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1 | \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 | @c %**start of header | |
3 | @setfilename elisp | |
a44af9f2 RS |
4 | @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual |
5 | @c %**end of header | |
6 | ||
ccf9222c LK |
7 | @c Version of the manual and of Emacs. |
8 | @c Please remember to update the edition number in README as well. | |
d01d5531 | 9 | @set VERSION 2.9 |
ccf9222c | 10 | @set EMACSVER 22.0.50 |
cdd76925 | 11 | |
140cc574 | 12 | @dircategory Emacs |
221fc415 RS |
13 | @direntry |
14 | * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
15 | @end direntry | |
16 | ||
a9f0a989 | 17 | @smallbook |
a4776185 GM |
18 | @setchapternewpage odd |
19 | @finalout | |
20 | ||
21 | @c Combine indices. | |
22 | @synindex cp fn | |
23 | @syncodeindex vr fn | |
24 | @syncodeindex ky fn | |
25 | @syncodeindex pg fn | |
26 | @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. | |
27 | @c @syncodeindex tp fn | |
a9f0a989 | 28 | |
9d7d543c KB |
29 | @copying |
30 | This is edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp | |
ccf9222c | 31 | Reference Manual, corresponding to Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
a44af9f2 | 32 | |
9d7d543c | 33 | Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, |
651f374c | 34 | 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
a44af9f2 | 35 | |
9d7d543c | 36 | @quotation |
a4776185 | 37 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
7260457b | 38 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
a4776185 | 39 | any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
9d7d543c KB |
40 | Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'', with the |
41 | Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover | |
42 | Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the | |
43 | section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. | |
a4776185 GM |
44 | |
45 | (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify | |
46 | this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
47 | Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
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48 | @end quotation |
49 | @end copying | |
a44af9f2 | 50 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
51 | @titlepage |
52 | @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
ccf9222c | 53 | @subtitle For Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER} |
1919bf4d | 54 | @subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, January 2002 |
a44af9f2 RS |
55 | |
56 | @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman | |
57 | @author and the GNU Manual Group | |
58 | @page | |
59 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
9d7d543c | 60 | @insertcopying |
a44af9f2 | 61 | |
9d7d543c | 62 | @sp 1 |
a44af9f2 | 63 | Published by the Free Software Foundation @* |
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64 | 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor @* |
65 | Boston, MA 02110-1301 @* | |
66 | USA @* | |
67 | ISBN 1-882114-73-6 | |
a44af9f2 | 68 | |
9d7d543c | 69 | @sp 1 |
a44af9f2 RS |
70 | Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. |
71 | @end titlepage | |
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72 | |
73 | ||
74 | @c Print the tables of contents | |
75 | @summarycontents | |
76 | @contents | |
77 | ||
a44af9f2 | 78 | |
ccf9222c | 79 | @ifnottex |
e4a29e5a | 80 | @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) |
ccf9222c | 81 | @top Emacs Lisp |
a44af9f2 | 82 | |
cdd76925 | 83 | This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
ccf9222c | 84 | Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
37680279 | 85 | @end ifnottex |
a44af9f2 RS |
86 | |
87 | @menu | |
a44af9f2 RS |
88 | * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. |
89 | ||
3e099569 | 90 | * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. |
a44af9f2 RS |
91 | * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. |
92 | * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
93 | * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
94 | * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
95 | Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
96 | The description of vectors is here as well. | |
8241495d | 97 | * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
a44af9f2 RS |
98 | * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
99 | ||
100 | * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
101 | * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
102 | * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
103 | * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
104 | that can be invoked from other functions. | |
105 | * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
f9f59935 | 106 | * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
a44af9f2 RS |
107 | |
108 | * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
109 | * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
cc236dfe | 110 | * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
a44af9f2 RS |
111 | * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
112 | ||
3e099569 | 113 | * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. |
a44af9f2 RS |
114 | * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. |
115 | * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
116 | and how you can call its subroutines. | |
117 | * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
118 | * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
119 | * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
120 | ||
121 | * Files:: Accessing files. | |
122 | * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
123 | files are made. | |
124 | * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
125 | * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
b3486daf | 126 | * Frames:: Making multiple system-level windows. |
a44af9f2 RS |
127 | * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. |
128 | * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
129 | automatically when the text is changed. | |
130 | ||
131 | * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
f9f59935 | 132 | * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
a44af9f2 RS |
133 | * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
134 | * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
135 | * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
136 | ||
137 | * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
a40d4712 | 138 | * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
1ac3fc42 GM |
139 | * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment |
140 | variables, and other such things. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
141 | |
142 | Appendices | |
143 | ||
ccf9222c | 144 | * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 21. |
e23a63a5 | 145 | * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation |
879bde83 | 146 | * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. |
4356e9eb | 147 | * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
a44af9f2 RS |
148 | * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
149 | internal data structures. | |
150 | * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. | |
cc236dfe RS |
151 | * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
