@c appreciate a notice if you do).
@copying
-Copyright @copyright{} 2001-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.@*
+Copyright @copyright{} 2001-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.@*
Copyright @copyright{} 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
Reuven M. Lerner@*
Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1993 Steven Byrnes@*
@ifnottex
@insertcopying
-@end ifnottex
+@end ifnottex
@menu
* FAQ notation::
* Bugs and problems::
* Compiling and installing Emacs::
* Finding Emacs and related packages::
-* Major packages and programs::
* Key bindings::
* Alternate character sets::
* Mail and news::
Also, on very few keyboards does @kbd{C-?} generate @acronym{ASCII} code 127.
@c FIXME I cannot understand the previous sentence.
-@inforef{Keys, Keys, emacs}, for more information. (@xref{Emacs
-manual}, for more information about Info.)
+@xref{Keys,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@node Extended commands
@section What does @file{M-x @var{command}} mean?
Emacs manual.
@node File-name conventions
-@section What are @file{etc/GNU}, @file{src/config.h}, @file{site-lisp/default.el}, etc.?
+@section What are @file{src/config.h}, @file{site-lisp/default.el}, etc.?
@cindex File-name conventions
@cindex Conventions for file names
@cindex Directories and files that come with Emacs
There has never been a copyright infringement case involving the GPL to
set any precedents. Although legal actions have been brought against
companies for violating the terms of the GPL, so far all have been
-settled out of court (in favour of the plaintiffs). Please take any
+settled out of court (in favor of the plaintiffs). Please take any
discussion regarding this issue to the newsgroup
@uref{news:gnu.misc.discuss}, which was created to hold the extensive
flame wars on the subject.
files named @file{etc/refcards/@var{lang}-refcard.*}, where @var{lang}
is a two-letter code of the language. For example, the German version
of the reference card is in the files @file{etc/refcards/de-refcard.tex}
-and @file{etc/recards/de-refcard.pdf}.
+and @file{etc/refcards/de-refcard.pdf}.
@item
There are many other commands in Emacs for getting help and
@menu
* Origin of the term Emacs::
* Latest version of Emacs::
+* New in Emacs 24::
* New in Emacs 23::
* New in Emacs 22::
* New in Emacs 21::
you can give this command a prefix argument to read about which features
were new in older versions.
+@node New in Emacs 24
+@section What is different about Emacs 24?
+@cindex Differences between Emacs 23 and Emacs 24
+@cindex Emacs 24, new features in
+
+@itemize
+@cindex packages, installing more
+@item
+Emacs now includes a package manager. Type @kbd{M-x list-packages} to
+get started. You can use this to download and automatically install
+many more Lisp packages.
+
+@cindex lexical binding
+@item
+Emacs Lisp now supports lexical binding on a per-file basis. In
+@emph{lexical binding}, variable references must be located textually
+within the binding construct. This contrasts with @emph{dynamic
+binding}, where programs can refer to variables defined outside their
+local textual scope. A Lisp file can use a local variable setting of
+@code{lexical-binding: t} to indicate that the contents should be
+interpreted using lexical binding. See the Emacs Lisp Reference
+Manual for more details.
+
+@cindex bidirectional display
+@cindex right-to-left languages
+@item
+Some human languages, such as English, are written from left to right.
+Others, such as Arabic, are written from right to left. Emacs now has
+support for any mixture of these forms---this is ``bidirectional text''.
+
+@item
+Handling of text selections has been improved, and now integrates
+better with external clipboards.
+
+@cindex themes
+@item
+A new command @kbd{customize-themes} allows you to easily change the
+appearance of your Emacs.
+
+@item
+Emacs can be compiled with the GTK+ 3 toolkit.
+
+@item
+Support for several new external libraries can be included at compile
+time:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item
+``Security-Enhanced Linux'' (SELinux) is a Linux kernel feature that
+provides more sophisticated file access controls than ordinary
+``Unix-style'' file permissions.
