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1 | @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 | @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
9a4ff31b | 3 | @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2004 |
fd897522 | 4 | @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
b1b12a8e RS |
5 | @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 | @setfilename ../info/windows | |
7 | @node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top | |
8 | @chapter Windows | |
9 | ||
10 | This chapter describes most of the functions and variables related to | |
11 | Emacs windows. See @ref{Display}, for information on how text is | |
12 | displayed in windows. | |
13 | ||
14 | @menu | |
3c29caa8 DH |
15 | * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. |
16 | * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
17 | * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
18 | * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
19 | * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
20 | * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
84e34002 | 21 | * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-level functions for displaying a buffer |
3c29caa8 DH |
22 | and choosing a window for it. |
23 | * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. | |
24 | * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. | |
25 | * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
26 | is on-screen in the window. | |
8241495d RS |
27 | * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
28 | * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. | |
29 | * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. | |
3c29caa8 DH |
30 | * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
31 | * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
32 | * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. | |
33 | * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. | |
f9f59935 RS |
34 | * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
35 | redisplay going past a certain point, | |
36 | or window configuration changes. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
37 | @end menu |
38 | ||
39 | @node Basic Windows | |
40 | @section Basic Concepts of Emacs Windows | |
41 | @cindex window | |
42 | @cindex selected window | |
43 | ||
bfe721d1 KH |
44 | A @dfn{window} in Emacs is the physical area of the screen in which a |
45 | buffer is displayed. The term is also used to refer to a Lisp object that | |
b1b12a8e RS |
46 | represents that screen area in Emacs Lisp. It should be |
47 | clear from the context which is meant. | |
48 | ||
bfe721d1 KH |
49 | Emacs groups windows into frames. A frame represents an area of |
50 | screen available for Emacs to use. Each frame always contains at least | |
51 | one window, but you can subdivide it vertically or horizontally into | |
52 | multiple nonoverlapping Emacs windows. | |
53 | ||
54 | In each frame, at any time, one and only one window is designated as | |
55 | @dfn{selected within the frame}. The frame's cursor appears in that | |
f9f59935 | 56 | window. At any time, one frame is the selected frame; and the window |
bfe721d1 KH |
57 | selected within that frame is @dfn{the selected window}. The selected |
58 | window's buffer is usually the current buffer (except when | |
59 | @code{set-buffer} has been used). @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
60 | ||
61 | For practical purposes, a window exists only while it is displayed in | |
62 | a frame. Once removed from the frame, the window is effectively deleted | |
63 | and should not be used, @emph{even though there may still be references | |
64 | to it} from other Lisp objects. Restoring a saved window configuration | |
65 | is the only way for a window no longer on the screen to come back to | |
66 | life. (@xref{Deleting Windows}.) | |
b1b12a8e RS |
67 | |
68 | Each window has the following attributes: | |
69 | ||
70 | @itemize @bullet | |
71 | @item | |
72 | containing frame | |
73 | ||
3c29caa8 | 74 | @item |
b1b12a8e RS |
75 | window height |
76 | ||
3c29caa8 | 77 | @item |
b1b12a8e RS |
78 | window width |
79 | ||
3c29caa8 | 80 | @item |
b1b12a8e RS |
81 | window edges with respect to the screen or frame |
82 | ||
3c29caa8 | 83 | @item |
b1b12a8e RS |
84 | the buffer it displays |
85 | ||
3c29caa8 | 86 | @item |
b1b12a8e RS |
87 | position within the buffer at the upper left of the window |
88 | ||
3c29caa8 | 89 | @item |
c638661f | 90 | amount of horizontal scrolling, in columns |
b1b12a8e | 91 | |
3c29caa8 | 92 | @item |
b1b12a8e RS |
93 | point |
94 | ||
3c29caa8 | 95 | @item |
b1b12a8e RS |
96 | the mark |
97 | ||
3c29caa8 | 98 | @item |
b1b12a8e | 99 | how recently the window was selected |
27704b78 RS |
100 | |
101 | @item | |
102 | fringe settings | |
103 | ||
104 | @item | |
105 | display margins | |
106 | ||
107 | @item | |
108 | scroll-bar settings | |
b1b12a8e RS |
109 | @end itemize |
110 | ||
111 | @cindex multiple windows | |
112 | Users create multiple windows so they can look at several buffers at | |
113 | once. Lisp libraries use multiple windows for a variety of reasons, but | |
bfe721d1 KH |
114 | most often to display related information. In Rmail, for example, you |
115 | can move through a summary buffer in one window while the other window | |
116 | shows messages one at a time as they are reached. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
117 | |
118 | The meaning of ``window'' in Emacs is similar to what it means in the | |
c638661f | 119 | context of general-purpose window systems such as X, but not identical. |
bfe721d1 KH |
120 | The X Window System places X windows on the screen; Emacs uses one or |
121 | more X windows as frames, and subdivides them into | |
122 | Emacs windows. When you use Emacs on a character-only terminal, Emacs | |
123 | treats the whole terminal screen as one frame. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
124 | |
125 | @cindex terminal screen | |
126 | @cindex screen of terminal | |
127 | @cindex tiled windows | |
128 | Most window systems support arbitrarily located overlapping windows. | |
129 | In contrast, Emacs windows are @dfn{tiled}; they never overlap, and | |
f9f59935 RS |
130 | together they fill the whole screen or frame. Because of the way in |
131 | which Emacs creates new windows and resizes them, not all conceivable | |
132 | tilings of windows on an Emacs frame are actually possible. | |
133 | @xref{Splitting Windows}, and @ref{Size of Window}. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
134 | |
135 | @xref{Display}, for information on how the contents of the | |
136 | window's buffer are displayed in the window. | |
137 | ||
138 | @defun windowp object | |
f9f59935 | 139 | This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a window. |
b1b12a8e RS |
140 | @end defun |
141 | ||
142 | @node Splitting Windows | |
143 | @section Splitting Windows | |
144 | @cindex splitting windows | |
145 | @cindex window splitting | |
146 | ||
147 | The functions described here are the primitives used to split a window | |
148 | into two windows. Two higher level functions sometimes split a window, | |
149 | but not always: @code{pop-to-buffer} and @code{display-buffer} | |
150 | (@pxref{Displaying Buffers}). | |
151 | ||
152 | The functions described here do not accept a buffer as an argument. | |
153 | The two ``halves'' of the split window initially display the same buffer | |
154 | previously visible in the window that was split. | |
155 | ||
156 | @deffn Command split-window &optional window size horizontal | |
157 | This function splits @var{window} into two windows. The original | |
158 | window @var{window} remains the selected window, but occupies only | |
159 | part of its former screen area. The rest is occupied by a newly created | |
160 | window which is returned as the value of this function. | |
161 | ||
2726b68b | 162 | If @var{horizontal} is non-@code{nil}, then @var{window} splits into |
b1b12a8e RS |
163 | two side by side windows. The original window @var{window} keeps the |
164 | leftmost @var{size} columns, and gives the rest of the columns to the | |
165 | new window. Otherwise, it splits into windows one above the other, and | |
166 | @var{window} keeps the upper @var{size} lines and gives the rest of the | |
167 | lines to the new window. The original window is therefore the | |
c638661f | 168 | left-hand or upper of the two, and the new window is the right-hand or |
b1b12a8e RS |
169 | lower. |
170 | ||
2726b68b | 171 | If @var{window} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the selected window is |
b1b12a8e RS |
172 | split. If @var{size} is omitted or @code{nil}, then @var{window} is |
173 | divided evenly into two parts. (If there is an odd line, it is | |
174 | allocated to the new window.) When @code{split-window} is called | |
175 | interactively, all its arguments are @code{nil}. | |
176 | ||
2726b68b RS |
177 | If splitting would result in making a window that is smaller than |
178 | @code{window-min-height} or @code{window-min-width}, the function | |
179 | signals an error and does not split the window at all. | |
180 | ||
181 | The following example starts with one window on a screen that is 50 | |
926a5166 | 182 | lines high by 80 columns wide; then it splits the window. |
b1b12a8e RS |
183 | |
184 | @smallexample | |
185 | @group | |
186 | (setq w (selected-window)) | |
187 | @result{} #<window 8 on windows.texi> | |
188 | (window-edges) ; @r{Edges in order:} | |
189 | @result{} (0 0 80 50) ; @r{left--top--right--bottom} | |
190 | @end group | |
191 | ||
192 | @group | |
193 | ;; @r{Returns window created} | |
3c29caa8 | 194 | (setq w2 (split-window w 15)) |
b1b12a8e RS |
195 | @result{} #<window 28 on windows.texi> |
196 | @end group | |
197 | @group | |
198 | (window-edges w2) | |
199 | @result{} (0 15 80 50) ; @r{Bottom window;} | |
200 | ; @r{top is line 15} | |
201 | @end group | |
202 | @group | |
203 | (window-edges w) | |
204 | @result{} (0 0 80 15) ; @r{Top window} | |
205 | @end group | |
206 | @end smallexample | |
207 | ||
208 | The screen looks like this: | |
209 | ||
210 | @smallexample | |
211 | @group | |
3c29caa8 DH |
212 | __________ |
213 | | | line 0 | |
b1b12a8e RS |
214 | | w | |
215 | |__________| | |
216 | | | line 15 | |
217 | | w2 | | |
218 | |__________| | |
219 | line 50 | |
220 | column 0 column 80 | |
221 | @end group | |
222 | @end smallexample | |
223 | ||
926a5166 | 224 | Next, split the top window horizontally: |
b1b12a8e RS |
225 | |
226 | @smallexample | |
227 | @group | |
228 | (setq w3 (split-window w 35 t)) | |
229 | @result{} #<window 32 on windows.texi> | |
230 | @end group | |
231 | @group | |
232 | (window-edges w3) | |
233 | @result{} (35 0 80 15) ; @r{Left edge at column 35} | |
234 | @end group | |
235 | @group | |
236 | (window-edges w) | |
237 | @result{} (0 0 35 15) ; @r{Right edge at column 35} | |
238 | @end group | |
239 | @group | |
240 | (window-edges w2) | |
241 | @result{} (0 15 80 50) ; @r{Bottom window unchanged} | |
242 | @end group | |
243 | @end smallexample | |
244 | ||
bda144f4 | 245 | @need 3000 |
926a5166 | 246 | Now the screen looks like this: |
b1b12a8e RS |
247 | |
248 | @smallexample | |
249 | @group | |
250 | column 35 | |
3c29caa8 DH |
251 | __________ |
252 | | | | line 0 | |
b1b12a8e RS |
253 | | w | w3 | |
254 | |___|______| | |
255 | | | line 15 | |
256 | | w2 | | |
257 | |__________| | |
258 | line 50 | |
259 | column 0 column 80 | |
260 | @end group | |
261 | @end smallexample | |
aeb2c306 JB |
262 | |
263 | Normally, Emacs indicates the border between two side-by-side windows | |
969fe9b5 | 264 | with a scroll bar (@pxref{Window Frame Parameters,Scroll Bars}) or @samp{|} |
aeb2c306 JB |
265 | characters. The display table can specify alternative border |
266 | characters; see @ref{Display Tables}. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
267 | @end deffn |
268 | ||
8241495d | 269 | @deffn Command split-window-vertically &optional size |
1911e6e5 | 270 | This function splits the selected window into two windows, one above the |
ebc6903b | 271 | other, leaving the upper of the two windows selected, with @var{size} |
1911e6e5 RS |
272 | lines. (If @var{size} is negative, then the lower of the two windows |
273 | gets @minus{} @var{size} lines and the upper window gets the rest, but | |
3a052bd3 LT |
274 | the upper window is still the one selected.) However, if |
275 | @code{split-window-keep-point} (see below) is @code{nil}, then either | |
276 | window can be selected. | |
277 | ||
278 | In other respects, this function is similar to @code{split-window}. | |
279 | In particular, the upper window is the original one and the return | |
280 | value is the new, lower window. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
281 | @end deffn |
282 | ||
3a052bd3 LT |
283 | @defopt split-window-keep-point |
284 | If this variable is non-@code{nil} (the default), then | |
285 | @code{split-window-vertically} behaves as described above. | |
286 | ||
287 | If it is @code{nil}, then @code{split-window-vertically} adjusts point | |
288 | in each of the two windows to avoid scrolling. (This is useful on | |
289 | slow terminals.) It selects whichever window contains the screen line | |
290 | that point was previously on. | |
291 | ||
292 | This variable only affects the behavior of @code{split-window-vertically}. | |
293 | It has no effect on the other functions described here. | |
294 | @end defopt | |
295 | ||
2468d0c0 | 296 | @deffn Command split-window-horizontally &optional size |
b1b12a8e | 297 | This function splits the selected window into two windows |
3a052bd3 LT |
298 | side-by-side, leaving the selected window on the left with @var{size} |
299 | columns. If @var{size} is negative, the rightmost window gets | |
300 | @minus{} @var{size} columns, but the leftmost window still remains | |
301 | selected. | |
b1b12a8e | 302 | |
8241495d RS |
303 | This function is basically an interface to @code{split-window}. |
304 | You could define a simplified version of the function like this: | |
b1b12a8e RS |
305 | |
306 | @smallexample | |
307 | @group | |
308 | (defun split-window-horizontally (&optional arg) | |
309 | "Split selected window into two windows, side by side..." | |
310 | (interactive "P") | |
513331d3 | 311 | @end group |
8241495d RS |
312 | @group |
313 | (let ((size (and arg (prefix-numeric-value arg)))) | |
314 | (and size (< size 0) | |
315 | (setq size (+ (window-width) size))) | |
316 | (split-window nil size t))) | |
b1b12a8e RS |
317 | @end group |
318 | @end smallexample | |
319 | @end deffn | |
320 | ||
321 | @defun one-window-p &optional no-mini all-frames | |
322 | This function returns non-@code{nil} if there is only one window. The | |
323 | argument @var{no-mini}, if non-@code{nil}, means don't count the | |
