+(define (load-services/safe files)
+ "This is like 'load-services', but make sure only the subset of FILES that
+can be safely reloaded is actually reloaded.
+
+This is done to accommodate the Shepherd < 0.15.0 where services lacked the
+'replacement' slot, and where 'register-services' would throw an exception
+when passed a service with an already-registered name."
+ (eval-there `(let* ((services (map primitive-load ',files))
+ (slots (map slot-definition-name
+ (class-slots <service>)))
+ (can-replace? (memq 'replacement slots)))
+ (define (registered? service)
+ (not (null? (lookup-services (canonical-name service)))))
+
+ (apply register-services
+ (if can-replace?
+ services
+ (remove registered? services))))))
+
+(define* (start-service name #:optional (arguments '()))
+ (invoke-action name 'start arguments
+ (lambda (result)
+ result)))