+
+@item
+The ImageMagick display library. This allows you to display many more
+image format in Emacs, as well as carry out transformations such as
+rotations.
+
+@item
+The GnuTLS library for secure network communications. Emacs uses this
+transparently for email if your mail server supports it.
+
+@item
+The libxml2 library for parsing XML structures.
+@end itemize
+
+@item
+Much more flexibility in the handling of windows and buffer display.
+
+@end itemize
+
+As always, consult the @file{NEWS} file for more information.
+
+
@node New in Emacs 23
@section What is different about Emacs 23?
@cindex Differences between Emacs 22 and Emacs 23
@cindex Emacs 23, new features in
-@cindex Recently introduced features
-@cindex Default features
@itemize
new Visual Line mode for line-motion; improved completion; a new mode
(@samp{DocView}) for viewing of PDF, PostScript, and DVI documents; nXML
mode (for editing XML documents) is included; VC has been updated for
-newer version control systems; etc. As always, consult the @file{NEWS}
-file for more information.
+newer version control systems; etc.
@node New in Emacs 22
@cindex Init file, setting up
@cindex Customization file, setting up
-@inforef{Init File, Init File, emacs}.
+@xref{Init File,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
In general, new Emacs users should not be provided with @file{.emacs}
files, because this can cause confusing non-standard behavior. Then
While Customize might indeed make it easier to configure Emacs,
consider taking a bit of time to learn Emacs Lisp and modifying your
@file{.emacs} directly. Simple configuration options are described
-rather completely in @inforef{Init File, Init File, emacs}, for users
-interested in performing frequently requested, basic tasks.
+rather completely in @ref{Init File,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual},
+for users interested in performing frequently requested, basic tasks.
Sometimes users are unsure as to where their @file{.emacs} file should
be found. Visiting the file as @file{~/.emacs} from Emacs will find
command takes you to a buffer listing all the available Customize
groups. From there, you can access all customizable options and faces,
change their values, and save your changes to your init file.
-@inforef{Easy Customization, Easy Customization, emacs}.
+@xref{Easy Customization,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
If you know the name of the group in advance (e.g. ``shell''), use
@kbd{M-x customize-group @key{RET}}.
@cindex Searching for newlines
@cindex Replacing newlines
-Use @kbd{C-q C-j}. For more information, see @inforef{Special Isearch,
-Special Input for Incremental Search, emacs}.
-
+Use @kbd{C-q C-j}. For more information,
+@pxref{Special Isearch,, Special Input for Incremental Search, emacs,
+The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@node Yanking text in isearch
@section How do I copy text from the kill ring into the search string?
@cindex Yanking text into the search string
@cindex isearch yanking
-Use @kbd{M-y}. @inforef{Isearch Yank, Isearch Yanking, emacs}.
+Use @kbd{M-y}. @xref{Isearch Yank,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@node Wrapping words automatically
@section How do I make Emacs wrap words for me?
To repeat a set of commands, use keyboard macros. Use @kbd{C-x (} and
@kbd{C-x )} to make a keyboard macro that invokes the command and then
-type @kbd{C-x e}. (@inforef{Keyboard Macros, Keyboard Macros, emacs}.)
+type @kbd{C-x e}. @xref{Keyboard Macros,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
If you're really desperate for the @code{.} command in @code{vi} that
redoes the last insertion/deletion, use VIPER, a @code{vi} emulation
@cindex X resources
@cindex Setting X resources
-@inforef{X Resources, X Resources, emacs}.
+@xref{X Resources,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
You can also use a resource editor, such as editres (for X11R5 and
onwards), to look at the resource names for the menu bar, assuming Emacs
@cindex Suspending Emacs
@kbd{C-z} iconifies Emacs when running under X and suspends Emacs
-otherwise. @inforef{Frame Commands, Frame Commands, emacs}.
+otherwise. @xref{Frame Commands,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@node Using regular expressions
@section How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs?
@cindex Unix regexps, differences from Emacs
@cindex Text strings, putting regexps in
-@inforef{Regexp Backslash, Regexp Backslash, emacs}.