152 | List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
153 | * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
154 | * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. | |
155 | ||
a44af9f2 RS |
156 | * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, |
157 | and other terms. | |
158 | ||
ccf9222c | 159 | * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs @value{EMACSVER}. |
f9f59935 | 160 | |
ccf9222c LK |
161 | Detailed Node Listing |
162 | --------------------- | |
a44af9f2 RS |
163 | |
164 | Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, | |
165 | mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
166 | ||
167 | Introduction | |
168 | ||
169 | * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
170 | * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
171 | * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
f3280ac5 | 172 | * Version Info:: Which Emacs version is running? |
a44af9f2 RS |
173 | * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. |
174 | ||
175 | Conventions | |
176 | ||
177 | * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
178 | * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
179 | * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
180 | * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. | |
181 | * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. | |
182 | * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
183 | * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
184 | ||
185 | Format of Descriptions | |
186 | ||
177c0ea7 JB |
187 | * A Sample Function Description:: |
188 | * A Sample Variable Description:: | |
a44af9f2 RS |
189 | |
190 | Lisp Data Types | |
191 | ||
192 | * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
193 | * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
194 | * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
195 | * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
f3280ac5 | 196 | * Circular Objects:: Read syntax for circular structure. |
a44af9f2 RS |
197 | * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. |
198 | * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
199 | ||
200 | Programming Types | |
201 | ||
202 | * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
203 | * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
204 | * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
a40d4712 | 205 | control characters. |
f3280ac5 LK |
206 | * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, |
207 | variable, property list, or itself. | |
a44af9f2 | 208 | * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
3e099569 | 209 | * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). |
a44af9f2 RS |
210 | * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. |
211 | * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
212 | * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
213 | * Char-Table Type:: One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters. |
214 | * Bool-Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}. | |
215 | * Hash Table Type:: Super-fast lookup tables. | |
3e099569 RS |
216 | * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
217 | * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another | |
a44af9f2 RS |
218 | expression, more fundamental but less pretty. |
219 | * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
220 | * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
221 | * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
a40d4712 | 222 | functions. |
a44af9f2 | 223 | |
f3280ac5 | 224 | Cons Cell and List Types |
a44af9f2 | 225 | |
f3280ac5 | 226 | * Box Diagrams:: Drawing pictures of lists. |
a44af9f2 RS |
227 | * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. |
228 | * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. | |
229 | ||
230 | Editing Types | |
231 | ||
232 | * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
f3280ac5 | 233 | * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. |
a44af9f2 | 234 | * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. |
f3280ac5 | 235 | * Frame Type:: Windows subdivide frames. |
a44af9f2 | 236 | * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like. |
f3280ac5 | 237 | * Frame Configuration Type::Recording the status of all frames. |
a44af9f2 RS |
238 | * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. |
239 | * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. | |
240 | * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
1911e6e5 | 241 | * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
a44af9f2 RS |
242 | |
243 | Numbers | |
244 | ||
245 | * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. | |
246 | * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. | |
247 | * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. | |
248 | * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. | |
f3280ac5 | 249 | * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. |
a44af9f2 | 250 | * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. |
f3280ac5 | 251 | * Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers. |
a44af9f2 | 252 | * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. |
22697dac | 253 | * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
a44af9f2 RS |
254 | * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
255 | ||
256 | Strings and Characters | |
257 | ||
258 | * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
259 | * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
260 | * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
f3280ac5 | 261 | * Modifying Strings:: Altering the contents of an existing string. |
a44af9f2 RS |
262 | * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. |
263 | * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa. | |
1911e6e5 | 264 | * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
a9f0a989 | 265 | * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
f3280ac5 | 266 | * Case Tables:: Customizing case conversion. |
a44af9f2 RS |
267 | |
268 | Lists | |
269 | ||
270 | * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
271 | * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. |
272 | * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
273 | * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
274 | * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. | |
275 | * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
276 | * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
b02bc8d0 | 277 | * Rings:: Managing a fixed-size ring of objects. |
a44af9f2 RS |
278 | |
279 | Modifying Existing List Structure | |
280 | ||
281 | * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
282 | * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
283 | This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
284 | * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
285 | ||
286 | Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
287 | ||
288 | * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
289 | * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
290 | * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
291 | * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
292 | * Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors. |
293 | * Char-Tables:: How to work with char-tables. | |
294 | * Bool-Vectors:: How to work with bool-vectors. | |
295 | ||
296 | Hash Tables | |
297 | ||