324 | minibuffer even if it is active; otherwise, the minibuffer window is | |
27704b78 | 325 | counted when it is active. |
b1b12a8e RS |
326 | |
327 | The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider. Here | |
328 | are the possible values and their meanings: | |
329 | ||
330 | @table @asis | |
331 | @item @code{nil} | |
332 | Count the windows in the selected frame, plus the minibuffer used | |
333 | by that frame even if it lies in some other frame. | |
334 | ||
335 | @item @code{t} | |
336 | Count all windows in all existing frames. | |
337 | ||
338 | @item @code{visible} | |
339 | Count all windows in all visible frames. | |
340 | ||
bfe721d1 KH |
341 | @item 0 |
342 | Count all windows in all visible or iconified frames. | |
343 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
344 | @item anything else |
345 | Count precisely the windows in the selected frame, and no others. | |
346 | @end table | |
347 | @end defun | |
348 | ||
349 | @node Deleting Windows | |
350 | @section Deleting Windows | |
351 | @cindex deleting windows | |
352 | ||
353 | A window remains visible on its frame unless you @dfn{delete} it by | |
354 | calling certain functions that delete windows. A deleted window cannot | |
355 | appear on the screen, but continues to exist as a Lisp object until | |
356 | there are no references to it. There is no way to cancel the deletion | |
357 | of a window aside from restoring a saved window configuration | |
358 | (@pxref{Window Configurations}). Restoring a window configuration also | |
359 | deletes any windows that aren't part of that configuration. | |
360 | ||
361 | When you delete a window, the space it took up is given to one | |
969fe9b5 | 362 | adjacent sibling. |
b1b12a8e RS |
363 | |
364 | @c Emacs 19 feature | |
365 | @defun window-live-p window | |
366 | This function returns @code{nil} if @var{window} is deleted, and | |
367 | @code{t} otherwise. | |
368 | ||
b22f3a19 | 369 | @strong{Warning:} Erroneous information or fatal errors may result from |
b1b12a8e RS |
370 | using a deleted window as if it were live. |
371 | @end defun | |
372 | ||
373 | @deffn Command delete-window &optional window | |
969fe9b5 RS |
374 | This function removes @var{window} from display, and returns @code{nil}. |
375 | If @var{window} is omitted, then the selected window is deleted. An | |
376 | error is signaled if there is only one window when @code{delete-window} | |
377 | is called. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
378 | @end deffn |
379 | ||
380 | @deffn Command delete-other-windows &optional window | |
381 | This function makes @var{window} the only window on its frame, by | |
382 | deleting the other windows in that frame. If @var{window} is omitted or | |
383 | @code{nil}, then the selected window is used by default. | |
384 | ||
969fe9b5 | 385 | The return value is @code{nil}. |
b1b12a8e RS |
386 | @end deffn |
387 | ||
3a052bd3 LT |
388 | @deffn Command delete-windows-on buffer-or-name &optional frame |
389 | This function deletes all windows showing @var{buffer-or-name}. If | |
390 | there are no windows showing @var{buffer-or-name}, it does nothing. | |
391 | @var{buffer-or-name} must be a buffer or the name of an existing | |
392 | buffer. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
393 | |
394 | @code{delete-windows-on} operates frame by frame. If a frame has | |
395 | several windows showing different buffers, then those showing | |
3a052bd3 LT |
396 | @var{buffer-or-name} are removed, and the others expand to fill the |
397 | space. If all windows in some frame are showing @var{buffer-or-name} | |
398 | (including the case where there is only one window), then the frame | |
399 | winds up with a single window showing another buffer chosen with | |
400 | @code{other-buffer}. @xref{The Buffer List}. | |
b1b12a8e | 401 | |
1911e6e5 RS |
402 | The argument @var{frame} controls which frames to operate on. This |
403 | function does not use it in quite the same way as the other functions | |
404 | which scan all windows; specifically, the values @code{t} and @code{nil} | |
405 | have the opposite of their meanings in other functions. Here are the | |
406 | full details: | |
b1b12a8e RS |
407 | |
408 | @itemize @bullet | |
409 | @item | |
1911e6e5 | 410 | If it is @code{nil}, operate on all frames. |
b1b12a8e | 411 | @item |
1911e6e5 | 412 | If it is @code{t}, operate on the selected frame. |
b1b12a8e RS |
413 | @item |
414 | If it is @code{visible}, operate on all visible frames. | |
1911e6e5 | 415 | @item |
bfe721d1 | 416 | If it is 0, operate on all visible or iconified frames. |
b1b12a8e RS |
417 | @item |
418 | If it is a frame, operate on that frame. | |
419 | @end itemize | |
420 | ||
421 | This function always returns @code{nil}. | |
422 | @end deffn | |
423 | ||
424 | @node Selecting Windows | |
425 | @section Selecting Windows | |
426 | @cindex selecting windows | |
427 | ||
428 | When a window is selected, the buffer in the window becomes the current | |
429 | buffer, and the cursor will appear in it. | |
430 | ||
431 | @defun selected-window | |
432 | This function returns the selected window. This is the window in | |
433 | which the cursor appears and to which many commands apply. | |
434 | @end defun | |
435 | ||
5a8a6af8 | 436 | @defun select-window window &optional norecord |
b1b12a8e | 437 | This function makes @var{window} the selected window. The cursor then |
3a052bd3 LT |
438 | appears in @var{window} (on redisplay). Unless @var{window} was |
439 | already selected, @code{select-window} makes @var{window}'s buffer the | |
440 | current buffer. | |
b1b12a8e | 441 | |
5a8a6af8 RS |
442 | Normally @var{window}'s selected buffer is moved to the front of the |
443 | buffer list, but if @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}, the buffer list | |
444 | order is unchanged. | |
445 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
446 | The return value is @var{window}. |
447 | ||
448 | @example | |
449 | @group | |
450 | (setq w (next-window)) | |
451 | (select-window w) | |
452 | @result{} #<window 65 on windows.texi> | |
453 | @end group | |
454 | @end example | |
455 | @end defun | |
456 | ||
bfe721d1 | 457 | @defmac save-selected-window forms@dots{} |
3a052bd3 LT |
458 | This macro records the selected window, as well as the selected window |
459 | of each frame, executes @var{forms} in sequence, then restores the | |
460 | earlier selected windows. It returns the value of the last form in | |
461 | @var{forms}. | |
9258d604 RS |
462 | |
463 | This macro does not save or restore anything about the sizes, | |
464 | arrangement or contents of windows; therefore, if the @var{forms} | |
465 | change them, the change persists. If the previously selected window | |
3a052bd3 LT |
466 | of some frame is no longer live at the time of exit from @var{forms}, |
467 | that frame's selected window is left alone. If the previously | |
468 | selected window is no longer live, then whatever window is selected at | |
469 | the end of @var{forms} remains selected. | |
bfe721d1 KH |
470 | @end defmac |
471 | ||
5a8a6af8 RS |
472 | @defmac with-selected-window window forms@dots{} |
473 | This macro selects @var{window} (without changing the buffer list), | |
474 | executes @var{forms} in sequence, then restores the previously | |
475 | selected window (unless that window is no longer alive). It is similar | |
476 | to @code{save-selected-window} except that it explicitly selects | |
3a052bd3 | 477 | @var{window}, without altering the buffer list sequence. |
5a8a6af8 RS |
478 | @end defmac |
479 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
480 | @cindex finding windows |
481 | The following functions choose one of the windows on the screen, | |
482 | offering various criteria for the choice. | |
483 | ||
484 | @defun get-lru-window &optional frame | |
485 | This function returns the window least recently ``used'' (that is, | |
f8295bfb NR |
486 | selected). If any full-width windows are present, it only considers |
487 | these. The selected window is always the most recently used window. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
488 | |
489 | The selected window can be the least recently used window if it is the | |
490 | only window. A newly created window becomes the least recently used | |
491 | window until it is selected. A minibuffer window is never a candidate. | |
492 | ||
c638661f | 493 | The argument @var{frame} controls which windows are considered. |
b1b12a8e RS |
494 | |
495 | @itemize @bullet | |
496 | @item | |
497 | If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. | |
498 | @item | |
499 | If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. | |
500 | @item | |
501 | If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. | |
502 | @item | |
bfe721d1 KH |
503 | If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
504 | @item | |
b1b12a8e RS |
505 | If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
506 | @end itemize | |
507 | @end defun | |
508 | ||
509 | @defun get-largest-window &optional frame | |
510 | This function returns the window with the largest area (height times | |
511 | width). If there are no side-by-side windows, then this is the window | |
512 | with the most lines. A minibuffer window is never a candidate. | |
513 | ||
514 | If there are two windows of the same size, then the function returns | |
c638661f | 515 | the window that is first in the cyclic ordering of windows (see |
b1b12a8e RS |
516 | following section), starting from the selected window. |
517 | ||
1911e6e5 RS |
518 | The argument @var{frame} controls which set of windows to |
519 | consider. See @code{get-lru-window}, above. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
520 | @end defun |
521 | ||
1e8ca3a9 EZ |
522 | @cindex window that satisfies a predicate |
523 | @cindex conditional selection of windows | |
524 | @defun get-window-with-predicate predicate &optional minibuf all-frames default | |
525 | This function returns a window satisfying @var{predicate}. It cycles | |
526 | through all visible windows using @code{walk-windows} (@pxref{Cyclic | |
b0d4743a | 527 | Window Ordering}), calling @var{predicate} on each one of them |
1e8ca3a9 EZ |
528 | with that window as its argument. The function returns the first |
529 | window for which @var{predicate} returns a non-@code{nil} value; if | |
530 | that never happens, it returns @var{default}. | |
531 | ||
532 | The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the | |
533 | set of windows to include in the scan. See the description of | |
534 | @code{next-window} in @ref{Cyclic Window Ordering}, for details. | |
535 | @end defun | |
536 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
537 | @node Cyclic Window Ordering |
538 | @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
539 | @section Cyclic Ordering of Windows | |
540 | @cindex cyclic ordering of windows | |
541 | @cindex ordering of windows, cyclic | |
3c29caa8 | 542 | @cindex window ordering, cyclic |
b1b12a8e RS |
543 | |
544 | When you use the command @kbd{C-x o} (@code{other-window}) to select | |
545 | the next window, it moves through all the windows on the screen in a | |
546 | specific cyclic order. For any given configuration of windows, this | |
547 | order never varies. It is called the @dfn{cyclic ordering of windows}. | |
548 | ||
549 | This ordering generally goes from top to bottom, and from left to | |
550 | right. But it may go down first or go right first, depending on the | |
551 | order in which the windows were split. | |
552 | ||
553 | If the first split was vertical (into windows one above each other), | |
554 | and then the subwindows were split horizontally, then the ordering is | |
555 | left to right in the top of the frame, and then left to right in the | |
556 | next lower part of the frame, and so on. If the first split was | |
557 | horizontal, the ordering is top to bottom in the left part, and so on. | |
558 | In general, within each set of siblings at any level in the window tree, | |
559 | the order is left to right, or top to bottom. | |
560 | ||
561 | @defun next-window &optional window minibuf all-frames | |
562 | @cindex minibuffer window | |
563 | This function returns the window following @var{window} in the cyclic | |
c638661f RS |
564 | ordering of windows. This is the window that @kbd{C-x o} would select |
565 | if typed when @var{window} is selected. If @var{window} is the only | |
b1b12a8e RS |
566 | window visible, then this function returns @var{window}. If omitted, |
567 | @var{window} defaults to the selected window. | |
568 | ||
569 | The value of the argument @var{minibuf} determines whether the | |
570 | minibuffer is included in the window order. Normally, when | |
571 | @var{minibuf} is @code{nil}, the minibuffer is included if it is | |
572 | currently active; this is the behavior of @kbd{C-x o}. (The minibuffer | |
573 | window is active while the minibuffer is in use. @xref{Minibuffers}.) | |
574 | ||
575 | If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, then the cyclic ordering includes the | |
576 | minibuffer window even if it is not active. | |
577 | ||
578 | If @var{minibuf} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, then the minibuffer | |
579 | window is not included even if it is active. | |
580 | ||
581 | The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider. Here | |
582 | are the possible values and their meanings: | |
583 | ||
584 | @table @asis | |
585 | @item @code{nil} | |
586 | Consider all the windows in @var{window}'s frame, plus the minibuffer | |
3a052bd3 LT |
587 | used by that frame even if it lies in some other frame. If the |
588 | minibuffer counts (as determined by @var{minibuf}), then all windows on | |
589 | all frames that share that minibuffer count too. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
590 | |
591 | @item @code{t} | |
592 | Consider all windows in all existing frames. | |
593 | ||
594 | @item @code{visible} | |
595 | Consider all windows in all visible frames. (To get useful results, you | |
596 | must ensure @var{window} is in a visible frame.) | |
597 | ||
83abd543 | 598 | @item 0 |
bfe721d1 KH |
599 | Consider all windows in all visible or iconified frames. |
600 | ||
27704b78 RS |
601 | @item a frame |
602 | Consider all windows on that frame. | |
603 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
604 | @item anything else |
605 | Consider precisely the windows in @var{window}'s frame, and no others. | |
606 | @end table | |
607 | ||
3c29caa8 | 608 | This example assumes there are two windows, both displaying the |
b1b12a8e RS |
609 | buffer @samp{windows.texi}: |
610 | ||
611 | @example | |
612 | @group | |
613 | (selected-window) | |
614 | @result{} #<window 56 on windows.texi> | |
615 | @end group | |
616 | @group | |
617 | (next-window (selected-window)) | |
618 | @result{} #<window 52 on windows.texi> | |
