @item | |
222 | Save it in a register with @kbd{C-x r s} (@pxref{Registers}). | |
223 | @item | |
224 | Save it in a buffer or a file (@pxref{Accumulating Text}). | |
225 | @end itemize | |
226 | ||
227 | Most commands that operate on the text in the region have the word | |
228 | @code{region} in their names. | |
229 | ||
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230 | Some commands have a default behavior when the mark is inactive, but |
231 | operate on the text in the region if the mark is active. For example, | |
232 | @kbd{M-$} (@code{ispell-word}) normally checks the spelling of the | |
233 | word at point, but it checks the text in the region if the region is | |
234 | active (@pxref{Spelling}). Normally, such commands use their default | |
235 | behavior if the region is empty (i.e., if mark and point are at the | |
236 | same position). If you want them to operate on the empty region, | |
237 | change the variable @code{use-empty-active-region} to @code{t}. | |
d01c3d68 | 238 | |
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239 | @cindex Delete Selection mode |
240 | @cindex mode, Delete Selection | |
241 | @findex delete-selection-mode | |
242 | If you enable Delete Selection mode, a minor mode, then inserting | |
0fcca8ee | 243 | text while the mark is active causes the selected text to be deleted |
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244 | first. This also deactivates the mark. Many graphical applications |
245 | follow this convention, but Emacs does not. To toggle Delete | |
246 | Selection mode on or off, type @kbd{M-x delete-selection-mode}. | |
247 | Another effect of this mode is that some keys, such as @key{DEL} and | |
248 | @kbd{C-d}, always kill the region if one exists. | |
249 | ||
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250 | @node Mark Ring |
251 | @section The Mark Ring | |
252 | ||
253 | @cindex mark ring | |
254 | Aside from delimiting the region, the mark is also useful for | |
255 | remembering spots that you may want to go back to. Each buffer | |
256 | remembers 16 previous locations of the mark, in the @dfn{mark ring}. | |
257 | Commands that set the mark also push the old mark onto this ring. | |
258 | ||
259 | @table @kbd | |
260 | @item C-@key{SPC} C-@key{SPC} | |
261 | Set the mark, pushing it onto the mark ring, without activating it. | |
262 | @item C-u C-@key{SPC} | |
263 | Move point to where the mark was, and restore the mark from the ring | |
264 | of former marks. | |
265 | @end table | |
266 | ||
267 | @kindex C-SPC C-SPC | |
268 | The command C-@key{SPC} C-@key{SPC} is handy when you want to use | |
269 | the mark to remember a position to which you may wish to return. It | |
270 | pushes the current point onto the mark ring, without activating the | |
271 | mark (which would cause Emacs to highlight the region). This is | |
272 | actually two consecutive invocations of @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} | |
273 | (@code{set-mark-command}); the first @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} sets the mark, | |
274 | and the second @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} deactivates it. (When Transient Mark | |
275 | mode is off, C-@key{SPC} C-@key{SPC} instead activates Transient Mark | |
276 | mode temporarily. @xref{Persistent Mark}.) | |
277 | ||
278 | @kindex C-u C-SPC | |
279 | To return to a marked position, use @code{set-mark-command} with a | |
280 | prefix argument: @kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}}. This moves point to where the | |
281 | mark was, and deactivates the mark if it was active. Each subsequent | |
282 | @kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}} jumps to a prior position stored in the mark | |
283 | ring. The positions you move through in this way are not lost; they | |
284 | go to the end of the ring. | |
285 | ||
286 | @vindex set-mark-command-repeat-pop | |
287 | If you set @code{set-mark-command-repeat-pop} to non-@code{nil}, | |
288 | then immediately after you type @kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}}, you can type | |
289 | @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} instead of @kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}} to cycle through | |
290 | the mark ring. By default, @code{set-mark-command-repeat-pop} is | |
291 | @code{nil}. | |
292 | ||
293 | Each buffer has its own mark ring. All editing commands use the | |
294 | current buffer's mark ring. In particular, @kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}} | |
