-@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 1985-1987, 1993-1995, 1997, 2000-2011
-@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
-@node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top
-@chapter Multiple Windows
-@cindex windows in Emacs
-@cindex multiple windows in Emacs
-
- Emacs can split a frame into two or many windows. Multiple windows
-can display parts of different buffers, or different parts of one
-buffer. Multiple frames always imply multiple windows, because each
-frame has its own set of windows. Each window belongs to one and only
-one frame.
-
-@menu
-* Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
-* Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
-* Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
-* Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
-* Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected
- window rather than in another window.
-* Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
-* Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling.
-@end menu
-
-@node Basic Window
-@section Concepts of Emacs Windows
-
- Each Emacs window displays one Emacs buffer at any time. A single
-buffer may appear in more than one window; if it does, any changes in
-its text are displayed in all the windows where it appears. But these
-windows can show different parts of the buffer, because each window
-has its own value of point.
-
-@cindex selected window
- At any time, one Emacs window is the @dfn{selected window}; the
-buffer this window is displaying is the current buffer. The terminal's
-cursor shows the location of point in this window. Each other window
-has a location of point as well. On text-only terminals, there is no
-way to show where those locations are, since the terminal has only one
-cursor. On a graphical display, the location of point in a
-non-selected window is indicated by a hollow box; the cursor in the
-selected window is blinking or solid.
-
- Commands to move point affect the value of point for the selected Emacs
-window only. They do not change the value of point in other Emacs
-windows, even those showing the same buffer. The same is true for commands
-such as @kbd{C-x b} to switch buffers in the selected window;
-they do not affect other windows at all. However, there are other commands
-such as @kbd{C-x 4 b} that select a different window and switch buffers in
-it. Also, all commands that display information in a window, including
-(for example) @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-x C-b}
-(@code{list-buffers}), work by switching buffers in a nonselected window
-without affecting the selected window.
-
- When multiple windows show the same buffer, they can have different
-regions, because they can have different values of point. However,
-they all have the same value for the mark, because each buffer has
-only one mark position.
-
- Each window has its own mode line, which displays the buffer name,
-modification status and major and minor modes of the buffer that is
-displayed in the window. The selected window's mode line appears in a
-different color. @xref{Mode Line}, for full details on the mode line.
-
-@node Split Window
-@section Splitting Windows
-
-@table @kbd
-@item C-x 2
-Split the selected window into two windows, one above the other
-(@code{split-window-vertically}).
-@item C-x 3
-Split the selected window into two windows positioned side by side
-(@code{split-window-horizontally}).
-@item C-Mouse-2
-In the mode line or scroll bar of a window, split that window.
-@end table
-
-@kindex C-x 2
-@findex split-window-vertically
- The command @kbd{C-x 2} (@code{split-window-vertically}) breaks the
-selected window into two windows, one above the other. Both windows start
-out displaying the same buffer, with the same value of point. By default
-the two windows each get half the height of the window that was split; a
-numeric argument specifies how many lines to give to the top window.
-
-@kindex C-x 3
-@findex split-window-horizontally
- @kbd{C-x 3} (@code{split-window-horizontally}) breaks the selected
-window into two side-by-side windows. A numeric argument specifies how
-many columns to give the one on the left. If you are not using
-scrollbars, a vertical line separates the two windows.
-You can customize its color with the face @code{vertical-border}.
-Windows that are not the full width of the screen have mode lines, but
-they are truncated. On terminals where Emacs does not support
-highlighting, truncated mode lines sometimes do not appear in inverse
-video.
-
-@kindex C-Mouse-2 @r{(scroll bar)}
- You can split a window horizontally or vertically by clicking
-@kbd{C-Mouse-2} in the mode line or the scroll bar. The line of
-splitting goes through the place where you click: if you click on the
-mode line, the new scroll bar goes above the spot; if you click in the
-scroll bar, the mode line of the split window is side by side with
-your click.
-
-@vindex truncate-partial-width-windows
- When a window occupies less than the full width of the frame, it may
-become too narrow for most of the text lines in its buffer. If most of
-its lines are continued (@pxref{Continuation Lines}), the buffer may
-become difficult to read. Therefore, Emacs automatically truncates
-lines if the window width becomes narrower than 50 columns. This
-truncation occurs regardless of the value of the variable
-@code{truncate-lines} (@pxref{Line Truncation}); it is instead
-controlled by the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows}. If
-the value of @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is a positive integer
-(the default is 50), that specifies the minimum width for a
-partial-width window before automatic line truncation occurs; if the
-value is @code{nil}, automatic line truncation is disabled; and for any
-other non-@code{nil} value, Emacs truncates lines in every partial-width
-window regardless of its width.