619 | @end group | |
620 | @group | |
621 | (next-window (next-window (selected-window))) | |
622 | @result{} #<window 56 on windows.texi> | |
623 | @end group | |
624 | @end example | |
625 | @end defun | |
626 | ||
627 | @defun previous-window &optional window minibuf all-frames | |
628 | This function returns the window preceding @var{window} in the cyclic | |
629 | ordering of windows. The other arguments specify which windows to | |
630 | include in the cycle, as in @code{next-window}. | |
631 | @end defun | |
632 | ||
8241495d | 633 | @deffn Command other-window count &optional all-frames |
b1b12a8e | 634 | This function selects the @var{count}th following window in the cyclic |
969fe9b5 RS |
635 | order. If count is negative, then it moves back @minus{}@var{count} |
636 | windows in the cycle, rather than forward. It returns @code{nil}. | |
b1b12a8e | 637 | |
75708135 | 638 | The argument @var{all-frames} has the same meaning as in |
8241495d RS |
639 | @code{next-window}, but the @var{minibuf} argument of @code{next-window} |
640 | is always effectively @code{nil}. | |
641 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
642 | In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. |
643 | @end deffn | |
644 | ||
645 | @c Emacs 19 feature | |
646 | @defun walk-windows proc &optional minibuf all-frames | |
647 | This function cycles through all windows, calling @code{proc} | |
648 | once for each window with the window as its sole argument. | |
649 | ||
650 | The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the | |
651 | set of windows to include in the scan. See @code{next-window}, above, | |
652 | for details. | |
653 | @end defun | |
654 | ||
e258eedc GM |
655 | @defun window-list &optional frame minibuf window |
656 | This function returns a list of the windows on @var{frame}, starting | |
657 | with @var{window}. If @var{frame} is @code{nil} or omitted, the | |
658 | selected frame is used instead; if @var{window} is @code{nil} or | |
659 | omitted, the selected window is used instead. | |
660 | ||
661 | The value of @var{minibuf} determines if the minibuffer window will be | |
662 | included in the result list. If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, the | |
663 | minibuffer window will be included, even if it isn't active. If | |
429994d8 | 664 | @var{minibuf} is @code{nil} or omitted, the minibuffer window will |
e258eedc GM |
665 | only be included in the list if it is active. If @var{minibuf} is |
666 | neither @code{nil} nor @code{t}, the minibuffer window is not | |
667 | included, whether or not it is active. | |
429994d8 | 668 | @end defun |
e258eedc | 669 | |
b1b12a8e RS |
670 | @node Buffers and Windows |
671 | @section Buffers and Windows | |
672 | @cindex examining windows | |
673 | @cindex windows, controlling precisely | |
674 | @cindex buffers, controlled in windows | |
675 | ||
676 | This section describes low-level functions to examine windows or to | |
677 | display buffers in windows in a precisely controlled fashion. | |
678 | @iftex | |
679 | See the following section for | |
680 | @end iftex | |
37680279 | 681 | @ifnottex |
b1b12a8e | 682 | @xref{Displaying Buffers}, for |
37680279 | 683 | @end ifnottex |
b1b12a8e RS |
684 | related functions that find a window to use and specify a buffer for it. |
685 | The functions described there are easier to use than these, but they | |
686 | employ heuristics in choosing or creating a window; use these functions | |
687 | when you need complete control. | |
688 | ||
6ab4745b | 689 | @defun set-window-buffer window buffer-or-name &optional keep-margins |
b1b12a8e | 690 | This function makes @var{window} display @var{buffer-or-name} as its |
3a052bd3 LT |
691 | contents. It returns @code{nil}. @var{buffer-or-name} must be a |
692 | buffer, or the name of an existing buffer. This is the fundamental | |
693 | primitive for changing which buffer is displayed in a window, and all | |
694 | ways of doing that call this function. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
695 | |
696 | @example | |
697 | @group | |
698 | (set-window-buffer (selected-window) "foo") | |
699 | @result{} nil | |
700 | @end group | |
701 | @end example | |
6ab4745b RS |
702 | |
703 | Normally, displaying @var{buffer} in @var{window} resets the window's | |
27704b78 RS |
704 | display margins, fringe widths, scroll bar settings, and position |
705 | based on the local variables of @var{buffer}. However, if | |
706 | @var{keep-margins} is non-@code{nil}, the display margins and fringe | |
707 | widths of @var{window} remain unchanged. @xref{Fringes}. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
708 | @end defun |
709 | ||
710 | @defun window-buffer &optional window | |
711 | This function returns the buffer that @var{window} is displaying. If | |
712 | @var{window} is omitted, this function returns the buffer for the | |
713 | selected window. | |
714 | ||
715 | @example | |
716 | @group | |
717 | (window-buffer) | |
718 | @result{} #<buffer windows.texi> | |
719 | @end group | |
720 | @end example | |
721 | @end defun | |
722 | ||
723 | @defun get-buffer-window buffer-or-name &optional all-frames | |
724 | This function returns a window currently displaying | |
725 | @var{buffer-or-name}, or @code{nil} if there is none. If there are | |
726 | several such windows, then the function returns the first one in the | |
727 | cyclic ordering of windows, starting from the selected window. | |
728 | @xref{Cyclic Window Ordering}. | |
729 | ||
730 | The argument @var{all-frames} controls which windows to consider. | |
731 | ||
732 | @itemize @bullet | |
733 | @item | |
734 | If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. | |
735 | @item | |
736 | If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. | |
737 | @item | |
738 | If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. | |
739 | @item | |
bfe721d1 KH |
740 | If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
741 | @item | |
b1b12a8e RS |
742 | If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
743 | @end itemize | |
744 | @end defun | |
745 | ||
3c29caa8 DH |
746 | @defun get-buffer-window-list buffer-or-name &optional minibuf all-frames |
747 | This function returns a list of all the windows currently displaying | |
748 | @var{buffer-or-name}. | |
749 | ||
750 | The two optional arguments work like the optional arguments of | |
751 | @code{next-window} (@pxref{Cyclic Window Ordering}); they are @emph{not} | |
752 | like the single optional argument of @code{get-buffer-window}. Perhaps | |
753 | we should change @code{get-buffer-window} in the future to make it | |
754 | compatible with the other functions. | |
3c29caa8 DH |
755 | @end defun |
756 | ||
a9f0a989 | 757 | @defvar buffer-display-time |
a9f0a989 RS |
758 | This variable records the time at which a buffer was last made visible |
759 | in a window. It is always local in each buffer; each time | |
760 | @code{set-window-buffer} is called, it sets this variable to | |
761 | @code{(current-time)} in the specified buffer (@pxref{Time of Day}). | |
1911e6e5 | 762 | When a buffer is first created, @code{buffer-display-time} starts out |
a9f0a989 RS |
763 | with the value @code{nil}. |
764 | @end defvar | |
765 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
766 | @node Displaying Buffers |
767 | @section Displaying Buffers in Windows | |
768 | @cindex switching to a buffer | |
769 | @cindex displaying a buffer | |
770 | ||
771 | In this section we describe convenient functions that choose a window | |
772 | automatically and use it to display a specified buffer. These functions | |
773 | can also split an existing window in certain circumstances. We also | |
774 | describe variables that parameterize the heuristics used for choosing a | |
775 | window. | |
776 | @iftex | |
777 | See the preceding section for | |
778 | @end iftex | |
37680279 | 779 | @ifnottex |
b1b12a8e | 780 | @xref{Buffers and Windows}, for |
37680279 | 781 | @end ifnottex |
a9f0a989 RS |
782 | low-level functions that give you more precise control. All of these |
783 | functions work by calling @code{set-window-buffer}. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
784 | |
785 | Do not use the functions in this section in order to make a buffer | |
786 | current so that a Lisp program can access or modify it; they are too | |
787 | drastic for that purpose, since they change the display of buffers in | |
969fe9b5 | 788 | windows, which would be gratuitous and surprise the user. Instead, use |
1911e6e5 RS |
789 | @code{set-buffer} and @code{save-current-buffer} (@pxref{Current |
790 | Buffer}), which designate buffers as current for programmed access | |
791 | without affecting the display of buffers in windows. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
792 | |
793 | @deffn Command switch-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional norecord | |
794 | This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer, and also | |
795 | displays the buffer in the selected window. This means that a human can | |
796 | see the buffer and subsequent keyboard commands will apply to it. | |
797 | Contrast this with @code{set-buffer}, which makes @var{buffer-or-name} | |
798 | the current buffer but does not display it in the selected window. | |
799 | @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
800 | ||
22697dac KH |
801 | If @var{buffer-or-name} does not identify an existing buffer, then a new |
802 | buffer by that name is created. The major mode for the new buffer is | |
803 | set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}. @xref{Auto | |
3a052bd3 LT |
804 | Major Mode}. If @var{buffer-or-name} is @code{nil}, |
805 | @code{switch-to-buffer} chooses a buffer using @code{other-buffer}. | |
b1b12a8e | 806 | |
969fe9b5 RS |
807 | Normally the specified buffer is put at the front of the buffer list |
808 | (both the selected frame's buffer list and the frame-independent buffer | |
809 | list). This affects the operation of @code{other-buffer}. However, if | |
b1b12a8e RS |
810 | @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}, this is not done. @xref{The Buffer |
811 | List}. | |
812 | ||
813 | The @code{switch-to-buffer} function is often used interactively, as | |
814 | the binding of @kbd{C-x b}. It is also used frequently in programs. It | |
996d82f8 | 815 | returns the buffer that it switched to. |
b1b12a8e RS |
816 | @end deffn |
817 | ||
3a052bd3 LT |
818 | The next two functions are similar to @code{switch-to-buffer}, except |
819 | for the described features. | |
820 | ||
f9f59935 | 821 | @deffn Command switch-to-buffer-other-window buffer-or-name &optional norecord |
b1b12a8e RS |
822 | This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and |
823 | displays it in a window not currently selected. It then selects that | |
824 | window. The handling of the buffer is the same as in | |
825 | @code{switch-to-buffer}. | |
826 | ||
c638661f RS |
827 | The currently selected window is absolutely never used to do the job. |
828 | If it is the only window, then it is split to make a distinct window for | |
829 | this purpose. If the selected window is already displaying the buffer, | |
830 | then it continues to do so, but another window is nonetheless found to | |
831 | display it in as well. | |
f9f59935 RS |
832 | |
833 | This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer} | |
834 | unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
835 | @end deffn |
836 | ||
f9f59935 | 837 | @defun pop-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional other-window norecord |
b1b12a8e RS |
838 | This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and |
839 | switches to it in some window, preferably not the window previously | |
840 | selected. The ``popped-to'' window becomes the selected window within | |
996d82f8 | 841 | its frame. The return value is the buffer that was switched to. |
27704b78 RS |
842 | If @var{buffer-or-name} is @code{nil}, that means to choose some |
843 | other buffer, but you don't specify which. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
844 | |
845 | If the variable @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil}, | |
846 | @code{pop-to-buffer} looks for a window in any visible frame already | |
847 | displaying the buffer; if there is one, it returns that window and makes | |
848 | it be selected within its frame. If there is none, it creates a new | |
849 | frame and displays the buffer in it. | |
850 | ||
851 | If @code{pop-up-frames} is @code{nil}, then @code{pop-to-buffer} | |
852 | operates entirely within the selected frame. (If the selected frame has | |
853 | just a minibuffer, @code{pop-to-buffer} operates within the most | |
854 | recently selected frame that was not just a minibuffer.) | |
855 | ||
856 | If the variable @code{pop-up-windows} is non-@code{nil}, windows may | |
857 | be split to create a new window that is different from the original | |
858 | window. For details, see @ref{Choosing Window}. | |
859 | ||
860 | If @var{other-window} is non-@code{nil}, @code{pop-to-buffer} finds or | |
861 | creates another window even if @var{buffer-or-name} is already visible | |
862 | in the selected window. Thus @var{buffer-or-name} could end up | |
863 | displayed in two windows. On the other hand, if @var{buffer-or-name} is | |
864 | already displayed in the selected window and @var{other-window} is | |
865 | @code{nil}, then the selected window is considered sufficient display | |
866 | for @var{buffer-or-name}, so that nothing needs to be done. | |
867 | ||
bfe721d1 KH |
868 | All the variables that affect @code{display-buffer} affect |
869 | @code{pop-to-buffer} as well. @xref{Choosing Window}. | |
870 | ||
b1b12a8e | 871 | If @var{buffer-or-name} is a string that does not name an existing |
22697dac KH |
872 | buffer, a buffer by that name is created. The major mode for the new |
873 | buffer is set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}. | |
874 | @xref{Auto Major Mode}. | |
f9f59935 RS |
875 | |
876 | This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer} | |
877 | unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
878 | @end defun |
879 | ||
3a052bd3 LT |
880 | @deffn Command replace-buffer-in-windows buffer-or-name |
881 | This function replaces @var{buffer-or-name} with some other buffer in all | |
882 | windows displaying it. It chooses the other buffer with | |
bfe721d1 KH |
883 | @code{other-buffer}. In the usual applications of this function, you |
884 | don't care which other buffer is used; you just want to make sure that | |
3a052bd3 | 885 | @var{buffer-or-name} is no longer displayed. |
bfe721d1 KH |
886 | |
887 | This function returns @code{nil}. | |
888 | @end deffn | |
889 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
890 | @node Choosing Window |
891 | @section Choosing a Window for Display | |