298 | * Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables. | |
299 | * Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents. | |
300 | * Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods | |
301 | * Other Hash:: Miscellaneous. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
302 | |
303 | Symbols | |
304 | ||
305 | * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
306 | and property lists. | |
307 | * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
308 | * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
309 | * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
310 | for recording miscellaneous information. | |
311 | ||
312 | Evaluation | |
313 | ||
314 | * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
a44af9f2 | 315 | * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. |
177c0ea7 | 316 | * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in |
a44af9f2 | 317 | the program). |
f3280ac5 | 318 | * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. |
a44af9f2 RS |
319 | |
320 | Kinds of Forms | |
321 | ||
322 | * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
323 | * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
324 | * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
325 | * Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list, |
326 | we find the real function via the symbol. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
327 | * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. |
328 | * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
329 | * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives, | |
330 | most of them extremely important. | |
331 | * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
332 | containing their real definitions. | |
333 | ||
334 | Control Structures | |
335 | ||
336 | * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
f3280ac5 | 337 | * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}. |
a44af9f2 RS |
338 | * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. |
339 | * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
340 | * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
341 | ||
342 | Nonlocal Exits | |
343 | ||
344 | * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
345 | * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
346 | * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
347 | * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
348 | error happens. | |
349 | ||
350 | Errors | |
351 | ||
352 | * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
353 | * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
354 | * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
3e099569 | 355 | * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. |
a44af9f2 RS |
356 | |
357 | Variables | |
358 | ||
359 | * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
360 | * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
361 | * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
362 | * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
363 | * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
364 | * Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you |
365 | define a variable. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
366 | * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names |
367 | are known only at run time. | |
368 | * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
369 | * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
370 | * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
371 | * Frame-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one frame. |
372 | * Future Local Variables:: New kinds of local values we might add some day. | |
f3280ac5 | 373 | * File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files. |
16ac1559 | 374 | * Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables. |
f3280ac5 LK |
375 | * Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can |
376 | @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
377 | |
378 | Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
379 | ||
177c0ea7 | 380 | * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value |
a44af9f2 RS |
381 | is visible. Comparison with other languages. |
382 | * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
383 | * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
177c0ea7 | 384 | * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and |
a44af9f2 RS |
385 | avoid problems. |
386 | ||
387 | Buffer-Local Variables | |
388 | ||
389 | * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
390 | * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
391 | * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
cc236dfe | 392 | that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
a44af9f2 RS |
393 | |
394 | Functions | |
395 | ||
396 | * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. | |
397 | * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | |
398 | * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
399 | * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
400 | * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
401 | * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
177c0ea7 | 402 | * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. |
a44af9f2 RS |
403 | * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition |
404 | of a symbol. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
405 | * Obsolete Functions:: Declaring functions obsolete. |
406 | * Inline Functions:: Defining functions that the compiler will open code. | |
407 | * Function Safety:: Determining whether a function is safe to call. | |
a44af9f2 | 408 | * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives |
177c0ea7 | 409 | that have a special bearing on how |
a44af9f2 RS |
410 | functions work. |
411 | ||
412 | Lambda Expressions | |
413 | ||
414 | * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
415 | * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
416 | * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
417 | * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
418 | ||
419 | Macros | |
420 | ||
421 | * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
422 | * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
423 | * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
424 | * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
425 | * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. | |
426 | * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. | |
427 | Don't hide the user's variables. | |
ca99e358 | 428 | * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls. |
a44af9f2 | 429 | |
f3280ac5 LK |
430 | Writing Customization Definitions |
431 | ||
432 | * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of | |
433 | customization declarations. | |
434 | * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. | |
435 | * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. | |
436 | * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. | |
437 | ||
a44af9f2 RS |
438 | Loading |
439 | ||
440 | * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
858ede52 RS |
441 | * Library Search:: Finding a library to load. |
442 | * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files. | |
a44af9f2 | 443 | * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. |
a44af9f2 | 444 | * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