-
- Horizontal scrolling is often used in side-by-side windows.
-@xref{Horizontal Scrolling}.
-
-@vindex split-window-keep-point
- If @code{split-window-keep-point} is non-@code{nil}, the default,
-both of the windows resulting from @kbd{C-x 2} inherit the value of
-point from the window that was split. This means that scrolling is
-inevitable. If this variable is @code{nil}, then @kbd{C-x 2} tries to
-avoid scrolling the text currently visible on the screen, by putting
-point in each window at a position already visible in the window. It
-also selects whichever window contains the screen line that the cursor
-was previously on. Some users prefer that mode on slow terminals.
-
-@node Other Window
-@section Using Other Windows
-
-@table @kbd
-@item C-x o
-Select another window (@code{other-window}). That is @kbd{o}, not zero.
-@item C-M-v
-Scroll the next window (@code{scroll-other-window}).
-@item M-x compare-windows
-Find next place where the text in the selected window does not match
-the text in the next window.
-@item Mouse-1
-@kbd{Mouse-1}, in a window's mode line, selects that window
-but does not move point in it (@code{mouse-select-window}).
-@end table
-
-@kindex C-x o
-@findex other-window
- To select a different window, click with @kbd{Mouse-1} on its mode
-line. With the keyboard, you can switch windows by typing @kbd{C-x o}
-(@code{other-window}). That is an @kbd{o}, for ``other,'' not a zero.
-When there are more than two windows, this command moves through all the
-windows in a cyclic order, generally top to bottom and left to right.
-After the rightmost and bottommost window, it goes back to the one at
-the upper left corner. A numeric argument means to move several steps
-in the cyclic order of windows. A negative argument moves around the
-cycle in the opposite order. When the minibuffer is active, the
-minibuffer is the last window in the cycle; you can switch from the
-minibuffer window to one of the other windows, and later switch back and
-finish supplying the minibuffer argument that is requested.
-@xref{Minibuffer Edit}.
-
-@kindex C-M-v
-@findex scroll-other-window
- The usual scrolling commands (@pxref{Display}) apply to the selected
-window only, but there is one command to scroll the next window.
-@kbd{C-M-v} (@code{scroll-other-window}) scrolls the window that
-@kbd{C-x o} would select. It takes arguments, positive and negative,
-like @kbd{C-v}. (In the minibuffer, @kbd{C-M-v} scrolls the window
-that contains the minibuffer help display, if any, rather than the
-next window in the standard cyclic order.)
-
- The command @kbd{M-x compare-windows} lets you compare two files or
-buffers visible in two windows, by moving through them to the next
-mismatch. @xref{Comparing Files}, for details.
-
-@vindex mouse-autoselect-window
- If you set @code{mouse-autoselect-window} to a non-@code{nil} value,
-moving the mouse into a different window selects that window. This
-feature is off by default.
-
-@node Pop Up Window
-@section Displaying in Another Window
-
-@cindex selecting buffers in other windows
-@kindex C-x 4
- @kbd{C-x 4} is a prefix key for commands that select another window
-(splitting the window if there is only one) and select a buffer in that
-window. Different @kbd{C-x 4} commands have different ways of finding the
-buffer to select.
-
-@table @kbd
-@item C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}
-Select buffer @var{bufname} in another window. This runs
-@code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}.
-@item C-x 4 C-o @var{bufname} @key{RET}
-Display buffer @var{bufname} in another window, but
-don't select that buffer or that window. This runs
-@code{display-buffer}.
-@item C-x 4 f @var{filename} @key{RET}
-Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another window. This
-runs @code{find-file-other-window}. @xref{Visiting}.
-@item C-x 4 d @var{directory} @key{RET}
-Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another window.
-This runs @code{dired-other-window}. @xref{Dired}.
-@item C-x 4 m
-Start composing a mail message in another window. This runs
-@code{mail-other-window}; its same-window analogue is @kbd{C-x m}
-(@pxref{Sending Mail}).
-@item C-x 4 .