892 | ||
c638661f | 893 | This section describes the basic facility that chooses a window to |
b1b12a8e RS |
894 | display a buffer in---@code{display-buffer}. All the higher-level |
895 | functions and commands use this subroutine. Here we describe how to use | |
896 | @code{display-buffer} and how to customize it. | |
897 | ||
f9f59935 | 898 | @deffn Command display-buffer buffer-or-name &optional not-this-window frame |
b1b12a8e RS |
899 | This command makes @var{buffer-or-name} appear in some window, like |
900 | @code{pop-to-buffer}, but it does not select that window and does not | |
901 | make the buffer current. The identity of the selected window is | |
3a052bd3 LT |
902 | unaltered by this function. @var{buffer-or-name} must be a buffer, or |
903 | the name of an existing buffer. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
904 | |
905 | If @var{not-this-window} is non-@code{nil}, it means to display the | |
906 | specified buffer in a window other than the selected one, even if it is | |
907 | already on display in the selected window. This can cause the buffer to | |
908 | appear in two windows at once. Otherwise, if @var{buffer-or-name} is | |
909 | already being displayed in any window, that is good enough, so this | |
910 | function does nothing. | |
911 | ||
912 | @code{display-buffer} returns the window chosen to display | |
913 | @var{buffer-or-name}. | |
914 | ||
f9f59935 | 915 | If the argument @var{frame} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies which frames |
1911e6e5 RS |
916 | to check when deciding whether the buffer is already displayed. If the |
917 | buffer is already displayed in some window on one of these frames, | |
918 | @code{display-buffer} simply returns that window. Here are the possible | |
919 | values of @var{frame}: | |
920 | ||
921 | @itemize @bullet | |
922 | @item | |
923 | If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. | |
3a052bd3 | 924 | (Actually, the last non-minibuffer frame.) |
1911e6e5 RS |
925 | @item |
926 | If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. | |
927 | @item | |
928 | If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. | |
929 | @item | |
930 | If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. | |
931 | @item | |
932 | If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. | |
933 | @end itemize | |
f9f59935 | 934 | |
b1b12a8e RS |
935 | Precisely how @code{display-buffer} finds or creates a window depends on |
936 | the variables described below. | |
937 | @end deffn | |
938 | ||
704bdba1 GM |
939 | @defopt display-buffer-reuse-frames |
940 | If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{display-buffer} searches | |
941 | existing frames for a window displaying the buffer. If the buffer is | |
942 | already displayed in a window in some frame, @code{display-buffer} makes | |
943 | the frame visible and raises it, to use that window. If the buffer is | |
944 | not already displayed, or if @code{display-buffer-reuse-frames} is | |
945 | @code{nil}, @code{display-buffer}'s behavior is determined by other | |
946 | variables, described below. | |
947 | @end defopt | |
948 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
949 | @defopt pop-up-windows |
950 | This variable controls whether @code{display-buffer} makes new windows. | |
951 | If it is non-@code{nil} and there is only one window, then that window | |
952 | is split. If it is @code{nil}, then @code{display-buffer} does not | |
953 | split the single window, but uses it whole. | |
954 | @end defopt | |
955 | ||
956 | @defopt split-height-threshold | |
957 | This variable determines when @code{display-buffer} may split a window, | |
958 | if there are multiple windows. @code{display-buffer} always splits the | |
959 | largest window if it has at least this many lines. If the largest | |
960 | window is not this tall, it is split only if it is the sole window and | |
961 | @code{pop-up-windows} is non-@code{nil}. | |
962 | @end defopt | |
963 | ||
4f0308e1 GM |
964 | @defopt even-window-heights |
965 | This variable determines if @code{display-buffer} should even out window | |
966 | heights if the buffer gets displayed in an existing window, above or | |
967 | beneath another existing window. If @code{even-window-heights} is | |
968 | @code{t}, the default, window heights will be evened out. If | |
5fe3b9bc | 969 | @code{even-window-heights} is @code{nil}, the original window heights |
4f0308e1 | 970 | will be left alone. |
fbd9f276 | 971 | @end defopt |
4f0308e1 | 972 | |
b1b12a8e RS |
973 | @c Emacs 19 feature |
974 | @defopt pop-up-frames | |
975 | This variable controls whether @code{display-buffer} makes new frames. | |
976 | If it is non-@code{nil}, @code{display-buffer} looks for an existing | |
977 | window already displaying the desired buffer, on any visible frame. If | |
978 | it finds one, it returns that window. Otherwise it makes a new frame. | |
979 | The variables @code{pop-up-windows} and @code{split-height-threshold} do | |
980 | not matter if @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil}. | |
981 | ||
982 | If @code{pop-up-frames} is @code{nil}, then @code{display-buffer} either | |
983 | splits a window or reuses one. | |
984 | ||
985 | @xref{Frames}, for more information. | |
986 | @end defopt | |
987 | ||
988 | @c Emacs 19 feature | |
27704b78 | 989 | @defopt pop-up-frame-function |
b1b12a8e RS |
990 | This variable specifies how to make a new frame if @code{pop-up-frames} |
991 | is non-@code{nil}. | |
992 | ||
993 | Its value should be a function of no arguments. When | |
994 | @code{display-buffer} makes a new frame, it does so by calling that | |
995 | function, which should return a frame. The default value of the | |
c638661f | 996 | variable is a function that creates a frame using parameters from |
b1b12a8e | 997 | @code{pop-up-frame-alist}. |
b52a26fb | 998 | @end defopt |
b1b12a8e | 999 | |
8241495d | 1000 | @defopt pop-up-frame-alist |
b1b12a8e RS |
1001 | This variable holds an alist specifying frame parameters used when |
1002 | @code{display-buffer} makes a new frame. @xref{Frame Parameters}, for | |
1003 | more information about frame parameters. | |
8241495d | 1004 | @end defopt |
b1b12a8e | 1005 | |
1911e6e5 | 1006 | @defopt special-display-buffer-names |
c2264295 RS |
1007 | A list of buffer names for buffers that should be displayed specially. |
1008 | If the buffer's name is in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the | |
1009 | buffer specially. | |
1010 | ||
1011 | By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame. | |
bfe721d1 KH |
1012 | |
1013 | If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the | |
c1f21754 RS |
1014 | list is the buffer name, and the rest of the list says how to create |
1015 | the frame. There are two possibilities for the rest of the list (its | |
1016 | @sc{cdr}). It can be an alist, specifying frame parameters, or it can | |
1017 | contain a function and arguments to give to it. (The function's first | |
1018 | argument is always the buffer to be displayed; the arguments from the | |
1019 | list come after that.) | |
1020 | ||
1021 | For example: | |
1022 | ||
1023 | @example | |
1024 | (("myfile" (minibuffer) (menu-bar-lines . 0))) | |
1025 | @end example | |
1026 | ||
1027 | @noindent | |
1028 | specifies to display a buffer named @samp{myfile} in a dedicated frame | |
1029 | with specified @code{minibuffer} and @code{menu-bar-lines} parameters. | |
27704b78 RS |
1030 | |
1031 | The list of frame parameters can also use the phony frame parameters | |
1032 | @code{same-frame} and @code{same-window}. If the specified frame | |
1033 | parameters include @code{(same-window . @var{value})} and @var{value} | |
1034 | is non-@code{nil}, that means to display the buffer in the current | |
1035 | selected window. Otherwise, if they include @code{(same-frame . | |
1036 | @var{value})} and @var{value} is non-@code{nil}, that means to display | |
1037 | the buffer in a new window in the currently selected frame. | |
1911e6e5 | 1038 | @end defopt |
c2264295 | 1039 | |
1911e6e5 | 1040 | @defopt special-display-regexps |
c2264295 RS |
1041 | A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be |
1042 | displayed specially. If the buffer's name matches any of the regular | |
1043 | expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the buffer | |
1044 | specially. | |
1045 | ||
1046 | By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame. | |
bfe721d1 KH |
1047 | |
1048 | If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the | |
1049 | list is the regular expression, and the rest of the list says how to | |
1050 | create the frame. See above, under @code{special-display-buffer-names}. | |
1911e6e5 | 1051 | @end defopt |
c2264295 | 1052 | |
4d25144d RS |
1053 | @defun special-display-p buffer-name |
1054 | This function returns non-@code{nil} if displaying a buffer | |
1055 | named @var{buffer-name} with @code{display-buffer} would | |
1056 | create a special frame. The value is @code{t} if it would | |
3a052bd3 | 1057 | use the default frame parameters, or else the specified list |
4d25144d RS |
1058 | of frame parameters. |
1059 | @end defun | |
1060 | ||
c2264295 RS |
1061 | @defvar special-display-function |
1062 | This variable holds the function to call to display a buffer specially. | |
1063 | It receives the buffer as an argument, and should return the window in | |
1064 | which it is displayed. | |
1065 | ||
1066 | The default value of this variable is | |
1067 | @code{special-display-popup-frame}. | |
1068 | @end defvar | |
1069 | ||
3a052bd3 | 1070 | @defun special-display-popup-frame buffer &optional args |
c2264295 RS |
1071 | This function makes @var{buffer} visible in a frame of its own. If |
1072 | @var{buffer} is already displayed in a window in some frame, it makes | |
1073 | the frame visible and raises it, to use that window. Otherwise, it | |
3a052bd3 LT |
1074 | creates a frame that will be dedicated to @var{buffer}. This |
1075 | function returns the window it used. | |
c638661f | 1076 | |
8241495d RS |
1077 | If @var{args} is an alist, it specifies frame parameters for the new |
1078 | frame. | |
1079 | ||
1080 | If @var{args} is a list whose @sc{car} is a symbol, then @code{(car | |
1081 | @var{args})} is called as a function to actually create and set up the | |
1082 | frame; it is called with @var{buffer} as first argument, and @code{(cdr | |
1083 | @var{args})} as additional arguments. | |
1084 | ||
1085 | This function always uses an existing window displaying @var{buffer}, | |
1086 | whether or not it is in a frame of its own; but if you set up the above | |
1087 | variables in your init file, before @var{buffer} was created, then | |
1088 | presumably the window was previously made by this function. | |
c2264295 RS |
1089 | @end defun |
1090 | ||
1091 | @defopt special-display-frame-alist | |
9a4ff31b | 1092 | @anchor{Definition of special-display-frame-alist} |
c2264295 RS |
1093 | This variable holds frame parameters for |
1094 | @code{special-display-popup-frame} to use when it creates a frame. | |
1095 | @end defopt | |
1096 | ||
864bd34b | 1097 | @defopt same-window-buffer-names |
bfe721d1 KH |
1098 | A list of buffer names for buffers that should be displayed in the |
1099 | selected window. If the buffer's name is in this list, | |
1100 | @code{display-buffer} handles the buffer by switching to it in the | |
1101 | selected window. | |
864bd34b | 1102 | @end defopt |
bfe721d1 | 1103 | |
864bd34b | 1104 | @defopt same-window-regexps |
bfe721d1 KH |
1105 | A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be |
1106 | displayed in the selected window. If the buffer's name matches any of | |
1107 | the regular expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the | |
1108 | buffer by switching to it in the selected window. | |
864bd34b | 1109 | @end defopt |
bfe721d1 | 1110 | |
4d25144d RS |
1111 | @defun same-window-p buffer-name |
1112 | This function returns @code{t} if displaying a buffer | |
1113 | named @var{buffer-name} with @code{display-buffer} would | |
1114 | put it in the selected window. | |
1115 | @end defun | |
1116 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
1117 | @c Emacs 19 feature |
1118 | @defvar display-buffer-function | |
1119 | This variable is the most flexible way to customize the behavior of | |
1120 | @code{display-buffer}. If it is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function | |
1121 | that @code{display-buffer} calls to do the work. The function should | |
3a052bd3 | 1122 | accept two arguments, the first two arguments that @code{display-buffer} |
b1b12a8e | 1123 | received. It should choose or create a window, display the specified |
3a052bd3 | 1124 | buffer in it, and then return the window. |
b1b12a8e RS |
1125 | |
1126 | This hook takes precedence over all the other options and hooks | |
1127 | described above. | |
1128 | @end defvar | |
1129 | ||
1130 | @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1131 | @cindex dedicated window | |
1132 | A window can be marked as ``dedicated'' to its buffer. Then | |
969fe9b5 RS |
1133 | @code{display-buffer} will not try to use that window to display any |
1134 | other buffer. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1135 | |
1136 | @defun window-dedicated-p window | |
27704b78 RS |
1137 | This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{window} is marked as |
1138 | dedicated; otherwise @code{nil}. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1139 | @end defun |
1140 | ||
1141 | @defun set-window-dedicated-p window flag | |
1142 | This function marks @var{window} as dedicated if @var{flag} is | |
1143 | non-@code{nil}, and nondedicated otherwise. | |
1144 | @end defun | |
1145 | ||
1146 | @node Window Point | |
1147 | @section Windows and Point | |
1148 | @cindex window position | |
1149 | @cindex window point | |
1150 | @cindex position in window | |
1151 | @cindex point in window | |
1152 | ||
1153 | Each window has its own value of point, independent of the value of | |
1154 | point in other windows displaying the same buffer. This makes it useful | |
1155 | to have multiple windows showing one buffer. | |
1156 | ||
1157 | @itemize @bullet | |
1158 | @item | |
1159 | The window point is established when a window is first created; it is | |
1160 | initialized from the buffer's point, or from the window point of another | |
1161 | window opened on the buffer if such a window exists. | |
1162 | ||
1163 | @item | |
f9f59935 RS |
1164 | Selecting a window sets the value of point in its buffer from the |
1165 | window's value of point. Conversely, deselecting a window sets the | |
1166 | window's value of point from that of the buffer. Thus, when you switch | |
1167 | between windows that display a given buffer, the point value for the | |
1168 | selected window is in effect in the buffer, while the point values for | |