858ede52 RS |
445 | * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
446 | * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol. | |
f7e28285 | 447 | * Unloading:: How to ``unload'' a library that was loaded. |
858ede52 RS |
448 | * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when |
449 | particular libraries are loaded. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
450 | |
451 | Byte Compilation | |
452 | ||
f3280ac5 | 453 | * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation. |
a44af9f2 | 454 | * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. |
f3280ac5 LK |
455 | * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings. |
456 | * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions. | |
457 | * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile. | |
458 | * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages. | |
459 | * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
460 | * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. |
461 | ||
f3280ac5 | 462 | Advising Emacs Lisp Functions |
a9f0a989 RS |
463 | |
464 | * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. | |
465 | * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. | |
f3280ac5 | 466 | * Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition. |
a9f0a989 RS |
467 | * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
468 | * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. | |
469 | * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. | |
470 | * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the | |
471 | loading of compiled advice. | |
1911e6e5 | 472 | * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
583abbac | 473 | * Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
a9f0a989 RS |
474 | * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
475 | ||
a44af9f2 RS |
476 | Debugging Lisp Programs |
477 | ||
478 | * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | |
f3280ac5 | 479 | * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. |
a44af9f2 | 480 | * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. |
f3280ac5 | 481 | * Test Coverage:: Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code. |
177c0ea7 | 482 | * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in |
a44af9f2 | 483 | byte compilation. |
177c0ea7 | 484 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
485 | The Lisp Debugger |
486 | ||
487 | * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
f3280ac5 | 488 | * Infinite Loops:: Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit. |
a44af9f2 RS |
489 | * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. |
490 | * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
491 | * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
492 | * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
493 | * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
494 | * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
495 | ||
f3280ac5 LK |
496 | Edebug |
497 | ||
498 | * Using Edebug:: Introduction to use of Edebug. | |
499 | * Instrumenting:: You must instrument your code | |
500 | in order to debug it with Edebug. | |
501 | * Edebug Execution Modes:: Execution modes, stopping more or less often. | |
502 | * Jumping:: Commands to jump to a specified place. | |
503 | * Edebug Misc:: Miscellaneous commands. | |
67774855 | 504 | * Breaks:: Setting breakpoints to make the program stop. |
f3280ac5 LK |
505 | * Trapping Errors:: Trapping errors with Edebug. |
506 | * Edebug Views:: Views inside and outside of Edebug. | |
507 | * Edebug Eval:: Evaluating expressions within Edebug. | |
508 | * Eval List:: Expressions whose values are displayed | |
509 | each time you enter Edebug. | |
510 | * Printing in Edebug:: Customization of printing. | |
511 | * Trace Buffer:: How to produce trace output in a buffer. | |
512 | * Coverage Testing:: How to test evaluation coverage. | |
513 | * The Outside Context:: Data that Edebug saves and restores. | |
67774855 | 514 | * Edebug and Macros:: Specifying how to handle macro calls. |
f3280ac5 LK |
515 | * Edebug Options:: Option variables for customizing Edebug. |
516 | ||
a44af9f2 RS |
517 | Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax |
518 | ||
519 | * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
520 | * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
521 | ||
522 | Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
523 | ||
524 | * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
177c0ea7 | 525 | * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
a44af9f2 RS |
526 | input streams. |
527 | * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
177c0ea7 | 528 | * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
a44af9f2 RS |
529 | output streams. |
530 | * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
531 | * Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing |
532 | functions do. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
533 | |
534 | Minibuffers | |
535 | ||
536 | * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
537 | * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
538 | * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
539 | * Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs |
540 | so the user can reuse them. | |
541 | * Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
542 | * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. |
543 | * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
544 | * Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions. |
545 | * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal. | |
0fb9f9ae RS |
546 | * Minibuffer Commands:: Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers. |
547 | * Minibuffer Contents:: How such commands access the minibuffer text. | |
548 | * Minibuffer Windows:: Operating on the special minibuffer windows. | |
549 | * Recursive Mini:: Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
550 | * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. |
551 | ||
552 | Completion | |
553 | ||
554 | * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
555 | (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
556 | * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
557 | * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
558 | * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
559 | (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
560 | * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
561 | * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
562 | ||
563 | Command Loop | |
564 | ||
565 | * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
566 | * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
567 | * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
568 | * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
f3280ac5 | 569 | * Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command. |
a44af9f2 RS |
570 | * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. |
571 | * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
f3280ac5 | 572 | * Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually. |
a44af9f2 RS |
573 | * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. |
574 | * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
575 | * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
576 | * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