-Find a tag in the current tags table, in another window. This runs
-@code{find-tag-other-window}, the multiple-window variant of @kbd{M-.}
-(@pxref{Tags}).
-@item C-x 4 r @var{filename} @key{RET}
-Visit file @var{filename} read-only, and select its buffer in another
-window. This runs @code{find-file-read-only-other-window}.
-@xref{Visiting}.
-@end table
-
-@vindex split-height-threshold
-@vindex split-width-threshold
- By default, these commands split the window vertically when there is
-only one. You can customize the variables @code{split-height-threshold}
-and @code{split-width-threshold} to split the window horizontally
-instead.
-
-
-@node Force Same Window
-@section Forcing Display in the Same Window
-
- Certain Emacs commands switch to a specific buffer with special
-contents. For example, @kbd{M-x shell} switches to a buffer named
-@samp{*shell*}. By convention, all these commands are written to pop up
-the buffer in a separate window. But you can specify that certain of
-these buffers should appear in the selected window.
-
-@vindex same-window-buffer-names
- If you add a buffer name to the list @code{same-window-buffer-names},
-the effect is that such commands display that particular buffer by
-switching to it in the selected window. For example, if you add the
-element @code{"*grep*"} to the list, the @code{grep} command will
-display its output buffer in the selected window.
-
- The default value of @code{same-window-buffer-names} is not
-@code{nil}: it specifies buffer names @samp{*info*}, @samp{*mail*} and
-@samp{*shell*} (as well as others used by more obscure Emacs packages).
-This is why @kbd{M-x shell} normally switches to the @samp{*shell*}
-buffer in the selected window. If you delete this element from the
-value of @code{same-window-buffer-names}, the behavior of @kbd{M-x
-shell} will change---it will pop up the buffer in another window
-instead.
-
-@vindex same-window-regexps
- You can specify these buffers more generally with the variable
-@code{same-window-regexps}. Set it to a list of regular expressions;
-then any buffer whose name matches one of those regular expressions is
-displayed by switching to it in the selected window. (Once again, this
-applies only to buffers that normally get displayed for you in a
-separate window.) The default value of this variable specifies Telnet
-and rlogin buffers.
-
- An analogous feature lets you specify buffers which should be
-displayed in their own individual frames. @xref{Special Buffer Frames}.
-
-@node Change Window
-@section Deleting and Rearranging Windows
-
-@table @kbd
-@item C-x 0
-Delete the selected window (@code{delete-window}). The last character
-in this key sequence is a zero.
-@item C-x 1
-Delete all windows in the selected frame except the selected window
-(@code{delete-other-windows}).
-@item C-x 4 0
-Delete the selected window and kill the buffer that was showing in it
-(@code{kill-buffer-and-window}). The last character in this key
-sequence is a zero.
-@item C-x ^
-Make selected window taller (@code{enlarge-window}).
-@item C-x @}
-Make selected window wider (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}).
-@item C-x @{
-Make selected window narrower (@code{shrink-window-horizontally}).
-@item C-x -
-Shrink this window if its buffer doesn't need so many lines
-(@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer}).
-@item C-x +
-Make all windows the same height (@code{balance-windows}).
-@end table
-
-@kindex C-x 0
-@findex delete-window
- To delete a window, type @kbd{C-x 0} (@code{delete-window}). (That is
-a zero.) The space occupied by the deleted window is given to an
-adjacent window (but not the minibuffer window, even if that is active
-at the time). Once a window is deleted, its attributes are forgotten;
-only restoring a window configuration can bring it back. Deleting the
-window has no effect on the buffer it used to display; the buffer
-continues to exist, and you can select it in any window with @kbd{C-x
-b}.
-
-@findex kill-buffer-and-window
-@kindex C-x 4 0
- @kbd{C-x 4 0} (@code{kill-buffer-and-window}) is a stronger command
-than @kbd{C-x 0}; it kills the current buffer and then deletes the
-selected window.
-
-@kindex C-x 1
-@findex delete-other-windows
- @kbd{C-x 1} (@code{delete-other-windows}) is more powerful in a
-different way; it deletes all the windows except the selected one (and
-the minibuffer); the selected window expands to use the whole frame
-except for the echo area.