1169 | the other windows are stored in those windows. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1170 | |
1171 | @item | |
1172 | As long as the selected window displays the current buffer, the window's | |
1173 | point and the buffer's point always move together; they remain equal. | |
1174 | ||
1175 | @item | |
1176 | @xref{Positions}, for more details on buffer positions. | |
1177 | @end itemize | |
1178 | ||
1179 | As far as the user is concerned, point is where the cursor is, and | |
1180 | when the user switches to another buffer, the cursor jumps to the | |
1181 | position of point in that buffer. | |
1182 | ||
8241495d | 1183 | @defun window-point &optional window |
b1b12a8e RS |
1184 | This function returns the current position of point in @var{window}. |
1185 | For a nonselected window, this is the value point would have (in that | |
8241495d RS |
1186 | window's buffer) if that window were selected. If @var{window} is |
1187 | @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1188 | |
1189 | When @var{window} is the selected window and its buffer is also the | |
1190 | current buffer, the value returned is the same as point in that buffer. | |
1191 | ||
1192 | Strictly speaking, it would be more correct to return the | |
1193 | ``top-level'' value of point, outside of any @code{save-excursion} | |
1194 | forms. But that value is hard to find. | |
1195 | @end defun | |
1196 | ||
1197 | @defun set-window-point window position | |
1198 | This function positions point in @var{window} at position | |
eab4e895 | 1199 | @var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer. It returns @var{position}. |
b1b12a8e RS |
1200 | @end defun |
1201 | ||
1202 | @node Window Start | |
1203 | @section The Window Start Position | |
1204 | ||
1205 | Each window contains a marker used to keep track of a buffer position | |
c638661f | 1206 | that specifies where in the buffer display should start. This position |
b1b12a8e RS |
1207 | is called the @dfn{display-start} position of the window (or just the |
1208 | @dfn{start}). The character after this position is the one that appears | |
1209 | at the upper left corner of the window. It is usually, but not | |
1210 | inevitably, at the beginning of a text line. | |
1211 | ||
1212 | @defun window-start &optional window | |
1213 | @cindex window top line | |
1214 | This function returns the display-start position of window | |
1215 | @var{window}. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is | |
3c29caa8 | 1216 | used. For example, |
b1b12a8e RS |
1217 | |
1218 | @example | |
1219 | @group | |
1220 | (window-start) | |
1221 | @result{} 7058 | |
1222 | @end group | |
1223 | @end example | |
1224 | ||
c638661f | 1225 | When you create a window, or display a different buffer in it, the |
b1b12a8e RS |
1226 | display-start position is set to a display-start position recently used |
1227 | for the same buffer, or 1 if the buffer doesn't have any. | |
1228 | ||
ea951766 | 1229 | Redisplay updates the window-start position (if you have not specified |
8241495d RS |
1230 | it explicitly since the previous redisplay)---for example, to make sure |
1231 | point appears on the screen. Nothing except redisplay automatically | |
1232 | changes the window-start position; if you move point, do not expect the | |
1233 | window-start position to change in response until after the next | |
1234 | redisplay. | |
ea951766 RS |
1235 | |
1236 | For a realistic example of using @code{window-start}, see the | |
eab4e895 | 1237 | description of @code{count-lines}. @xref{Definition of count-lines}. |
b1b12a8e RS |
1238 | @end defun |
1239 | ||
969fe9b5 | 1240 | @defun window-end &optional window update |
b1b12a8e RS |
1241 | This function returns the position of the end of the display in window |
1242 | @var{window}. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is | |
1243 | used. | |
c638661f | 1244 | |
6c7418db RS |
1245 | Simply changing the buffer text or moving point does not update the |
1246 | value that @code{window-end} returns. The value is updated only when | |
969fe9b5 | 1247 | Emacs redisplays and redisplay completes without being preempted. |
6c7418db | 1248 | |
c638661f | 1249 | If the last redisplay of @var{window} was preempted, and did not finish, |
a283f4a3 | 1250 | Emacs does not know the position of the end of display in that window. |
969fe9b5 | 1251 | In that case, this function returns @code{nil}. |
c638661f | 1252 | |
41448f63 RS |
1253 | If @var{update} is non-@code{nil}, @code{window-end} always returns an |
1254 | up-to-date value for where the window ends, based on the current | |
1255 | @code{window-start} value. If the saved value is valid, | |
1256 | @code{window-end} returns that; otherwise it computes the correct | |
969fe9b5 | 1257 | value by scanning the buffer text. |
41448f63 RS |
1258 | |
1259 | Even if @var{update} is non-@code{nil}, @code{window-end} does not | |
1260 | attempt to scroll the display if point has moved off the screen, the | |
1261 | way real redisplay would do. It does not alter the | |
1262 | @code{window-start} value. In effect, it reports where the displayed | |
1263 | text will end if scrolling is not required. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1264 | @end defun |
1265 | ||
1266 | @defun set-window-start window position &optional noforce | |
1267 | This function sets the display-start position of @var{window} to | |
c638661f | 1268 | @var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer. It returns @var{position}. |
b1b12a8e RS |
1269 | |
1270 | The display routines insist that the position of point be visible when a | |
1271 | buffer is displayed. Normally, they change the display-start position | |
1272 | (that is, scroll the window) whenever necessary to make point visible. | |
1273 | However, if you specify the start position with this function using | |
1274 | @code{nil} for @var{noforce}, it means you want display to start at | |
1275 | @var{position} even if that would put the location of point off the | |
1276 | screen. If this does place point off screen, the display routines move | |
1277 | point to the left margin on the middle line in the window. | |
1278 | ||
1279 | For example, if point @w{is 1} and you set the start of the window @w{to | |
1280 | 2}, then point would be ``above'' the top of the window. The display | |
1281 | routines will automatically move point if it is still 1 when redisplay | |
1282 | occurs. Here is an example: | |
1283 | ||
1284 | @example | |
1285 | @group | |
1286 | ;; @r{Here is what @samp{foo} looks like before executing} | |
1287 | ;; @r{the @code{set-window-start} expression.} | |
1288 | @end group | |
1289 | ||
1290 | @group | |
1291 | ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1292 | @point{}This is the contents of buffer foo. | |
1293 | 2 | |
1294 | 3 | |
1295 | 4 | |
1296 | 5 | |
1297 | 6 | |
1298 | ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1299 | @end group | |
1300 | ||
1301 | @group | |
1302 | (set-window-start | |
1303 | (selected-window) | |
1304 | (1+ (window-start))) | |
1305 | @result{} 2 | |
1306 | @end group | |
1307 | ||
1308 | @group | |
1309 | ;; @r{Here is what @samp{foo} looks like after executing} | |
1310 | ;; @r{the @code{set-window-start} expression.} | |
1311 | ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1312 | his is the contents of buffer foo. | |
1313 | 2 | |
1314 | 3 | |
1315 | @point{}4 | |
1316 | 5 | |
1317 | 6 | |
1318 | ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1319 | @end group | |
1320 | @end example | |
1321 | ||
1322 | If @var{noforce} is non-@code{nil}, and @var{position} would place point | |
1323 | off screen at the next redisplay, then redisplay computes a new window-start | |
1324 | position that works well with point, and thus @var{position} is not used. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1325 | @end defun |
1326 | ||
00480554 | 1327 | @defun pos-visible-in-window-p &optional position window partially |
eab4e895 LT |
1328 | This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{position} is within the |
1329 | range of text currently visible on the screen in @var{window}. It | |
1330 | returns @code{nil} if @var{position} is scrolled vertically out of | |
1331 | view. Locations that are partially obscured are not considered | |
00480554 MB |
1332 | visible unless @var{partially} is non-@code{nil}. The argument |
1333 | @var{position} defaults to the current position of point in | |
1334 | @var{window}; @var{window}, to the selected window. | |
1335 | ||
eab4e895 LT |
1336 | The @code{pos-visible-in-window-p} function considers only vertical |
1337 | scrolling. If @var{position} is out of view only because @var{window} | |
1338 | has been scrolled horizontally, @code{pos-visible-in-window-p} returns | |
1339 | non-@code{nil} anyway. @xref{Horizontal Scrolling}. | |
1340 | ||
1341 | If @var{position} is visible, @code{pos-visible-in-window-p} returns | |
1342 | @code{t} if @var{partially} is @code{nil}; if @var{partially} is | |
1343 | non-@code{nil}, it returns a list of the form @code{(@var{x} @var{y} | |
1344 | @var{fully})}, where @var{x} and @var{y} are the pixel coordinates | |
1345 | relative to the top left corner of the window, and @var{fully} is | |
1346 | @code{t} if the character after @var{position} is fully visible and | |
1347 | @code{nil} otherwise. | |
1348 | ||
00480554 | 1349 | Here is an example: |
b1b12a8e RS |
1350 | |
1351 | @example | |
1352 | @group | |
1353 | (or (pos-visible-in-window-p | |
1354 | (point) (selected-window)) | |
1355 | (recenter 0)) | |
1356 | @end group | |
1357 | @end example | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1358 | @end defun |
1359 | ||
8241495d RS |
1360 | @node Textual Scrolling |
1361 | @section Textual Scrolling | |
1362 | @cindex textual scrolling | |
1363 | @cindex scrolling textually | |
1364 | ||
eab4e895 | 1365 | @dfn{Textual scrolling} means moving the text up or down through a |
8241495d RS |
1366 | window. It works by changing the value of the window's display-start |
1367 | location. It may also change the value of @code{window-point} to keep | |
1368 | point on the screen. | |
b1b12a8e | 1369 | |
8241495d RS |
1370 | Textual scrolling was formerly called ``vertical scrolling,'' but we |
1371 | changed its name to distinguish it from the new vertical fractional | |
1372 | scrolling feature (@pxref{Vertical Scrolling}). | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1373 | |
1374 | In the commands @code{scroll-up} and @code{scroll-down}, the directions | |
1375 | ``up'' and ``down'' refer to the motion of the text in the buffer at which | |
1376 | you are looking through the window. Imagine that the text is | |
1377 | written on a long roll of paper and that the scrolling commands move the | |
1378 | paper up and down. Thus, if you are looking at text in the middle of a | |
1379 | buffer and repeatedly call @code{scroll-down}, you will eventually see | |
1380 | the beginning of the buffer. | |
1381 | ||
1382 | Some people have urged that the opposite convention be used: they | |
1383 | imagine that the window moves over text that remains in place. Then | |
1384 | ``down'' commands would take you to the end of the buffer. This view is | |
1385 | more consistent with the actual relationship between windows and the | |
1386 | text in the buffer, but it is less like what the user sees. The | |
1387 | position of a window on the terminal does not move, and short scrolling | |
1388 | commands clearly move the text up or down on the screen. We have chosen | |
1389 | names that fit the user's point of view. | |
1390 | ||
8241495d RS |
1391 | The textual scrolling functions (aside from |
1392 | @code{scroll-other-window}) have unpredictable results if the current | |
1393 | buffer is different from the buffer that is displayed in the selected | |
1394 | window. @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1395 | |
1396 | @deffn Command scroll-up &optional count | |
1397 | This function scrolls the text in the selected window upward | |
1398 | @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually | |
1399 | downward. | |
1400 | ||
1401 | If @var{count} is @code{nil} (or omitted), then the length of scroll | |
1402 | is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of | |
1403 | the window (not counting its mode line). | |
1404 | ||
27704b78 RS |
1405 | @code{scroll-up} returns @code{nil}, unless it gets an error |
1406 | because it can't scroll any further. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1407 | @end deffn |
1408 | ||
1409 | @deffn Command scroll-down &optional count | |
1410 | This function scrolls the text in the selected window downward | |
1411 | @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually | |
1412 | upward. | |
1413 | ||
1414 | If @var{count} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the length of the scroll | |
1415 | is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of | |
c638661f | 1416 | the window (not counting its mode line). |
b1b12a8e | 1417 | |
27704b78 RS |
1418 | @code{scroll-down} returns @code{nil}, unless it gets an error because |
1419 | it can't scroll any further. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1420 | @end deffn |
1421 | ||
1422 | @deffn Command scroll-other-window &optional count | |
1423 | This function scrolls the text in another window upward @var{count} | |
1424 | lines. Negative values of @var{count}, or @code{nil}, are handled | |
1425 | as in @code{scroll-up}. | |
1426 | ||
8241495d RS |
1427 | You can specify which buffer to scroll by setting the variable |
1428 | @code{other-window-scroll-buffer} to a buffer. If that buffer isn't | |
1429 | already displayed, @code{scroll-other-window} displays it in some | |
1430 | window. | |
1431 | ||
1432 | When the selected window is the minibuffer, the next window is normally | |
1433 | the one at the top left corner. You can specify a different window to | |
1434 | scroll, when the minibuffer is selected, by setting the variable | |
b1b12a8e | 1435 | @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. This variable has no effect when any |
eab4e895 LT |
1436 | other window is selected. When it is non-@code{nil} and the |
1437 | minibuffer is selected, it takes precedence over | |
1438 | @code{other-window-scroll-buffer}. @xref{Definition of | |
1439 | minibuffer-scroll-window}. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1440 | |
1441 | When the minibuffer is active, it is the next window if the selected | |
1442 | window is the one at the bottom right corner. In this case, | |
1443 | @code{scroll-other-window} attempts to scroll the minibuffer. If the | |
1444 | minibuffer contains just one line, it has nowhere to scroll to, so the | |
1445 | line reappears after the echo area momentarily displays the message | |