295 | always stays in the same buffer. | |
296 | ||
297 | @vindex mark-ring-max | |
298 | The variable @code{mark-ring-max} specifies the maximum number of | |
299 | entries to keep in the mark ring. If that many entries exist and | |
300 | another one is pushed, the earliest one in the list is discarded. Repeating | |
301 | @kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}} cycles through the positions currently in the | |
302 | ring. | |
303 | ||
304 | @vindex mark-even-if-inactive | |
305 | If the variable @code{mark-even-if-inactive} is @code{nil}, commands | |
306 | can only use the mark and the region when it is active. This variable | |
307 | is non-@code{nil} by default. | |
308 | ||
309 | If you want to move back to the same place over and over, the mark | |
310 | ring may not be convenient enough. If so, you can record the position | |
311 | in a register for later retrieval (@pxref{RegPos,, Saving Positions in | |
312 | Registers}). | |
313 | ||
314 | @node Global Mark Ring | |
315 | @section The Global Mark Ring | |
316 | @cindex global mark ring | |
317 | ||
318 | In addition to the ordinary mark ring that belongs to each buffer, | |
319 | Emacs has a single @dfn{global mark ring}. Each time you set a mark, | |
320 | in any buffer, this is recorded in the global mark ring in addition to | |
321 | the current buffer's own mark ring. | |
322 | ||
323 | @kindex C-x C-@key{SPC} | |
324 | @findex pop-global-mark | |
325 | The command @kbd{C-x C-@key{SPC}} (@code{pop-global-mark}) jumps to | |
326 | the buffer and position of the latest entry in the global ring. It also | |
327 | rotates the ring, so that successive uses of @kbd{C-x C-@key{SPC}} take | |
328 | you to earlier buffers and mark positions. | |
329 | ||
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330 | @node Shift Selection |
331 | @section Shift Selection | |
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332 | @cindex shift-selection |
333 | ||
334 | If you hold down the shift key while typing a cursor motion command, | |
335 | this sets the mark before moving point, so that the region extends | |
336 | from the original position of point to its new position. This | |
337 | feature, newly introduced in Emacs 23, is referred to as | |
338 | @dfn{shift-selection}. It is similar to the way text is selected in | |
339 | other editors. | |
340 | ||
341 | The mark set via shift-selection behaves a little differently from | |
342 | what we have described above. Firstly, in addition to the usual ways | |
343 | of deactivating the mark (such as changing the buffer text or typing | |
344 | @kbd{C-g}), the mark is deactivated by any @emph{unshifted} cursor | |
345 | motion command. Secondly, any subsequent @emph{shifted} cursor motion | |
346 | command avoids setting the mark anew. Therefore, a series of shifted | |
347 | cursor motion commands will continuously extend the region. | |
348 | ||
349 | Shift-selection only works if the shifted cursor motion key is not | |
350 | already bound to a separate command (@pxref{Customization}). For | |
351 | example, if you bind @kbd{S-C-f} to another command, typing | |
352 | @kbd{S-C-f} runs that command instead of performing a shift-selected | |
353 | version of @kbd{C-f} (@code{forward-char}). | |
354 | ||
355 | A mark set via mouse commands behaves the same as a mark set via | |
356 | shift-selection (@pxref{Setting Mark}). For example, if you specify a | |
357 | region by dragging the mouse, you can continue to extend the region | |
358 | using shifted cursor motion commands. In either case, any unshifted | |
359 | cursor motion command deactivates the mark. | |
360 | ||
361 | To turn off shift-selection, set @code{shift-select-mode} to | |
362 | @code{nil}. Doing this does not disable setting the mark via mouse | |
363 | commands. | |
364 | ||
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365 | @node Persistent Mark |
366 | @section Persistent Marks | |
367 | @cindex mode, Transient Mark | |
368 | @cindex Transient Mark mode | |
369 | @cindex highlighting region | |
370 | @cindex region highlighting | |
371 | @cindex Zmacs mode | |
372 | ||
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373 | By default, the mark is activated by setting it, and deactivated by |
374 | most non-motion commands (including all commands that change the text | |
375 | in the buffer). This behavior is called Transient Mark | |
376 | mode@footnote{It is also sometimes called @dfn{Zmacs mode}, because | |