577 | and why you usually shouldn't. | |
578 | * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
579 | * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
580 | * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
581 | ||
582 | Defining Commands | |
583 | ||
584 | * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
585 | * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
586 | in various ways. | |
587 | * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
588 | ||
589 | Keymaps | |
590 | ||
591 | * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
592 | * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
593 | * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
594 | * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
595 | of another keymap. | |
596 | * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
597 | * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap |
598 | to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
a40d4712 | 599 | Each minor mode can also override them. |
a44af9f2 RS |
600 | * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. |
601 | * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
602 | * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
3afe8e39 | 603 | * Remapping Commands:: Bindings that translate one command to another. |
a44af9f2 RS |
604 | * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. |
605 | * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
606 | * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X |
607 | or for use from the terminal. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
608 | |
609 | Major and Minor Modes | |
610 | ||
049557c2 LT |
611 | * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that |
612 | provides hooks. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
613 | * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. |
614 | * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
615 | * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
36ad23ec LK |
616 | * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
617 | of definitions in the buffer. | |
618 | * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. | |
619 | * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between | |
620 | Emacs sessions. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
621 | |
622 | Major Modes | |
623 | ||
049557c2 | 624 | * Major Mode Basics:: |
a44af9f2 RS |
625 | * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. |
626 | * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
627 | * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
628 | * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
36ad23ec LK |
629 | * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major |
630 | mode. | |
631 | * Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports | |
632 | comment syntax and Font Lock mode. | |
633 | * Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode functions. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
634 | |
635 | Minor Modes | |
636 | ||
637 | * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
638 | * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
36ad23ec | 639 | * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes. |
a44af9f2 RS |
640 | |
641 | Mode Line Format | |
642 | ||
049557c2 | 643 | * Mode Line Basics:: |
a44af9f2 RS |
644 | * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. |
645 | * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
646 | * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
36ad23ec LK |
647 | * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line. |
648 | * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top. | |
649 | * Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
650 | |
651 | Documentation | |
652 | ||
653 | * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. | |
654 | Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. | |
655 | * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. | |
656 | * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
657 | * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
658 | non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
659 | * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
660 | ||
661 | Files | |
662 | ||
663 | * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
664 | * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
665 | * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. | |
666 | * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
667 | * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
f3280ac5 LK |
668 | simultaneous editing by two people. |
669 | * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. | |
f9f59935 RS |
670 | * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
671 | * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
672 | * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. |
673 | * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. | |
674 | * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling | |
675 | for certain file names. | |
676 | * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
677 | |
678 | Visiting Files | |
679 | ||
680 | * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
681 | * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
682 | ||
683 | Information about Files | |
684 | ||
685 | * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
f3280ac5 LK |
686 | * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? |
687 | * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
688 | * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. |
689 | ||
690 | File Names | |
691 | ||
692 | * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
177c0ea7 | 693 | * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a |
a44af9f2 | 694 | current directory. |
f3280ac5 LK |
695 | * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
696 | is different from its name as a file. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
697 | * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. |
698 | * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
699 | * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
700 | * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
701 | how to handle various operating systems simply. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
702 | |
703 | Backups and Auto-Saving | |
704 | ||
177c0ea7 | 705 | * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names |
a44af9f2 RS |
706 | are chosen. |
707 | * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
708 | names are chosen. | |
177c0ea7 | 709 | * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize |
a44af9f2 RS |
710 | what it does. |
711 | ||
712 | Backup Files | |
713 | ||
714 | * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
177c0ea7 | 715 | * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file |
a44af9f2 RS |
716 | or copying it. |
717 | * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
718 | * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
719 | ||
720 | Buffers | |
721 | ||
722 | * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
f3280ac5 LK |
723 | * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current |
724 | so primitives will access its contents. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
725 | * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. |