+@xref{Regexp Backslash,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
The @code{or} operator is @samp{\|}, not @samp{|}, and the grouping operators
are @samp{\(} and @samp{\)}. Also, the string syntax for a backslash is
Another way to do the same thing is to use the ``tags'' feature of
Emacs: it includes the command @code{tags-query-replace} which performs
a query-replace across all the files mentioned in the @file{TAGS} file.
-@inforef{Tags Search, Tags Search, emacs}.
+@xref{Tags Search,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@node Documentation for etags
@section Where is the documentation for @code{etags}?
@code{ls} is part of the GNU Fileutils package, available from
@samp{ftp.gnu.org} and its mirrors (@pxref{Current GNU distributions}).
-To disable or change the way backups are made, @inforef{Backup Names, ,
-emacs}.
+To disable or change the way backups are made,
+@pxref{Backup Names,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@cindex Backup files in a single directory
Beginning with Emacs 21.1, you can control where Emacs puts backup files
package also allows you to place all auto-save files in one directory,
such as @file{/tmp}.
-To disable or change how @code{auto-save-mode} works, @inforef{Auto
-Save, , emacs}.
+To disable or change how @code{auto-save-mode} works,
+@pxref{Auto Save,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@node Going to a line by number
@section How can I go to a certain line given its number?
Customize the @code{scroll-conservatively} variable with @kbd{M-x
customize-variable @key{RET} scroll-conservatively @key{RET}} and set it
to a large value like, say, 10000. For an explanation of what this
-means, @inforef{Auto Scrolling, Auto Scrolling, emacs}.
+means, @pxref{Auto Scrolling,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
Alternatively, use the following Lisp form in your @file{.emacs}:
To avoid the slightly distracting visual effect of Emacs starting with
its default frame size and then growing to fullscreen, you can add an
-@samp{Emacs.Geometry} entry to the Windows registry settings (see
-@pxref{(emacs)X Resources}).
+@samp{Emacs.Geometry} entry to the Windows registry settings.
+@xref{X Resources,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
To compute the correct values for width and height, first maximize the
Emacs frame and then evaluate @code{(frame-height)} and
code found at the bottom of files by setting the variable
@code{enable-local-eval}.
-For more information, @inforef{File Variables, File Variables, emacs}.
+@xref{File Variables,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@item
Synthetic X events. (Yes, a risk; use @samp{MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1} or
* Finding Emacs on the Internet::
* Finding a package with particular functionality::
* Packages that do not come with Emacs::
+* Spell-checkers::
* Current GNU distributions::
* Difference between Emacs and XEmacs::
* Emacs for minimalists::
@cindex Emacs Lisp List
@cindex Emacs Lisp Archive
+Your first port of call should be the @kbd{M-x list-packages} command.
+This connects to the @uref{http:///elpa.gnu.org, GNU ELPA} (``Emacs
+Lisp Package Archive'') server and fetches the list of additional
+packages that it offers. These are GNU packages that are available
+for use with Emacs, but are distributed separately. Select a package
+to get more details about the features that it offers, and then if you
+wish, Emacs can download and automatically install it for you.
+
@uref{http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/sje30/emacs/ell.html, The Emacs Lisp
List (ELL)}, maintained by @email{S.J.Eglen@@damtp.cam.ac.uk, Stephen Eglen},
aims to provide one compact list with links to all of the current Emacs
Read the file @file{etc/MORE.STUFF} for more information about
external packages.
+@node Spell-checkers
+@section Spell-checkers
+@cindex Spell-checker
+@cindex Checking spelling
+@cindex Ispell
+@cindex Aspell
+@cindex Hunspell
+
+Various spell-checkers are compatible with Emacs, including:
+
+@table @b
+
+@item GNU Aspell
+@uref{http://aspell.net/}
+
+@item Ispell
+@uref{http://fmg-www.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/ispell.html}
+
+@item Hunspell
+@uref{http://hunspell.sourceforge.net/}
+
+@end table
+
@node Current GNU distributions
@section Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff?