-
-@kindex C-x ^
-@findex enlarge-window
-@kindex C-x @}
-@findex enlarge-window-horizontally
-@vindex window-min-height
-@vindex window-min-width
- To readjust the division of space among vertically adjacent windows,
-use @kbd{C-x ^} (@code{enlarge-window}). It makes the currently
-selected window one line bigger, or as many lines as is specified
-with a numeric argument. With a negative argument, it makes the
-selected window smaller. @kbd{C-x @}}
-(@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}) makes the selected window wider by
-the specified number of columns. @kbd{C-x @{}
-(@code{shrink-window-horizontally}) makes the selected window narrower
-by the specified number of columns.
-
- When you make a window bigger, the space comes from its peers. If
-this makes any window too small, it is deleted and its space is given
-to an adjacent window. The minimum size is specified by the variables
-@code{window-min-height} and @code{window-min-width}.
-
-@kindex C-x -
-@findex shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer
- The command @kbd{C-x -} (@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer})
-reduces the height of the selected window, if it is taller than
-necessary to show the whole text of the buffer it is displaying. It
-gives the extra lines to other windows in the frame.
-
-@kindex C-x +
-@findex balance-windows
- You can also use @kbd{C-x +} (@code{balance-windows}) to even out the
-heights of all the windows in the selected frame.
-
- Mouse clicks on the mode line provide another way to change window
-heights and to delete windows. @xref{Mode Line Mouse}.
-
-@node Window Convenience
-@section Window Handling Convenience Features and Customization
-
-@findex winner-mode
-@cindex Winner mode
-@cindex mode, Winner
-@cindex undoing window configuration changes
-@cindex window configuration changes, undoing
- @kbd{M-x winner-mode} is a global minor mode that records the
-changes in the window configuration (i.e. how the frames are
-partitioned into windows), so that you can ``undo'' them. To undo,
-use @kbd{C-c left} (@code{winner-undo}). If you change your mind
-while undoing, you can redo the changes you had undone using @kbd{C-c
-right} (@code{M-x winner-redo}). Another way to enable Winner mode is
-by customizing the variable @code{winner-mode}.
-
-@cindex Windmove package
-@cindex directional window selection
-@findex windmove-right
-@findex windmove-default-keybindings
- The Windmove commands move directionally between neighboring windows in
-a frame. @kbd{M-x windmove-right} selects the window immediately to the
-right of the currently selected one, and similarly for the ``left,'' ``up,''
-and ``down'' counterparts. @kbd{M-x windmove-default-keybindings} binds
-these commands to @kbd{S-right} etc. (Not all terminals support shifted
-arrow keys, however.)
-
- Follow minor mode (@kbd{M-x follow-mode}) synchronizes several
-windows on the same buffer so that they always display adjacent
-sections of that buffer. @xref{Follow Mode}.
-
-@vindex scroll-all-mode
-@cindex scrolling windows together
-@cindex Scroll-all mode
-@cindex mode, Scroll-all
- @kbd{M-x scroll-all-mode} provides commands to scroll all visible
-windows together. You can also turn it on by customizing the variable
-@code{scroll-all-mode}. The commands provided are @kbd{M-x
-scroll-all-scroll-down-all}, @kbd{M-x scroll-all-page-down-all} and
-their corresponding ``up'' equivalents. To make this mode useful,
-you should bind these commands to appropriate keys.
+@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
+@c Copyright (C) 1985-1987, 1993-1995, 1997, 2000-2012
+@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
+@node Windows
+@chapter Multiple Windows
+@cindex windows in Emacs
+@cindex multiple windows in Emacs
+
+ Emacs can split a frame into two or many windows. Multiple windows
+can display parts of different buffers, or different parts of one
+buffer. Multiple frames always imply multiple windows, because each
+frame has its own set of windows. Each window belongs to one and only
+one frame.
+
+@menu
+* Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
+* Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
+* Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
+* Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
+* Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
+* Displaying Buffers:: How Emacs picks a window for displaying a buffer.
+* Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling.
+@end menu
+
+@node Basic Window
+@section Concepts of Emacs Windows
+
+ Each Emacs window displays one Emacs buffer at any time. A single
+buffer may appear in more than one window; if it does, any changes in
+its text are displayed in all the windows where it appears. But these
+windows can show different parts of the buffer, because each window
+has its own value of point.