1446 | ``Beginning of buffer''. | |
1447 | @end deffn | |
1448 | ||
1449 | @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1450 | @defvar other-window-scroll-buffer | |
1451 | If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it tells @code{scroll-other-window} | |
1452 | which buffer to scroll. | |
1453 | @end defvar | |
1454 | ||
1911e6e5 RS |
1455 | @defopt scroll-margin |
1456 | This option specifies the size of the scroll margin---a minimum number | |
1457 | of lines between point and the top or bottom of a window. Whenever | |
1458 | point gets within this many lines of the top or bottom of the window, | |
ac7845fd RS |
1459 | redisplay scrolls the text automatically (if possible) to move point |
1460 | out of the margin, closer to the center of the window. | |
1911e6e5 RS |
1461 | @end defopt |
1462 | ||
1911e6e5 | 1463 | @defopt scroll-conservatively |
b1b12a8e | 1464 | This variable controls how scrolling is done automatically when point |
ac7845fd RS |
1465 | moves off the screen (or into the scroll margin). If the value is a |
1466 | positive integer @var{n}, then redisplay scrolls the text up to | |
1467 | @var{n} lines in either direction, if that will bring point back into | |
1468 | proper view. This action is called @dfn{conservative scrolling}. | |
1469 | Otherwise, scrolling happens in the usual way, under the control of | |
1470 | other variables such as @code{scroll-up-aggressively} and | |
1471 | @code{scroll-down-aggressively}. | |
1472 | ||
1473 | The default value is zero, which means that conservative scrolling | |
1474 | never happens. | |
1911e6e5 RS |
1475 | @end defopt |
1476 | ||
9db0af9e RS |
1477 | @defopt scroll-down-aggressively |
1478 | @tindex scroll-down-aggressively | |
04c1025b GM |
1479 | The value of this variable should be either @code{nil} or a fraction |
1480 | @var{f} between 0 and 1. If it is a fraction, that specifies where on | |
9db0af9e RS |
1481 | the screen to put point when scrolling down. More precisely, when a |
1482 | window scrolls down because point is above the window start, the new | |
1483 | start position is chosen to put point @var{f} part of the window | |
1484 | height from the top. The larger @var{f}, the more aggressive the | |
1485 | scrolling. | |
04c1025b | 1486 | |
2468d0c0 DL |
1487 | A value of @code{nil} is equivalent to .5, since its effect is to center |
1488 | point. This variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any | |
1489 | fashion. | |
04c1025b GM |
1490 | @end defopt |
1491 | ||
9db0af9e RS |
1492 | @defopt scroll-up-aggressively |
1493 | @tindex scroll-up-aggressively | |
1494 | Likewise, for scrolling up. The value, @var{f}, specifies how far | |
04c1025b GM |
1495 | point should be placed from the bottom of the window; thus, as with |
1496 | @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a larger value scrolls more aggressively. | |
1497 | @end defopt | |
1498 | ||
1911e6e5 RS |
1499 | @defopt scroll-step |
1500 | This variable is an older variant of @code{scroll-conservatively}. The | |
1501 | difference is that it if its value is @var{n}, that permits scrolling | |
1502 | only by precisely @var{n} lines, not a smaller number. This feature | |
1503 | does not work with @code{scroll-margin}. The default value is zero. | |
1504 | @end defopt | |
1505 | ||
1911e6e5 RS |
1506 | @defopt scroll-preserve-screen-position |
1507 | If this option is non-@code{nil}, the scroll functions move point so | |
1508 | that the vertical position of the cursor is unchanged, when that is | |
1509 | possible. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1510 | @end defopt |
1511 | ||
1512 | @defopt next-screen-context-lines | |
1513 | The value of this variable is the number of lines of continuity to | |
1514 | retain when scrolling by full screens. For example, @code{scroll-up} | |
1515 | with an argument of @code{nil} scrolls so that this many lines at the | |
1516 | bottom of the window appear instead at the top. The default value is | |
1517 | @code{2}. | |
1518 | @end defopt | |
1519 | ||
1520 | @deffn Command recenter &optional count | |
1521 | @cindex centering point | |
ac7845fd RS |
1522 | This function scrolls the text in the selected window so that point is |
1523 | displayed at a specified vertical position within the window. It does | |
1524 | not ``move point'' with respect to the text. | |
1525 | ||
1526 | If @var{count} is a nonnegative number, that puts the line containing | |
1527 | point @var{count} lines down from the top of the window. If | |
1528 | @var{count} is a negative number, then it counts upward from the | |
1529 | bottom of the window, so that @minus{}1 stands for the last usable | |
1530 | line in the window. If @var{count} is a non-@code{nil} list, then it | |
1531 | stands for the line in the middle of the window. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1532 | |
1533 | If @var{count} is @code{nil}, @code{recenter} puts the line containing | |
1534 | point in the middle of the window, then clears and redisplays the entire | |
1535 | selected frame. | |
1536 | ||
1537 | When @code{recenter} is called interactively, @var{count} is the raw | |
1538 | prefix argument. Thus, typing @kbd{C-u} as the prefix sets the | |
1539 | @var{count} to a non-@code{nil} list, while typing @kbd{C-u 4} sets | |
1540 | @var{count} to 4, which positions the current line four lines from the | |
1541 | top. | |
1542 | ||
c638661f RS |
1543 | With an argument of zero, @code{recenter} positions the current line at |
1544 | the top of the window. This action is so handy that some people make a | |
1545 | separate key binding to do this. For example, | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1546 | |
1547 | @example | |
1548 | @group | |
1549 | (defun line-to-top-of-window () | |
1550 | "Scroll current line to top of window. | |
1551 | Replaces three keystroke sequence C-u 0 C-l." | |
3c29caa8 | 1552 | (interactive) |
b1b12a8e RS |
1553 | (recenter 0)) |
1554 | ||
3c29caa8 | 1555 | (global-set-key [kp-multiply] 'line-to-top-of-window) |
b1b12a8e RS |
1556 | @end group |
1557 | @end example | |
1558 | @end deffn | |
1559 | ||
8241495d RS |
1560 | @node Vertical Scrolling |
1561 | @section Vertical Fractional Scrolling | |
1562 | @cindex Vertical Fractional Scrolling | |
1563 | ||
1564 | @dfn{Vertical fractional scrolling} means shifting the image in the | |
1565 | window up or down by a specified multiple or fraction of a line. | |
1566 | Starting in Emacs 21, each window has a @dfn{vertical scroll position}, | |
1567 | which is a number, never less than zero. It specifies how far to raise | |
1568 | the contents of the window. Raising the window contents generally makes | |
1569 | all or part of some lines disappear off the top, and all or part of some | |
1570 | other lines appear at the bottom. The usual value is zero. | |
1571 | ||
1572 | The vertical scroll position is measured in units of the normal line | |
1573 | height, which is the height of the default font. Thus, if the value is | |
1574 | .5, that means the window contents are scrolled up half the normal line | |
1575 | height. If it is 3.3, that means the window contents are scrolled up | |
1576 | somewhat over three times the normal line height. | |
1577 | ||
1578 | What fraction of a line the vertical scrolling covers, or how many | |
1579 | lines, depends on what the lines contain. A value of .5 could scroll a | |
1580 | line whose height is very short off the screen, while a value of 3.3 | |
1581 | could scroll just part of the way through a tall line or an image. | |
1582 | ||
eab4e895 | 1583 | @defun window-vscroll &optional window pixels-p |
8241495d | 1584 | This function returns the current vertical scroll position of |
eab4e895 LT |
1585 | @var{window}. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is |
1586 | used. If @var{pixels-p} is non-@code{nil}, the return value is | |
1587 | measured in pixels, rather than in units of the normal line height. | |
8241495d RS |
1588 | |
1589 | @example | |
1590 | @group | |
1591 | (window-vscroll) | |
1592 | @result{} 0 | |
1593 | @end group | |
1594 | @end example | |
1595 | @end defun | |
1596 | ||
eab4e895 | 1597 | @defun set-window-vscroll window lines &optional pixels-p |
8241495d RS |
1598 | This function sets @var{window}'s vertical scroll position to |
1599 | @var{lines}. The argument @var{lines} should be zero or positive; if | |
1600 | not, it is taken as zero. | |
1601 | ||
eb687116 EZ |
1602 | If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. |
1603 | ||
8241495d RS |
1604 | The actual vertical scroll position must always correspond |
1605 | to an integral number of pixels, so the value you specify | |
1606 | is rounded accordingly. | |
1607 | ||
1608 | The return value is the result of this rounding. | |
1609 | ||
1610 | @example | |
1611 | @group | |
1612 | (set-window-vscroll (selected-window) 1.2) | |
1613 | @result{} 1.13 | |
1614 | @end group | |
1615 | @end example | |
eab4e895 LT |
1616 | |
1617 | If @var{pixels-p} is non-@code{nil}, @var{lines} specifies a number of | |
1618 | pixels. In this case, the return value is @var{lines}. | |
8241495d RS |
1619 | @end defun |
1620 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
1621 | @node Horizontal Scrolling |
1622 | @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
1623 | @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
1624 | ||
8241495d RS |
1625 | @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting the image in the window left |
1626 | or right by a specified multiple of the normal character width. Each | |
061967de | 1627 | window has a @dfn{horizontal scroll position}, which is a number, never |
8241495d RS |
1628 | less than zero. It specifies how far to shift the contents left. |
1629 | Shifting the window contents left generally makes all or part of some | |
1630 | characters disappear off the left, and all or part of some other | |
1631 | characters appear at the right. The usual value is zero. | |
1632 | ||
1633 | The horizontal scroll position is measured in units of the normal | |
1634 | character width, which is the width of space in the default font. Thus, | |
1635 | if the value is 5, that means the window contents are scrolled left by 5 | |
c400241b | 1636 | times the normal character width. How many characters actually |
8241495d RS |
1637 | disappear off to the left depends on their width, and could vary from |
1638 | line to line. | |
1639 | ||
1640 | Because we read from side to side in the ``inner loop'', and from top | |
1641 | to bottom in the ``outer loop'', the effect of horizontal scrolling is | |
1642 | not like that of textual or vertical scrolling. Textual scrolling | |
1643 | involves selection of a portion of text to display, and vertical | |
1644 | scrolling moves the window contents contiguously; but horizontal | |
1645 | scrolling causes part of @emph{each line} to go off screen. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1646 | |
1647 | Usually, no horizontal scrolling is in effect; then the leftmost | |
1648 | column is at the left edge of the window. In this state, scrolling to | |
8241495d RS |
1649 | the right is meaningless, since there is no data to the left of the edge |
1650 | to be revealed by it; so this is not allowed. Scrolling to the left is | |
1651 | allowed; it scrolls the first columns of text off the edge of the window | |
1652 | and can reveal additional columns on the right that were truncated | |
1653 | before. Once a window has a nonzero amount of leftward horizontal | |
1654 | scrolling, you can scroll it back to the right, but only so far as to | |
1655 | reduce the net horizontal scroll to zero. There is no limit to how far | |
1656 | left you can scroll, but eventually all the text will disappear off the | |
1657 | left edge. | |
1658 | ||
0594fc7f | 1659 | @vindex auto-hscroll-mode |
27704b78 RS |
1660 | If @code{auto-hscroll-mode} is set, redisplay automatically alters |
1661 | the horizontal scrolling of a window as necessary to ensure that point | |
1662 | is always visible. However, you can still set the horizontal | |
1663 | scrolling value explicitly. The value you specify serves as a lower | |
1664 | bound for automatic scrolling, i.e. automatic scrolling will not | |
1665 | scroll a window to a column less than the specified one. | |
8241495d RS |
1666 | |
1667 | @deffn Command scroll-left &optional count | |
b1b12a8e | 1668 | This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the |
8241495d RS |
1669 | left (or to the right if @var{count} is negative). The default |
1670 | for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2. | |
1671 | ||
1672 | The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in | |
1673 | effect after the change---just like the value returned by | |
1674 | @code{window-hscroll} (below). | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1675 | @end deffn |
1676 | ||
8241495d | 1677 | @deffn Command scroll-right &optional count |
b1b12a8e | 1678 | This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the |
8241495d RS |
1679 | right (or to the left if @var{count} is negative). The default |
1680 | for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2. | |
1681 | ||
1682 | The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in | |
1683 | effect after the change---just like the value returned by | |
1684 | @code{window-hscroll} (below). | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1685 | |
1686 | Once you scroll a window as far right as it can go, back to its normal | |
1687 | position where the total leftward scrolling is zero, attempts to scroll | |
1688 | any farther right have no effect. | |
1689 | @end deffn | |
1690 | ||
1691 | @defun window-hscroll &optional window | |
1692 | This function returns the total leftward horizontal scrolling of | |
1693 | @var{window}---the number of columns by which the text in @var{window} | |
1694 | is scrolled left past the left margin. | |
1695 | ||
1696 | The value is never negative. It is zero when no horizontal scrolling | |
1697 | has been done in @var{window} (which is usually the case). | |
1698 | ||
1699 | If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
1700 | ||
1701 | @example | |
1702 | @group | |
1703 | (window-hscroll) | |
1704 | @result{} 0 | |
1705 | @end group | |
1706 | @group | |
1707 | (scroll-left 5) | |
1708 | @result{} 5 | |
1709 | @end group | |
1710 | @group | |
1711 | (window-hscroll) | |
1712 | @result{} 5 | |
1713 | @end group | |
1714 | @end example | |
1715 | @end defun | |
1716 | ||
1717 | @defun set-window-hscroll window columns | |
27704b78 RS |
1718 | This function sets horizontal scrolling of @var{window}. The value of |
1719 | @var{columns} specifies the amount of scrolling, in terms of columns | |
1720 | from the left margin. The argument @var{columns} should be zero or | |
1721 | positive; if not, it is taken as zero. Fractional values of | |