726 | * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
727 | is visited. | |
728 | * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
729 | * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
730 | ``behind Emacs's back''. | |
731 | * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a | |
732 | read-only buffer. | |
733 | * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
734 | * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
735 | * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
736 | * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some |
737 | other buffer. | |
738 | * Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
739 | |
740 | Windows | |
741 | ||
742 | * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
743 | * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
744 | * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
745 | * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
746 | * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
747 | * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
748 | * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer | |
749 | and choosing a window for it. | |
f3280ac5 | 750 | * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
a44af9f2 RS |
751 | * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
752 | * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
177c0ea7 | 753 | is on-screen in the window. |
f3280ac5 LK |
754 | * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
755 | * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. | |
756 | * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
757 | * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
758 | * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
f3280ac5 | 759 | * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
a44af9f2 | 760 | * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
f3280ac5 LK |
761 | * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
762 | redisplay going past a certain point, | |
763 | or window configuration changes. | |
a44af9f2 | 764 | |
bfe721d1 KH |
765 | Frames |
766 | ||
767 | * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. | |
768 | * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays. | |
769 | * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. | |
770 | * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. | |
771 | * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. | |
772 | * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
773 | * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
774 | display of text always works through windows. | |
775 | * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. | |
776 | * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. | |
777 | * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. | |
778 | * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows; | |
1911e6e5 | 779 | lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
bfe721d1 KH |
780 | * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
781 | * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. | |
782 | * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
783 | * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
784 | * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. | |
785 | * Pointer Shapes:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. | |
ebc6903b | 786 | * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
bfe721d1 | 787 | * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
f3280ac5 | 788 | * Text Terminal Colors:: Defining colors for text-only terminals. |
bfe721d1 | 789 | * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. |
e79a8eb2 | 790 | * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal. |
bfe721d1 | 791 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
792 | Positions |
793 | ||
794 | * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
795 | * Motion:: Changing point. | |
796 | * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
797 | * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
798 | ||
799 | Motion | |
800 | ||
801 | * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
802 | * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
803 | * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
804 | * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
805 | * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
806 | * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. |
807 | * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
808 | ||
809 | Markers | |
810 | ||
811 | * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
812 | * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
813 | * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
814 | * Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character |
815 | position. | |
816 | * Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you | |
817 | insert where it points. | |
f9f59935 | 818 | * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
a44af9f2 RS |
819 | * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker. |
820 | * The Region:: How to access ``the region''. | |
821 | ||
822 | Text | |
823 | ||
824 | * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
825 | * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
f3280ac5 | 826 | * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. |
a44af9f2 RS |
827 | * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. |
828 | * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
829 | * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
830 | * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
831 | * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
832 | later use. | |
833 | * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
834 | * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. |
835 | How to control how much information is kept. | |
a44af9f2 | 836 | * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. |
bfe721d1 | 837 | * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
f3280ac5 LK |
838 | * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix |
839 | from context. | |
840 | * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. | |
a44af9f2 | 841 | * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
a44af9f2 | 842 | * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. |
f3280ac5 | 843 | * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. |
a44af9f2 | 844 | * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. |
840797ee | 845 | * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
a44af9f2 | 846 | * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
840797ee | 847 | * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
a44af9f2 RS |
848 | * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
849 | the text or position stored in a register. | |
3afe8e39 RS |
850 | * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
851 | * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 ``message digest''/``checksum''. | |
f3280ac5 | 852 | * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes ``atomically''. |
840797ee | 853 | * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
177c0ea7 | 854 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
855 | The Kill Ring |
856 | ||
857 | * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
858 | * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