+
+@cindex selected window
+ At any time, one Emacs window is the @dfn{selected window}; the
+buffer this window is displaying is the current buffer. On graphical
+displays, the point is indicated by a solid blinking cursor in the
+selected window, and by a hollow box in non-selected windows. On text
+terminals, the cursor is drawn only in the selected window.
+@xref{Cursor Display}.
+
+ Commands to move point affect the value of point for the selected
+Emacs window only. They do not change the value of point in other
+Emacs windows, even those showing the same buffer. The same is true
+for buffer-switching commands such as @kbd{C-x b}; they do not affect
+other windows at all. However, there are other commands such as
+@kbd{C-x 4 b} that select a different window and switch buffers in it.
+Also, all commands that display information in a window, including
+(for example) @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-x C-b}
+(@code{list-buffers}), work by switching buffers in a nonselected
+window without affecting the selected window.
+
+ When multiple windows show the same buffer, they can have different
+regions, because they can have different values of point. However,
+they all have the same value for the mark, because each buffer has
+only one mark position.
+
+ Each window has its own mode line, which displays the buffer name,
+modification status and major and minor modes of the buffer that is
+displayed in the window. The selected window's mode line appears in a
+different color. @xref{Mode Line}, for details.
+
+@node Split Window
+@section Splitting Windows
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-x 2
+Split the selected window into two windows, one above the other
+(@code{split-window-below}).
+@item C-x 3
+Split the selected window into two windows, positioned side by side
+(@code{split-window-right}).
+@item C-Mouse-2
+In the mode line of a window, split that window.
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-x 2
+@findex split-window-below
+ @kbd{C-x 2} (@code{split-window-below}) splits the selected window
+into two windows, one above the other. After splitting, the selected
+window is the upper one, and the newly split-off window is below.
+Both windows have the same value of point as before, and display the
+same portion of the buffer (or as close to it as possible). If
+necessary, the windows are scrolled to keep point on-screen. By
+default, the two windows each get half the height of the original
+window. A positive numeric argument specifies how many lines to give
+to the top window; a negative numeric argument specifies how many
+lines to give to the bottom window.
+
+@vindex split-window-keep-point
+ If you change the variable @code{split-window-keep-point} to
+@code{nil}, @kbd{C-x 2} instead adjusts the portion of the buffer
+displayed by the two windows, as well as the value of point in each
+window, in order to keep the text on the screen as close as possible
+to what it was before; furthermore, if point was in the lower half of
+the original window, the bottom window is selected instead of the
+upper one.
+
+@kindex C-x 3
+@findex split-window-right
+ @kbd{C-x 3} (@code{split-window-right}) splits the selected window
+into two side-by-side windows. The left window is the selected one;
+the right window displays the same portion of the same buffer, and has
+the same value of point. A positive numeric argument specifies how
+many columns to give the left window; a negative numeric argument
+specifies how many columns to give the right window.
+
+@vindex truncate-partial-width-windows
+ When you split a window with @kbd{C-x 3}, each resulting window
+occupies less than the full width of the frame. If it becomes too
+narrow, the buffer may be difficult to read if continuation lines are
+in use (@pxref{Continuation Lines}). Therefore, Emacs automatically
+switches to line truncation if the window width becomes narrower than
+50 columns. This truncation occurs regardless of the value of the
+variable @code{truncate-lines} (@pxref{Line Truncation}); it is
+instead controlled by the variable
+@code{truncate-partial-width-windows}. If the value of this variable
+is a positive integer (the default is 50), that specifies the minimum
+width for a partial-width window before automatic line truncation
+occurs; if the value is @code{nil}, automatic line truncation is
+disabled; and for any other non-@code{nil} value, Emacs truncates
+lines in every partial-width window regardless of its width.
+
+ On text terminals, side-by-side windows are separated by a vertical
+divider which is drawn using the @code{vertical-border} face.
+
+@kindex C-Mouse-2 @r{(mode line)}
+@kindex C-Mouse-2 @r{(scroll bar)}
+ If you click @kbd{C-Mouse-2} in the mode line of a window, that
+splits the window, putting a vertical divider where you click.
+Depending on how Emacs is compiled, you can also split a window by
+clicking @kbd{C-Mouse-2} in the scroll bar, which puts a horizontal
+divider where you click (this feature does not work when Emacs uses
+GTK+ scroll bars).
+
+@node Other Window
+@section Using Other Windows
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-x o
+Select another window (@code{other-window}).