1722 | @var{columns} are not supported at present. | |
b1b12a8e | 1723 | |
515a9a0f RS |
1724 | Note that @code{set-window-hscroll} may appear not to work if you test |
1725 | it by evaluating a call with @kbd{M-:} in a simple way. What happens | |
1726 | is that the function sets the horizontal scroll value and returns, but | |
1727 | then redisplay adjusts the horizontal scrolling to make point visible, | |
1728 | and this overrides what the function did. You can observe the | |
1729 | function's effect if you call it while point is sufficiently far from | |
1730 | the left margin that it will remain visible. | |
1731 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
1732 | The value returned is @var{columns}. |
1733 | ||
1734 | @example | |
1735 | @group | |
1736 | (set-window-hscroll (selected-window) 10) | |
1737 | @result{} 10 | |
1738 | @end group | |
1739 | @end example | |
1740 | @end defun | |
1741 | ||
1742 | Here is how you can determine whether a given position @var{position} | |
1743 | is off the screen due to horizontal scrolling: | |
1744 | ||
1745 | @example | |
1746 | @group | |
c638661f | 1747 | (defun hscroll-on-screen (window position) |
3c29caa8 | 1748 | (save-excursion |
c638661f | 1749 | (goto-char position) |
3c29caa8 | 1750 | (and |
c638661f RS |
1751 | (>= (- (current-column) (window-hscroll window)) 0) |
1752 | (< (- (current-column) (window-hscroll window)) | |
1753 | (window-width window))))) | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1754 | @end group |
1755 | @end example | |
1756 | ||
1757 | @node Size of Window | |
1758 | @section The Size of a Window | |
1759 | @cindex window size | |
1760 | @cindex size of window | |
1761 | ||
1762 | An Emacs window is rectangular, and its size information consists of | |
1763 | the height (the number of lines) and the width (the number of character | |
1764 | positions in each line). The mode line is included in the height. But | |
1765 | the width does not count the scroll bar or the column of @samp{|} | |
c638661f | 1766 | characters that separates side-by-side windows. |
b1b12a8e RS |
1767 | |
1768 | The following three functions return size information about a window: | |
1769 | ||
1770 | @defun window-height &optional window | |
88f7b76a RS |
1771 | This function returns the number of lines in @var{window}, including |
1772 | its mode line and header line, if any. If @var{window} fills its | |
27704b78 RS |
1773 | entire frame except for the echo area, this is typically one less than |
1774 | the value of @code{frame-height} on that frame. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1775 | |
1776 | If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window. | |
1777 | ||
1778 | @example | |
1779 | @group | |
1780 | (window-height) | |
1781 | @result{} 23 | |
1782 | @end group | |
1783 | @group | |
1784 | (split-window-vertically) | |
1785 | @result{} #<window 4 on windows.texi> | |
1786 | @end group | |
1787 | @group | |
1788 | (window-height) | |
1789 | @result{} 11 | |
1790 | @end group | |
1791 | @end example | |
1792 | @end defun | |
1793 | ||
88f7b76a RS |
1794 | @tindex window-body-height |
1795 | @defun window-body-height &optional window | |
177c0ea7 | 1796 | Like @code{window-height} but the value does not include the |
88f7b76a RS |
1797 | mode line (if any) or the header line (if any). |
1798 | @end defun | |
1799 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
1800 | @defun window-width &optional window |
1801 | This function returns the number of columns in @var{window}. If | |
1802 | @var{window} fills its entire frame, this is the same as the value of | |
1803 | @code{frame-width} on that frame. The width does not include the | |
1804 | window's scroll bar or the column of @samp{|} characters that separates | |
1805 | side-by-side windows. | |
1806 | ||
1807 | If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window. | |
1808 | ||
1809 | @example | |
1810 | @group | |
1811 | (window-width) | |
1812 | @result{} 80 | |
1813 | @end group | |
1814 | @end example | |
1815 | @end defun | |
1816 | ||
1817 | @defun window-edges &optional window | |
1818 | This function returns a list of the edge coordinates of @var{window}. | |
1819 | If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
1820 | ||
1821 | The order of the list is @code{(@var{left} @var{top} @var{right} | |
1822 | @var{bottom})}, all elements relative to 0, 0 at the top left corner of | |
1823 | the frame. The element @var{right} of the value is one more than the | |
1824 | rightmost column used by @var{window}, and @var{bottom} is one more than | |
1825 | the bottommost row used by @var{window} and its mode-line. | |
1826 | ||
eab4e895 LT |
1827 | The edges include the space used by the window's scroll bar, display |
1828 | margins, fringes, header line, and mode line, if it has them. Also, | |
1829 | if the window has a neighbor on the right, its right edge value | |
1830 | includes the width of the separator line between the window and that | |
1831 | neighbor. Since the width of the window does not include this | |
1832 | separator, the width does not usually equal the difference between the | |
1833 | right and left edges. | |
5a8a6af8 RS |
1834 | @end defun |
1835 | ||
eab4e895 | 1836 | @defun window-inside-edges &optional window |
5a8a6af8 RS |
1837 | This is similar to @code{window-edges}, but the edge values |
1838 | it returns include only the text area of the window. They | |
1839 | do not include the header line, mode line, scroll bar or | |
1840 | vertical separator, fringes, or display margins. | |
1841 | @end defun | |
b1b12a8e | 1842 | |
5a8a6af8 RS |
1843 | Here are the results obtained on a typical 24-line terminal with just |
1844 | one window, with menu bar enabled: | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1845 | |
1846 | @example | |
1847 | @group | |
1848 | (window-edges (selected-window)) | |
5a8a6af8 RS |
1849 | @result{} (0 1 80 23) |
1850 | @end group | |
1851 | @group | |
1852 | (window-inside-edges (selected-window)) | |
1853 | @result{} (0 1 80 22) | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1854 | @end group |
1855 | @end example | |
1856 | ||
c638661f RS |
1857 | @noindent |
1858 | The bottom edge is at line 23 because the last line is the echo area. | |
5a8a6af8 RS |
1859 | The bottom inside edge is at line 22, which is the window's mode line. |
1860 | ||
1861 | If @var{window} is at the upper left corner of its frame, and there is | |
1862 | no menu bar, then @var{bottom} returned by @code{window-edges} is the | |
1863 | same as the value of @code{(window-height)}, @var{right} is almost the | |
1864 | same as the value of @code{(window-width)}, and @var{top} and | |
1865 | @var{left} are zero. For example, the edges of the following window | |
1866 | are @w{@samp{0 0 8 5}}. Assuming that the frame has more than 8 | |
1867 | columns, the last column of the window (column 7) holds a border | |
1868 | rather than text. The last row (row 4) holds the mode line, shown | |
1869 | here with @samp{xxxxxxxxx}. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1870 | |
1871 | @example | |
1872 | @group | |
3c29caa8 | 1873 | 0 |
b1b12a8e | 1874 | _______ |
3c29caa8 DH |
1875 | 0 | | |
1876 | | | | |
1877 | | | | |
1878 | | | | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1879 | xxxxxxxxx 4 |
1880 | ||
3c29caa8 | 1881 | 7 |
b1b12a8e RS |
1882 | @end group |
1883 | @end example | |
1884 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
1885 | In the following example, let's suppose that the frame is 7 |
1886 | columns wide. Then the edges of the left window are @w{@samp{0 0 4 3}} | |
5a8a6af8 RS |
1887 | and the edges of the right window are @w{@samp{4 0 7 3}}. |
1888 | The inside edges of the left window are @w{@samp{0 0 3 2}}, | |
1889 | and the inside edges of the right window are @w{@samp{4 0 7 2}}, | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1890 | |
1891 | @example | |
1892 | @group | |
1893 | ___ ___ | |
3c29caa8 DH |
1894 | | | | |
1895 | | | | | |
1896 | xxxxxxxxx | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1897 | |
1898 | 0 34 7 | |
1899 | @end group | |
1900 | @end example | |
5a8a6af8 | 1901 | |
eab4e895 | 1902 | @defun window-pixel-edges &optional window |
5a8a6af8 RS |
1903 | This function is like @code{window-edges} except that, on a graphical |
1904 | display, the edge values are measured in pixels instead of in | |
1905 | character lines and columns. | |
1906 | @end defun | |
1907 | ||
eab4e895 | 1908 | @defun window-inside-pixel-edges &optional window |
5a8a6af8 RS |
1909 | This function is like @code{window-inside-edges} except that, on a |
1910 | graphical display, the edge values are measured in pixels instead of | |
1911 | in character lines and columns. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
1912 | @end defun |
1913 | ||
1914 | @node Resizing Windows | |
1915 | @section Changing the Size of a Window | |
1916 | @cindex window resizing | |
1917 | @cindex changing window size | |
1918 | @cindex window size, changing | |
1919 | ||
1920 | The window size functions fall into two classes: high-level commands | |
1921 | that change the size of windows and low-level functions that access | |
1922 | window size. Emacs does not permit overlapping windows or gaps between | |
1923 | windows, so resizing one window affects other windows. | |
1924 | ||
1925 | @deffn Command enlarge-window size &optional horizontal | |
c638661f | 1926 | This function makes the selected window @var{size} lines taller, |
b1b12a8e RS |
1927 | stealing lines from neighboring windows. It takes the lines from one |
1928 | window at a time until that window is used up, then takes from another. | |
1929 | If a window from which lines are stolen shrinks below | |
1930 | @code{window-min-height} lines, that window disappears. | |
1931 | ||
1932 | If @var{horizontal} is non-@code{nil}, this function makes | |
1933 | @var{window} wider by @var{size} columns, stealing columns instead of | |
1934 | lines. If a window from which columns are stolen shrinks below | |
1935 | @code{window-min-width} columns, that window disappears. | |
1936 | ||
c638661f RS |
1937 | If the requested size would exceed that of the window's frame, then the |
1938 | function makes the window occupy the entire height (or width) of the | |
1939 | frame. | |
b1b12a8e | 1940 | |
8241495d RS |
1941 | If there are various other windows from which lines or columns can be |
1942 | stolen, and some of them specify fixed size (using | |
1943 | @code{window-size-fixed}, see below), they are left untouched while | |
1944 | other windows are ``robbed.'' If it would be necessary to alter the | |
1945 | size of a fixed-size window, @code{enlarge-window} gets an error | |
1946 | instead. | |
1947 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
1948 | If @var{size} is negative, this function shrinks the window by |
1949 | @minus{}@var{size} lines or columns. If that makes the window smaller | |
1950 | than the minimum size (@code{window-min-height} and | |
1951 | @code{window-min-width}), @code{enlarge-window} deletes the window. | |
1952 | ||
3c29caa8 | 1953 | @code{enlarge-window} returns @code{nil}. |
b1b12a8e RS |
1954 | @end deffn |
1955 | ||
1956 | @deffn Command enlarge-window-horizontally columns | |
1957 | This function makes the selected window @var{columns} wider. | |
1958 | It could be defined as follows: | |
1959 | ||
1960 | @example | |
1961 | @group | |
1962 | (defun enlarge-window-horizontally (columns) | |
1963 | (enlarge-window columns t)) | |
1964 | @end group | |
1965 | @end example | |
1966 | @end deffn | |
1967 | ||
1968 | @deffn Command shrink-window size &optional horizontal | |
1969 | This function is like @code{enlarge-window} but negates the argument | |
1970 | @var{size}, making the selected window smaller by giving lines (or | |
1971 | columns) to the other windows. If the window shrinks below | |
1972 | @code{window-min-height} or @code{window-min-width}, then it disappears. | |
1973 | ||
1974 | If @var{size} is negative, the window is enlarged by @minus{}@var{size} | |
1975 | lines or columns. | |
1976 | @end deffn | |
1977 | ||
1978 | @deffn Command shrink-window-horizontally columns | |
1979 | This function makes the selected window @var{columns} narrower. | |
1980 | It could be defined as follows: | |
1981 | ||
1982 | @example | |
1983 | @group | |
1984 | (defun shrink-window-horizontally (columns) | |
1985 | (shrink-window columns t)) | |
1986 | @end group | |
1987 | @end example | |
1988 | @end deffn | |
1989 | ||
8241495d | 1990 | @deffn Command shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer &optional window |
1911e6e5 RS |
1991 | This command shrinks @var{window} to be as small as possible while still |
1992 | showing the full contents of its buffer---but not less than | |
8241495d RS |
1993 | @code{window-min-height} lines. If @var{window} is not given, |
1994 | it defaults to the selected window. | |
1911e6e5 RS |
1995 | |
1996 | However, the command does nothing if the window is already too small to | |
1997 | display the whole text of the buffer, or if part of the contents are | |
1998 | currently scrolled off screen, or if the window is not the full width of | |
1999 | its frame, or if the window is the only window in its frame. | |
eab4e895 LT |
2000 | |
2001 | This command returns non-@code{nil} if it actually shrank the window | |
2002 | and @code{nil} otherwise. | |
1911e6e5 RS |
2003 | @end deffn |
2004 | ||
8241495d RS |
2005 | @tindex window-size-fixed |
2006 | @defvar window-size-fixed | |
2007 | If this variable is non-@code{nil}, in any given buffer, | |
2008 | then the size of any window displaying the buffer remains fixed | |
2009 | unless you explicitly change it or Emacs has no other choice. | |
2010 | (This feature is new in Emacs 21.) | |
2011 | ||
2012 | If the value is @code{height}, then only the window's height is fixed; | |
2013 | if the value is @code{width}, then only the window's width is fixed. | |
2014 | Any other non-@code{nil} value fixes both the width and the height. | |
2015 | ||
eab4e895 | 2016 | This variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set. |
8241495d RS |
2017 | |
2018 | Explicit size-change functions such as @code{enlarge-window} | |
2019 | get an error if they would have to change a window size which is fixed. | |
2020 | Therefore, when you want to change the size of such a window, | |
2021 | you should bind @code{window-size-fixed} to @code{nil}, like this: | |
2022 | ||
2023 | @example | |
2024 | (let ((window-size-fixed nil)) | |
2025 | (enlarge-window 10)) | |
2026 | @end example | |
2027 | ||
2028 | Note that changing the frame size will change the size of a | |
2029 | fixed-size window, if there is no other alternative. | |
2030 | @end defvar | |
2031 | ||
b1b12a8e | 2032 | @cindex minimum window size |