3afe8e39 | 859 | * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
a44af9f2 | 860 | * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
22697dac | 861 | * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
a44af9f2 RS |
862 | * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
863 | ||
864 | Indentation | |
865 | ||
866 | * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
867 | * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
868 | * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
869 | * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
870 | * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
871 | * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
872 | ||
840797ee KH |
873 | Text Properties |
874 | ||
875 | * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
876 | * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. | |
877 | * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
878 | * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
879 | * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. | |
880 | * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from | |
881 | neighboring text. | |
882 | * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading | |
883 | them back. | |
884 | * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion | |
885 | only when text is examined. | |
3d24098d RS |
886 | * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
887 | do something when you click on them. | |
f3280ac5 | 888 | * Links and Mouse-1:: How to make @key{Mouse-1} follow a link. |
3d24098d RS |
889 | * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines |
890 | fields within the buffer. | |
840797ee KH |
891 | * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
892 | Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
893 | ||
5557b83b RS |
894 | Non-ASCII Characters |
895 | ||
896 | * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations | |
897 | * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. | |
898 | * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. | |
899 | * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to | |
900 | codes of individual characters. | |
901 | * Character Sets:: The space of possible characters codes | |
902 | is divided into various character sets. | |
903 | * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. | |
904 | * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. | |
905 | * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? | |
906 | * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. | |
907 | * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. | |
908 | * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various | |
8a9e355c | 909 | non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
5557b83b RS |
910 | * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
911 | ||
a44af9f2 RS |
912 | Searching and Matching |
913 | ||
914 | * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
62929713 | 915 | * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. |
a44af9f2 RS |
916 | * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. |
917 | * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
f3280ac5 | 918 | * POSIX Regexps:: Searching POSIX-style for the longest match. |
62929713 RS |
919 | * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched, |
920 | after a string or regexp search. | |
921 | * Search and Replace:: Commands that loop, searching and replacing. | |
f3280ac5 | 922 | * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... |
a44af9f2 RS |
923 | |
924 | Regular Expressions | |
925 | ||
926 | * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
927 | * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
f3280ac5 | 928 | * Regexp Functions:: Functions for operating on regular expressions. |
a44af9f2 RS |
929 | |
930 | Syntax Tables | |
931 | ||
f3280ac5 | 932 | * Syntax Basics:: Basic concepts of syntax tables. |
a44af9f2 RS |
933 | * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. |
934 | * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
935 | * Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties. |
936 | * Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
937 | * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions |
938 | using the syntax table. | |
939 | * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
940 | * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
f3280ac5 | 941 | * Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax. |
a44af9f2 RS |
942 | |
943 | Syntax Descriptors | |
944 | ||
945 | * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
946 | * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
947 | ||
948 | Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion | |
949 | ||
950 | * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. | |
f3280ac5 | 951 | * Abbrev Tables:: Creating and working with abbrev tables. |
a44af9f2 | 952 | * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. |
f3280ac5 LK |
953 | * Abbrev Files:: Saving abbrevs in files. |
954 | * Abbrev Expansion:: Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
955 | * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. |
956 | ||
957 | Processes | |
958 | ||
959 | * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
f3280ac5 | 960 | * Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell. |
a44af9f2 RS |
961 | * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. |
962 | * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
963 | * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
964 | * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
965 | * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
966 | * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
967 | an asynchronous subprocess. | |
968 | * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
969 | * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
970 | * Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process. |
971 | * Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses. | |
bfe721d1 | 972 | * Network:: Opening network connections. |
f3280ac5 LK |
973 | * Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections. |
974 | * Datagrams:: UDP network connections. | |
975 | * Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function | |
976 | to create connections and servers. | |
2c59ce38 RS |
977 | * Misc Network:: Additional relevant functions for network connections. |
978 | * Byte Packing:: Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
979 | |
980 | Receiving Output from Processes | |
981 | ||
982 | * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
983 | * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
e37769b1 | 984 | * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. |
a44af9f2 RS |
985 | * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. |
986 | ||
f3280ac5 LK |
987 | Emacs Display |
988 | ||
989 | * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
990 | * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. | |
991 | * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. | |
99297d62 | 992 | * The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen. |
f3280ac5 | 993 | * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. |
f3280ac5 | 994 | * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