+@item C-M-v
+Scroll the next window (@code{scroll-other-window}).
+@item Mouse-1
+@kbd{Mouse-1}, in the text area of a window, selects the window and
+moves point to the position clicked. Clicking in the mode line
+selects the window without moving point in it.
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-x o
+@findex other-window
+With the keyboard, you can switch windows by typing @kbd{C-x o}
+(@code{other-window}). That is an @kbd{o}, for ``other'', not a zero.
+When there are more than two windows, this command moves through all the
+windows in a cyclic order, generally top to bottom and left to right.
+After the rightmost and bottommost window, it goes back to the one at
+the upper left corner. A numeric argument means to move several steps
+in the cyclic order of windows. A negative argument moves around the
+cycle in the opposite order. When the minibuffer is active, the
+minibuffer is the last window in the cycle; you can switch from the
+minibuffer window to one of the other windows, and later switch back and
+finish supplying the minibuffer argument that is requested.
+@xref{Minibuffer Edit}.
+
+@kindex C-M-v
+@findex scroll-other-window
+ The usual scrolling commands (@pxref{Display}) apply to the selected
+window only, but there is one command to scroll the next window.
+@kbd{C-M-v} (@code{scroll-other-window}) scrolls the window that
+@kbd{C-x o} would select. It takes arguments, positive and negative,
+like @kbd{C-v}. (In the minibuffer, @kbd{C-M-v} scrolls the help
+window associated with the minibuffer, if any, rather than the next
+window in the standard cyclic order; @pxref{Minibuffer Edit}.)
+
+@vindex mouse-autoselect-window
+ If you set @code{mouse-autoselect-window} to a non-@code{nil} value,
+moving the mouse over a different window selects that window. This
+feature is off by default.
+
+@node Pop Up Window
+@section Displaying in Another Window
+
+@cindex selecting buffers in other windows
+@kindex C-x 4
+ @kbd{C-x 4} is a prefix key for a variety of commands that switch to
+a buffer in a different window---either another existing window, or a
+new window created by splitting the selected window. @xref{Window
+Choice}, for how Emacs picks or creates the window to use.
+
+@table @kbd
+@findex switch-to-buffer-other-window
+@item C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}
+Select buffer @var{bufname} in another window
+(@code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}).
+
+@findex display-buffer
+@item C-x 4 C-o @var{bufname} @key{RET}
+@kindex C-x 4 C-o
+Display buffer @var{bufname} in some window, without trying to select
+it (@code{display-buffer}). @xref{Displaying Buffers}, for details
+about how the window is chosen.
+
+@findex find-file-other-window
+@item C-x 4 f @var{filename} @key{RET}
+Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another window
+(@code{find-file-other-window}). @xref{Visiting}.
+
+@findex dired-other-window
+@item C-x 4 d @var{directory} @key{RET}
+Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another window
+(@code{dired-other-window}). @xref{Dired}.
+
+@findex mail-other-window
+@item C-x 4 m
+Start composing a mail message, similar to @kbd{C-x m} (@pxref{Sending
+Mail}), but in another window (@code{mail-other-window}).
+
+@findex find-tag-other-window
+@item C-x 4 .
+Find a tag in the current tags table, similar to @kbd{M-.}
+(@pxref{Tags}), but in another window (@code{find-tag-other-window}).
+@item C-x 4 r @var{filename} @key{RET}
+Visit file @var{filename} read-only, and select its buffer in another
+window (@code{find-file-read-only-other-window}). @xref{Visiting}.
+@end table
+
+@node Change Window
+@section Deleting and Rearranging Windows
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-x 0
+Delete the selected window (@code{delete-window}).
+@item C-x 1
+Delete all windows in the selected frame except the selected window
+(@code{delete-other-windows}).
+@item C-x 4 0
+Delete the selected window and kill the buffer that was showing in it
+(@code{kill-buffer-and-window}). The last character in this key
+sequence is a zero.
+@item C-x ^
+Make selected window taller (@code{enlarge-window}).
+@item C-x @}
+Make selected window wider (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}).
+@item C-x @{
+Make selected window narrower (@code{shrink-window-horizontally}).
+@item C-x -
+Shrink this window if its buffer doesn't need so many lines
+(@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer}).