926a5166 | 2033 | The following two variables constrain the window-structure-changing |
b1b12a8e RS |
2034 | functions to a minimum height and width. |
2035 | ||
2036 | @defopt window-min-height | |
2037 | The value of this variable determines how short a window may become | |
2038 | before it is automatically deleted. Making a window smaller than | |
926a5166 RS |
2039 | @code{window-min-height} automatically deletes it, and no window may |
2040 | be created shorter than this. The default value is 4. | |
2041 | ||
2042 | The absolute minimum window height is one; actions that change window | |
2043 | sizes reset this variable to one if it is less than one. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
2044 | @end defopt |
2045 | ||
2046 | @defopt window-min-width | |
2047 | The value of this variable determines how narrow a window may become | |
1911e6e5 | 2048 | before it is automatically deleted. Making a window smaller than |
b1b12a8e | 2049 | @code{window-min-width} automatically deletes it, and no window may be |
926a5166 RS |
2050 | created narrower than this. The default value is 10. |
2051 | ||
2052 | The absolute minimum window width is two; actions that change window | |
2053 | sizes reset this variable to two if it is less than two. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
2054 | @end defopt |
2055 | ||
2056 | @node Coordinates and Windows | |
2057 | @section Coordinates and Windows | |
2058 | ||
c638661f | 2059 | This section describes how to relate screen coordinates to windows. |
b1b12a8e RS |
2060 | |
2061 | @defun window-at x y &optional frame | |
2062 | This function returns the window containing the specified cursor | |
2063 | position in the frame @var{frame}. The coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} | |
2064 | are measured in characters and count from the top left corner of the | |
2065 | frame. If they are out of range, @code{window-at} returns @code{nil}. | |
2066 | ||
2067 | If you omit @var{frame}, the selected frame is used. | |
2068 | @end defun | |
2069 | ||
2070 | @defun coordinates-in-window-p coordinates window | |
2071 | This function checks whether a particular frame position falls within | |
2072 | the window @var{window}. | |
2073 | ||
969fe9b5 RS |
2074 | The argument @var{coordinates} is a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{x} |
2075 | . @var{y})}. The coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} are measured in | |
2076 | characters, and count from the top left corner of the screen or frame. | |
b1b12a8e | 2077 | |
f9f59935 RS |
2078 | The value returned by @code{coordinates-in-window-p} is non-@code{nil} |
2079 | if the coordinates are inside @var{window}. The value also indicates | |
2080 | what part of the window the position is in, as follows: | |
b1b12a8e RS |
2081 | |
2082 | @table @code | |
2083 | @item (@var{relx} . @var{rely}) | |
2084 | The coordinates are inside @var{window}. The numbers @var{relx} and | |
2085 | @var{rely} are the equivalent window-relative coordinates for the | |
2086 | specified position, counting from 0 at the top left corner of the | |
2087 | window. | |
2088 | ||
2089 | @item mode-line | |
2090 | The coordinates are in the mode line of @var{window}. | |
2091 | ||
8241495d RS |
2092 | @item header-line |
2093 | The coordinates are in the header line of @var{window}. | |
2094 | ||
2095 | @item vertical-line | |
b1b12a8e | 2096 | The coordinates are in the vertical line between @var{window} and its |
3c29caa8 | 2097 | neighbor to the right. This value occurs only if the window doesn't |
b1b12a8e | 2098 | have a scroll bar; positions in a scroll bar are considered outside the |
8241495d | 2099 | window for these purposes. |
b1b12a8e | 2100 | |
27704b78 RS |
2101 | @item left-fringe |
2102 | @itemx right-fringe | |
2103 | The coordinates are in the left or right fringe of the window. | |
2104 | ||
2105 | @item left-margin | |
2106 | @itemx right-margin | |
2107 | The coordinates are in the left or right margin of the window. | |
2108 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
2109 | @item nil |
2110 | The coordinates are not in any part of @var{window}. | |
2111 | @end table | |
2112 | ||
2113 | The function @code{coordinates-in-window-p} does not require a frame as | |
2114 | argument because it always uses the frame that @var{window} is on. | |
2115 | @end defun | |
2116 | ||
2117 | @node Window Configurations | |
2118 | @section Window Configurations | |
2119 | @cindex window configurations | |
2120 | @cindex saving window information | |
2121 | ||
f9f59935 | 2122 | A @dfn{window configuration} records the entire layout of one |
c02dd51a RS |
2123 | frame---all windows, their sizes, which buffers they contain, what |
2124 | part of each buffer is displayed, and the values of point and the | |
27704b78 RS |
2125 | mark; also their fringes, margins, and scroll bar settings. It also |
2126 | includes the values of @code{window-min-height}, | |
c02dd51a RS |
2127 | @code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. An |
2128 | exception is made for point in the selected window for the current | |
2129 | buffer; its value is not saved in the window configuration. | |
2130 | ||
2131 | You can bring back an entire previous layout by restoring a window | |
2132 | configuration previously saved. If you want to record all frames | |
2133 | instead of just one, use a frame configuration instead of a window | |
2134 | configuration. @xref{Frame Configurations}. | |
b1b12a8e | 2135 | |
8241495d | 2136 | @defun current-window-configuration &optional frame |
c02dd51a RS |
2137 | This function returns a new object representing @var{frame}'s current |
2138 | window configuration. If @var{frame} is omitted, the selected frame | |
2139 | is used. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
2140 | @end defun |
2141 | ||
2142 | @defun set-window-configuration configuration | |
f9f59935 | 2143 | This function restores the configuration of windows and buffers as |
8241495d RS |
2144 | specified by @var{configuration}, for the frame that @var{configuration} |
2145 | was created for. | |
2146 | ||
2147 | The argument @var{configuration} must be a value that was previously | |
2148 | returned by @code{current-window-configuration}. This configuration is | |
2149 | restored in the frame from which @var{configuration} was made, whether | |
2150 | that frame is selected or not. This always counts as a window size | |
2151 | change and triggers execution of the @code{window-size-change-functions} | |
969fe9b5 RS |
2152 | (@pxref{Window Hooks}), because @code{set-window-configuration} doesn't |
2153 | know how to tell whether the new configuration actually differs from the | |
2154 | old one. | |
2155 | ||
2156 | If the frame which @var{configuration} was saved from is dead, all this | |
2157 | function does is restore the three variables @code{window-min-height}, | |
eab4e895 LT |
2158 | @code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. In this |
2159 | case, the function returns @code{nil}. Otherwise, it returns @code{t}. | |
bfe721d1 | 2160 | |
b1b12a8e RS |
2161 | Here is a way of using this function to get the same effect |
2162 | as @code{save-window-excursion}: | |
2163 | ||
2164 | @example | |
2165 | @group | |
2166 | (let ((config (current-window-configuration))) | |
2167 | (unwind-protect | |
2168 | (progn (split-window-vertically nil) | |
2169 | @dots{}) | |
2170 | (set-window-configuration config))) | |
2171 | @end group | |
2172 | @end example | |
2173 | @end defun | |
2174 | ||
2175 | @defspec save-window-excursion forms@dots{} | |
2176 | This special form records the window configuration, executes @var{forms} | |
2177 | in sequence, then restores the earlier window configuration. The window | |
eab4e895 LT |
2178 | configuration includes, for each window, the value of point and the |
2179 | portion of the buffer that is visible. It also includes the choice of | |
2180 | selected window. However, it does not include the value of point in | |
2181 | the current buffer; use @code{save-excursion} also, if you wish to | |
2182 | preserve that. | |
b1b12a8e | 2183 | |
9258d604 | 2184 | Don't use this construct when @code{save-selected-window} is sufficient. |
bfe721d1 KH |
2185 | |
2186 | Exit from @code{save-window-excursion} always triggers execution of the | |
2187 | @code{window-size-change-functions}. (It doesn't know how to tell | |
2188 | whether the restored configuration actually differs from the one in | |
2189 | effect at the end of the @var{forms}.) | |
2190 | ||
b1b12a8e RS |
2191 | The return value is the value of the final form in @var{forms}. |
2192 | For example: | |
2193 | ||
2194 | @example | |
2195 | @group | |
2196 | (split-window) | |
2197 | @result{} #<window 25 on control.texi> | |
2198 | @end group | |
2199 | @group | |
2200 | (setq w (selected-window)) | |
2201 | @result{} #<window 19 on control.texi> | |
2202 | @end group | |
2203 | @group | |
2204 | (save-window-excursion | |
2205 | (delete-other-windows w) | |
2206 | (switch-to-buffer "foo") | |
2207 | 'do-something) | |
2208 | @result{} do-something | |
2209 | ;; @r{The screen is now split again.} | |
2210 | @end group | |
2211 | @end example | |
2212 | @end defspec | |
2213 | ||
2214 | @defun window-configuration-p object | |
2215 | This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a window configuration. | |
969fe9b5 RS |
2216 | @end defun |
2217 | ||
2218 | @defun compare-window-configurations config1 config2 | |
2219 | This function compares two window configurations as regards the | |
2220 | structure of windows, but ignores the values of point and mark and the | |
2221 | saved scrolling positions---it can return @code{t} even if those | |
2222 | aspects differ. | |
2223 | ||
2224 | The function @code{equal} can also compare two window configurations; it | |
2225 | regards configurations as unequal if they differ in any respect, even a | |
2226 | saved point or mark. | |
b1b12a8e RS |
2227 | @end defun |
2228 | ||
4d25144d RS |
2229 | @defun window-configuration-frame config |
2230 | This function returns the frame for which the window configuration | |
2231 | @var{config} was made. | |
2232 | @end defun | |
2233 | ||
2234 | Other primitives to look inside of window configurations would make | |
2235 | sense, but are not implemented because we did not need them. See the | |
2236 | file @file{winner.el} for some more operations on windows | |
2237 | configurations. | |
f9f59935 RS |
2238 | |
2239 | @node Window Hooks | |
2240 | @section Hooks for Window Scrolling and Changes | |
2241 | ||
2242 | This section describes how a Lisp program can take action whenever a | |
2243 | window displays a different part of its buffer or a different buffer. | |
2244 | There are three actions that can change this: scrolling the window, | |
2245 | switching buffers in the window, and changing the size of the window. | |
2246 | The first two actions run @code{window-scroll-functions}; the last runs | |
2247 | @code{window-size-change-functions}. The paradigmatic use of these | |
333c5fc5 | 2248 | hooks is in the implementation of Lazy Lock mode; see @file{lazy-lock.el}. |
f9f59935 RS |
2249 | |
2250 | @defvar window-scroll-functions | |
2251 | This variable holds a list of functions that Emacs should call before | |
2252 | redisplaying a window with scrolling. It is not a normal hook, because | |
2253 | each function is called with two arguments: the window, and its new | |
2254 | display-start position. | |
2255 | ||
2256 | Displaying a different buffer in the window also runs these functions. | |
2257 | ||
1911e6e5 RS |
2258 | These functions must be careful in using @code{window-end} |
2259 | (@pxref{Window Start}); if you need an up-to-date value, you must use | |
2260 | the @var{update} argument to ensure you get it. | |
f9f59935 RS |
2261 | @end defvar |
2262 | ||
2263 | @defvar window-size-change-functions | |
2264 | This variable holds a list of functions to be called if the size of any | |
2265 | window changes for any reason. The functions are called just once per | |
2266 | redisplay, and just once for each frame on which size changes have | |
2267 | occurred. | |
2268 | ||
2269 | Each function receives the frame as its sole argument. There is no | |
2270 | direct way to find out which windows on that frame have changed size, or | |
2271 | precisely how. However, if a size-change function records, at each | |
2272 | call, the existing windows and their sizes, it can also compare the | |
2273 | present sizes and the previous sizes. | |
2274 | ||
2275 | Creating or deleting windows counts as a size change, and therefore | |
2276 | causes these functions to be called. Changing the frame size also | |
2277 | counts, because it changes the sizes of the existing windows. | |
2278 | ||
2279 | It is not a good idea to use @code{save-window-excursion} (@pxref{Window | |
2280 | Configurations}) in these functions, because that always counts as a | |
2281 | size change, and it would cause these functions to be called over and | |
2282 | over. In most cases, @code{save-selected-window} (@pxref{Selecting | |
2283 | Windows}) is what you need here. | |
2284 | @end defvar | |
2285 | ||
f9f59935 | 2286 | @defvar redisplay-end-trigger-functions |
1911e6e5 | 2287 | This abnormal hook is run whenever redisplay in a window uses text that |
f9f59935 RS |
2288 | extends past a specified end trigger position. You set the end trigger |
2289 | position with the function @code{set-window-redisplay-end-trigger}. The | |
2290 | functions are called with two arguments: the window, and the end trigger | |
2291 | position. Storing @code{nil} for the end trigger position turns off the | |
2292 | feature, and the trigger value is automatically reset to @code{nil} just | |
2293 | after the hook is run. | |
2294 | @end defvar | |
2295 | ||
f9f59935 RS |
2296 | @defun set-window-redisplay-end-trigger window position |
2297 | This function sets @var{window}'s end trigger position at | |
2298 | @var{position}. | |
2299 | @end defun | |
2300 | ||
8241495d | 2301 | @defun window-redisplay-end-trigger &optional window |
f9f59935 | 2302 | This function returns @var{window}'s current end trigger position. |
eab4e895 | 2303 | If @var{window} is @code{nil} or omitted, it uses the selected window. |
f9f59935 RS |
2304 | @end defun |
2305 | ||
f9f59935 RS |
2306 | @defvar window-configuration-change-hook |
2307 | A normal hook that is run every time you change the window configuration | |
2308 | of an existing frame. This includes splitting or deleting windows, | |
2309 | changing the sizes of windows, or displaying a different buffer in a | |
2310 | window. The frame whose window configuration has changed is the | |
2311 | selected frame when this hook runs. | |
2312 | @end defvar | |
ab5796a9 MB |
2313 | |
2314 | @ignore | |
2315 | arch-tag: 3f6c36e8-df49-4986-b757-417feed88be3 | |
2316 | @end ignore |