99297d62 | 995 | * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). |
f3280ac5 LK |
996 | * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. |
997 | * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. | |
998 | * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. | |
999 | * Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines. | |
1000 | * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style | |
1001 | for text characters: font, colors, etc. | |
1002 | * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. | |
1003 | * Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars. | |
1004 | * Pointer Shape:: Controlling the mouse pointer shape. | |
1005 | * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. | |
1006 | * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. | |
1007 | * Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers. | |
1008 | * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
1009 | * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. |
1010 | * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. | |
1011 | * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. | |
1012 | * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
1013 | ||
a44af9f2 RS |
1014 | Operating System Interface |
1015 | ||
1016 | * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
1017 | * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
1018 | * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
1019 | * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user. |
1020 | * Time of Day:: Getting the current time. | |
1021 | * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or | |
1022 | to calendrical data (or vice versa). | |
2c59ce38 RS |
1023 | * Time Parsing:: Converting a time from numeric form to text |
1024 | and vice versa. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
1025 | * Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs. |
1026 | * Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc. | |
1027 | * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
1028 | * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging. |
1029 | * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
1030 | * Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker. |
1031 | * X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows | |
a44af9f2 | 1032 | * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. |
f3280ac5 | 1033 | * Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with X Session Management. |
a44af9f2 RS |
1034 | |
1035 | Starting Up Emacs | |
1036 | ||
8241495d | 1037 | * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. |
a44af9f2 RS |
1038 | * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). |
1039 | * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
8241495d | 1040 | * Command-Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed, |
a44af9f2 RS |
1041 | and how you can customize them. |
1042 | ||
1043 | Getting out of Emacs | |
1044 | ||
1045 | * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
1046 | * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
1047 | ||
f3280ac5 | 1048 | Tips and Conventions |
a44af9f2 | 1049 | |
f3280ac5 | 1050 | * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
2c59ce38 RS |
1051 | * Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs. |
1052 | * Programming Tips:: Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs. | |
1053 | * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. | |
1054 | * Warning Tips:: Turning off compiler warnings. | |
f3280ac5 LK |
1055 | * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
1056 | * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. | |
1057 | * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. | |
a44af9f2 RS |
1058 | |
1059 | GNU Emacs Internals | |
1060 | ||
1061 | * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs. | |
1062 | * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. | |
1063 | * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
f3280ac5 | 1064 | * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far. |
a44af9f2 | 1065 | * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. |
f3280ac5 | 1066 | * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. |
a44af9f2 RS |
1067 | |
1068 | Object Internals | |
1069 | ||
1070 | * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
1071 | * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
1072 | * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
1073 | @end menu | |
1074 | ||
1075 | @include intro.texi | |
1076 | @include objects.texi | |
1077 | @include numbers.texi | |
1078 | @include strings.texi | |
1079 | ||
1080 | @include lists.texi | |
1081 | @include sequences.texi | |
8241495d | 1082 | @include hash.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
1083 | @include symbols.texi |
1084 | @include eval.texi | |
1085 | ||
1086 | @include control.texi | |
1087 | @include variables.texi | |
1088 | @include functions.texi | |
1089 | @include macros.texi | |
1090 | ||
f9f59935 | 1091 | @include customize.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
1092 | @include loading.texi |
1093 | @include compile.texi | |
cc236dfe | 1094 | @include advice.texi |
a44af9f2 | 1095 | |
cc236dfe | 1096 | @include debugging.texi |
f9f59935 | 1097 | @include streams.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
1098 | @include minibuf.texi |
1099 | @include commands.texi | |
a44af9f2 | 1100 | |
cc236dfe | 1101 | @include keymaps.texi |
f9f59935 | 1102 | @include modes.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
1103 | @include help.texi |
1104 | @include files.texi | |
a44af9f2 | 1105 | |
cc236dfe | 1106 | @include backups.texi |
f9f59935 | 1107 | @include buffers.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
1108 | @include windows.texi |
1109 | @include frames.texi | |
f9f59935 | 1110 | |
cc236dfe | 1111 | @include positions.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
1112 | @include markers.texi |
1113 | @include text.texi | |
f9f59935 | 1114 | @include nonascii.texi |
f9f59935 | 1115 | |
cc236dfe | 1116 | @include searching.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
1117 | @include syntax.texi |
1118 | @include abbrevs.texi | |
a44af9f2 | 1119 | @include processes.texi |
f9f59935 | 1120 | |
a44af9f2 | 1121 | @include display.texi |
513331d3 | 1122 | @include os.texi |
a44af9f2 RS |
1123 | |
1124 | @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
1125 | ||
1126 | @c appendices | |
1127 | ||
1128 | @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
1129 | ||
a40d4712 | 1130 | @include anti.texi |
9695b783 GM |
1131 | @include doclicense.texi |
1132 | @include gpl.texi | |
a44af9f2 RS |
1133 | @include tips.texi |
1134 | @include internals.texi | |
1135 | @include errors.texi | |
1136 | @include locals.texi | |
1137 | @include maps.texi | |
1138 | @include hooks.texi | |
a44af9f2 RS |
1139 | |
1140 | @include index.texi | |
1141 | ||
f9f59935 | 1142 | @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
a9f0a989 | 1143 | @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
f9f59935 | 1144 | |
cc236dfe | 1145 | @printindex tp |
f9f59935 | 1146 | |
a44af9f2 RS |
1147 | @bye |
1148 | ||
1149 | \f | |
1150 | These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. | |
ab5796a9 MB |
1151 | |
1152 | @ignore | |
1153 | arch-tag: f7e9a219-a0e1-4776-b631-08eaa1d49b34 | |
1154 | @end ignore |