@cindex Current GNU distributions
Beginning with version 22.1, Emacs supports Mac OS X natively.
See the file @file{nextstep/INSTALL} in the distribution.
-@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node Major packages and programs
-@chapter Major packages and programs
-@cindex Major packages and programs
-
-@menu
-* VM::
-* AUCTeX::
-* BBDB::
-* Spell-checkers::
-* Emacs/W3::
-* EDB::
-* JDEE::
-@end menu
-
-@node VM
-@section VM (View Mail) --- another mail reader within Emacs, with MIME support
-@cindex VM
-@cindex Alternative mail software
-@cindex View Mail
-@cindex E-mail reader, VM
-
-@table @b
-
-@item Web site
-@uref{http://launchpad.net/vm}
-(was @uref{http://www.nongnu.org/viewmail/})
-
-@item Informational newsgroup
-@uref{news:gnu.emacs.vm.info}@*
-
-@item Bug reports newsgroup
-@uref{news:gnu.emacs.vm.bug}@*
-@end table
-
-VM was originally written by @uref{http://www.wonderworks.com/vm/,Kyle Jones}.
-@uref{ftp://ftp.wonderworks.com/pub/vm/,Older versions} of VM remain
-available.
-
-
-@node AUCTeX
-@section AUC@TeX{} --- enhanced @TeX{} modes with debugging facilities
-@cindex Mode for @TeX{}
-@cindex @TeX{} mode
-@cindex AUC@TeX{} mode for editing @TeX{}
-@cindex Writing and debugging @TeX{}
-
-AUC@TeX{} is a set of sophisticated major modes for @TeX{}, LaTeX,
-ConTeXt, and Texinfo offering context-sensitive syntax highlighting,
-indentation, formatting and folding, macro completion, @TeX{} shell
-functionality, and debugging. Be also sure to check out
-@ref{Introduction, RefTeX, Introduction, reftex, Ref@TeX{} User Manual}.
-Current versions of AUC@TeX{} include the
-@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/auctex/preview-latex.html,preview-latex}
-package for WYSIWYG previews of various LaTeX constructs in the Emacs
-source buffer.
-
-@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/auctex/, AUCTeX}
-
-@node BBDB
-@section BBDB --- personal Info Rolodex integrated with mail/news readers
-@cindex BBDB
-@cindex Rolodex-like functionality
-@cindex Integrated contact database
-@cindex Contact database
-@cindex Big Brother Database
-@cindex Address book
-
-@uref{http://bbdb.sourceforge.net/, The Insidious Big Brother Database}
-
-@node Spell-checkers
-@section Spell-checkers
-@cindex Spell-checker
-@cindex Checking spelling
-@cindex Ispell
-@cindex Aspell
-@cindex Hunspell
-
-Various spell-checkers are compatible with Emacs, including:
-
-@table @b
-
-@item GNU Aspell
-@uref{http://aspell.net/}
-
-@item Ispell
-@uref{http://fmg-www.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/ispell.html}
-
-@item Hunspell
-@uref{http://hunspell.sourceforge.net/}
-
-@end table
-
-@node Emacs/W3
-@section Emacs/W3 --- A World Wide Web browser inside of Emacs
-@cindex WWW browser
-@cindex Web browser
-@cindex HTML browser in Emacs
-@cindex @code{w3-mode}
-
-@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/w3/, Emacs/W3}
-
-@node EDB
-@section EDB --- Database program for Emacs; replaces forms editing modes
-@cindex EDB
-@cindex Database
-@cindex Forms mode
-
-@uref{http://gnuvola.org/software/edb/, The Emacs Database}
-
-@node JDEE
-@section JDEE --- Integrated development environment for Java
-@cindex Java development environment
-@cindex Integrated Java development environment
-@cindex JDEE
-
-@uref{http://jdee.sourceforge.net/, A Java Development Environment for Emacs}
-
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
@node Key bindings
@chapter Key bindings
To bind a key just in the current major mode, type @kbd{M-x
local-set-key @key{RET} @var{key} @var{cmd} @key{RET}}.