+@item C-x +
+Make all windows the same height (@code{balance-windows}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-x 0
+@findex delete-window
+ To delete the selected window, type @kbd{C-x 0}
+(@code{delete-window}). (That is a zero.) Once a window is deleted,
+the space that it occupied is given to an adjacent window (but not the
+minibuffer window, even if that is active at the time). Deleting the
+window has no effect on the buffer it used to display; the buffer
+continues to exist, and you can still switch to with @kbd{C-x b}.
+
+@findex kill-buffer-and-window
+@kindex C-x 4 0
+ @kbd{C-x 4 0} (@code{kill-buffer-and-window}) is a stronger command
+than @kbd{C-x 0}; it kills the current buffer and then deletes the
+selected window.
+
+@kindex C-x 1
+@findex delete-other-windows
+ @kbd{C-x 1} (@code{delete-other-windows}) deletes all the windows,
+@emph{except} the selected one; the selected window expands to use the
+whole frame. (This command cannot be used while the minibuffer window
+is active; attempting to do so signals an error.)
+
+@kindex C-x ^
+@findex enlarge-window
+@kindex C-x @}
+@vindex window-min-height
+ The command @kbd{C-x ^} (@code{enlarge-window}) makes the selected
+window one line taller, taking space from a vertically adjacent window
+without changing the height of the frame. With a positive numeric
+argument, this command increases the window height by that many lines;
+with a negative argument, it reduces the height by that many lines.
+If there are no vertically adjacent windows (i.e. the window is at the
+full frame height), that signals an error. The command also signals
+an error if you attempt to reduce the height of any window below a
+certain minimum number of lines, specified by the variable
+@code{window-min-height} (the default is 4).
+
+@findex enlarge-window-horizontally
+@findex shrink-window-horizontally
+@vindex window-min-width
+ Similarly, @kbd{C-x @}} (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}) makes
+the selected window wider, and @kbd{C-x @{}
+(@code{shrink-window-horizontally}) makes it narrower. These commands
+signal an error if you attempt to reduce the width of any window below
+a certain minimum number of columns, specified by the variable
+@code{window-min-width} (the default is 10).
+
+@kindex C-x -
+@findex shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer
+ @kbd{C-x -} (@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer}) reduces the
+height of the selected window, if it is taller than necessary to show
+the whole text of the buffer it is displaying. It gives the extra
+lines to other windows in the frame.
+
+@kindex C-x +
+@findex balance-windows
+ You can also use @kbd{C-x +} (@code{balance-windows}) to even out the
+heights of all the windows in the selected frame.
+
+ Mouse clicks on the mode line provide another way to change window
+heights and to delete windows. @xref{Mode Line Mouse}.
+
+@node Displaying Buffers
+@section Displaying a Buffer in a Window
+
+ It is a common Emacs operation to display or ``pop up'' some buffer
+in response to a user command. There are several different ways in
+which commands do this.
+
+ Many commands, like @kbd{C-x C-f} (@code{find-file}), display the
+buffer by ``taking over'' the selected window, expecting that the
+user's attention will be diverted to that buffer. These commands
+usually work by calling @code{switch-to-buffer} internally
+(@pxref{Select Buffer}).
+
+@findex display-buffer
+ Some commands try to display ``intelligently'', trying not to take
+over the selected window, e.g. by splitting off a new window and
+displaying the desired buffer there. Such commands, which include the
+various help commands (@pxref{Help}), work by calling
+@code{display-buffer} internally. @xref{Window Choice}, for details.
+
+ Other commands do the same as @code{display-buffer}, and
+additionally select the displaying window so that you can begin
+editing its buffer. The command @kbd{C-x `} (@code{next-error}) is
+one example (@pxref{Compilation Mode}). Such commands work by calling
+the function @code{pop-to-buffer} internally. @xref{Switching
+Buffers,,Switching to a Buffer in a Window, elisp, The Emacs Lisp
+Reference Manual}.
+
+ Commands with names ending in @code{-other-window} behave like
+@code{display-buffer}, except that they never display in the selected
+window. Several of these commands are bound in the @kbd{C-x 4} prefix
+key (@pxref{Pop Up Window}).
+
+ Commands with names ending in @code{-other-frame} behave like
+@code{display-buffer}, except that they (i) never display in the
+selected window and (ii) prefer to create a new frame to display the
+desired buffer instead of splitting a window---as though the variable
+@code{pop-up-frames} is set to @code{t} (@pxref{Window Choice}).