377 | the Zmacs editor on the MIT Lisp Machine handled the mark in a similar | |
378 | way.}. | |
a8a31aae | 379 | |
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380 | Turning off Transient Mark mode switches Emacs to an alternative |
381 | mode of operation, which was the default prior to Emacs 23. When | |
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382 | Transient Mark mode is off, the mark is @emph{never} deactivated, but |
383 | it can be set to different locations using commands such as | |
384 | @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}. Emacs does not highlight the region, because that | |
385 | would be a nuisance. As a special exception, the region is | |
386 | temporarily highlighted if you set it with the mouse (@pxref{Setting | |
387 | Mark}), or with shift-selection (@pxref{Shift Selection}). | |
a8a31aae | 388 | |
0fcca8ee | 389 | @findex transient-mark-mode |
a8a31aae | 390 | To turn off Transient Mark mode, type @kbd{M-x transient-mark-mode}. |
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391 | This command toggles the mode; you can use the same command to turn it |
392 | on again. You can also toggle Transient Mark mode using the | |
393 | @samp{Active Region Highlighting} menu item in the @samp{Options} | |
394 | menu. | |
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395 | |
396 | Here are the details of how Emacs behaves when Transient Mark mode | |
397 | is off: | |
398 | ||
399 | @itemize @bullet | |
400 | @item | |
401 | Emacs does not show where the mark is located---you have to remember. | |
402 | The usual solution to this problem is to set the mark and then use it | |
403 | soon, before you forget where it is. Alternatively, you can check the | |
404 | location of the mark by using @kbd{C-x C-x}, which exchanges the | |
405 | positions of the point and the mark (@pxref{Setting Mark}). | |
406 | ||
407 | @item | |
408 | Many commands that insert text, such as @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank}), | |
409 | position point and the mark at opposite ends of the inserted text, so | |
410 | that the region consists of the text just inserted. You can tell when | |
411 | a command sets the mark because it displays @samp{Mark set} in the | |
412 | echo area. | |
413 | ||
414 | @item | |
415 | Many commands that move point long distances, like @kbd{M-<} and | |
416 | @kbd{C-s}, first set the mark where point was. | |
417 | ||
418 | @item | |
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419 | Some commands, which ordinarily act on the region when the mark is |
420 | active, no longer do so. For example, normally @kbd{M-%} | |
421 | (@code{query-replace}) performs replacements within the region, if the | |
422 | mark is active. When Transient Mark mode is off, it always operates | |
423 | from point to the end of the buffer. Commands that act this way are | |
424 | identified in their own documentation. | |
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425 | @end itemize |
426 | ||
427 | While Transient Mark mode is off, you can activate it temporarily | |
428 | using @kbd{C-@key{SPC} C-@key{SPC}} or @kbd{C-u C-x C-x}. | |
429 | ||
430 | @table @kbd | |
431 | @item C-@key{SPC} C-@key{SPC} | |
432 | @kindex C-@key{SPC} C-@key{SPC} | |
433 | Set the mark at point (like plain @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}) and enable | |
434 | Transient Mark mode just once, until the mark is deactivated. (This | |
435 | is not really a separate command; you are using the @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} | |
436 | command twice.) | |
437 | ||
438 | @item C-u C-x C-x | |
439 | @kindex C-u C-x C-x | |
e59c4233 CY |
440 | Activate the mark and enable Transient Mark mode temporarily, until |
441 | the mark is next deactivated. (This is the @kbd{C-x C-x} command, | |
442 | @code{exchange-point-and-mark}, with a prefix argument.) | |
a8a31aae CY |
443 | @end table |
444 | ||
445 | These commands set or activate the mark, and enable Transient Mark | |
446 | mode only until the mark is deactivated. One reason you may want to | |
447 | use them is that some commands operate on the entire buffer instead of | |
448 | the region when Transient Mark mode is off. Enabling Transient Mark | |
449 | mode momentarily gives you a way to use these commands on the region. | |
6bf7aab6 | 450 | |
ab5796a9 MB |
451 | @ignore |
452 | arch-tag: f35e4d82-911b-4cfc-a3d7-3c87b2abba20 | |
453 | @end ignore |