-@inforef{Key Bindings, Key Bindings, emacs}, for further details.
+@xref{Key Bindings,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
To make the process of binding keys interactively easier, use the
following ``trick'': First bind the key interactively, then immediately
However, in the specific case of @kbd{C-h} and @key{DEL}, you should
toggle @code{normal-erase-is-backspace-mode} instead of calling
-@code{keyboard-translate}. @inforef{DEL Does Not Delete, DEL Does Not Delete,
-emacs}.
+@code{keyboard-translate}.
+@xref{DEL Does Not Delete,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
Keyboard translations are not the same as key bindings in keymaps.
Emacs contains numerous keymaps that apply in different situations, but
@cindex @key{Meta} key and @code{xterm}
@cindex Xterm and @key{Meta} key
-@inforef{Unibyte Mode, Single-Byte Character Set Support, emacs}.
+@xref{Unibyte Mode,, Single-Byte Character Set Support, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
If the advice in the Emacs manual fails, try all of these methods before
asking for further help:
@cindex Displaying eight-bit characters
@cindex Eight-bit characters, displaying
-@inforef{Unibyte Mode, Single-byte Character Set
-Support, emacs}. On a Unix, when Emacs runs on a text-only terminal
+@xref{Unibyte Mode,, Single-byte Character Set Support, emacs, The GNU
+Emacs Manual}. On a Unix, when Emacs runs on a text-only terminal
display or is invoked with @samp{emacs -nw}, you typically need to use
@code{set-terminal-coding-system} to tell Emacs what the terminal can
display, even after setting the language environment; otherwise
@cindex Eight-bit characters, entering
@cindex Input, 8-bit characters
-Various methods are available for input of eight-bit characters. See
-@inforef{Unibyte Mode, Single-byte Character Set
-Support, emacs}. For more sophisticated methods, @inforef{Input
-Methods, Input Methods, emacs}.
+Various methods are available for input of eight-bit characters.
+@xref{Unibyte Mode,, Single-byte Character Set Support, emacs, The GNU
+Emacs Manual}. For more sophisticated methods,
+@pxref{Input Methods,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@node Right-to-left alphabets
@section Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets?
@cindex Right-to-left alphabets
@cindex Hebrew, handling with Emacs
@cindex Semitic alphabets
-@cindex Arabic alphabets
-@cindex Bidirectional text
+@cindex Arabic
+@cindex Farsi
+@cindex bidirectional scripts
-Emacs supports Hebrew characters (ISO 8859-8) since version 20, but does
-not yet support right-to-left character entry and display. The
-@uref{http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/emacs-bidi, emacs-bidi
-mailing list} discusses development of support for this feature.
+Emacs supports display and editing of bidirectional scripts, such as
+Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew, since version 24.1.
+@xref{New in Emacs 24, bidirectional display}.
@node How to add fonts
Now, create fontsets for the BDF fonts:
-@lisp
+@smallexample
(create-fontset-from-fontset-spec
"-*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-fontset-bdf,
japanese-jisx0208:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-*-jisx0208.1983-*,
tibetan-1-column:-TibMdXA-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-m-80-MuleTibetan-1,
ethiopic:-Admas-Ethiomx16f-Medium-R-Normal--16-150-100-100-M-160-Ethiopic-Unicode,
tibetan:-TibMdXA-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-m-160-MuleTibetan-0")
-@end lisp
+@end smallexample
Many of the international bdf fonts from Intlfonts are type 0, and
therefore need to be added to font-encoding-alist:
Use @kbd{M-x gnus}. For more information on Gnus, @pxref{Top,, the Gnus
Manual, gnus, The Gnus Manual}, which includes @ref{Frequently Asked
-Questions,, the Gnus FAQ, gnus}.
+Questions,, the Gnus FAQ, gnus, The Gnus Manual}.
@node Gnus does not work with NNTP
HCoop / bpt / emacs.git / blobdiff