+Several of these commands are bound in the @kbd{C-x 5} prefix key.
+
+@menu
+* Window Choice:: How @code{display-buffer} works.
+@end menu
+
+@node Window Choice
+@subsection How @code{display-buffer} works
+@findex display-buffer
+
+The @code{display-buffer} command (as well as commands that call it
+internally) chooses a window to display by following the steps given
+below. @xref{Choosing Window,,Choosing a Window for Display, elisp,
+The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for details about how to alter this
+sequence of steps.
+
+@itemize
+@vindex same-window-buffer-names
+@vindex same-window-regexps
+@item
+First, check if the buffer should be displayed in the selected window
+regardless of other considerations. You can tell Emacs to do this by
+adding the desired buffer's name to the list
+@code{same-window-buffer-names}, or adding a matching regular
+expression to the list @code{same-window-regexps}. By default, these
+variables are @code{nil}, so this step is skipped.
+
+@item
+Otherwise, if the buffer is already displayed in an existing window,
+``reuse'' that window. Normally, only windows on the selected frame
+are considered, but windows on other frames are also reusable if you
+change @code{pop-up-frames} (see below) to @code{t}.
+
+@vindex pop-up-frames
+@item
+Otherwise, optionally create a new frame and display the buffer there.
+By default, this step is skipped. To enable it, change the variable
+@code{pop-up-frames} to a non-@code{nil} value. The special value
+@code{graphic-only} means to do this only on graphical displays.
+
+@item
+Otherwise, try to create a new window by splitting the selected
+window, and display the buffer in that new window.
+
+@vindex split-height-threshold
+@vindex split-width-threshold
+The split can be either vertical or horizontal, depending on the
+variables @code{split-height-threshold} and
+@code{split-width-threshold}. These variables should have integer
+values. If @code{split-height-threshold} is smaller than the selected
+window's height, the split puts the new window below. Otherwise, if
+@code{split-width-threshold} is smaller than the window's width, the
+split puts the new window on the right. If neither condition holds,
+Emacs tries to split so that the new window is below---but only if the
+window was not split before (to avoid excessive splitting).
+
+@item
+Otherwise, display the buffer in an existing window on the selected
+frame.
+
+@item
+If all the above methods fail for whatever reason, create a new frame
+and display the buffer there.
+@end itemize
+
+@node Window Convenience
+@section Convenience Features for Window Handling
+
+@findex winner-mode
+@cindex Winner mode
+@cindex mode, Winner
+@cindex undoing window configuration changes
+@cindex window configuration changes, undoing
+ Winner mode is a global minor mode that records the changes in the
+window configuration (i.e. how the frames are partitioned into
+windows), so that you can ``undo'' them. You can toggle Winner mode
+with @kbd{M-x winner-mode}, or by customizing the variable
+@code{winner-mode}. When the mode is enabled, @kbd{C-c left}
+(@code{winner-undo}) undoes the last window configuration change. If
+you change your mind while undoing, you can redo the changes you had
+undone using @kbd{C-c right} (@code{M-x winner-redo}).
+
+ Follow mode (@kbd{M-x follow-mode}) synchronizes several windows on
+the same buffer so that they always display adjacent sections of that
+buffer. @xref{Follow Mode}.
+
+@cindex Windmove package
+@cindex directional window selection
+@findex windmove-right
+@findex windmove-default-keybindings
+ The Windmove package defines commands for moving directionally
+between neighboring windows in a frame. @kbd{M-x windmove-right}
+selects the window immediately to the right of the currently selected
+one, and similarly for the ``left'', ``up'', and ``down''
+counterparts. @kbd{M-x windmove-default-keybindings} binds these
+commands to @kbd{S-right} etc.; doing so disables shift selection for
+those keys (@pxref{Shift Selection}).
+
+ The command @kbd{M-x compare-windows} lets you compare the text
+shown in different windows. @xref{Comparing Files}.
+
+@vindex scroll-all-mode
+@cindex scrolling windows together
+@cindex Scroll-all mode
+@cindex mode, Scroll-all
+ Scroll All mode (@kbd{M-x scroll-all-mode}) is a global minor mode
+that causes scrolling commands and point motion commands to apply to
+every single window.
HCoop / bpt / emacs.git / blobdiff