-@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 1985-1987, 1993-1995, 1997, 2001-2011
-@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
-@node Screen, User Input, Acknowledgments, Top
-@chapter The Organization of the Screen
-@cindex screen
-@cindex parts of the screen
-
- On a text-only terminal, the Emacs display occupies the entire
-terminal screen. On a graphical display, such as on GNU/Linux using
-the X Window System, Emacs creates its own windows to use. We use the
-term @dfn{frame} to mean the entire terminal screen or graphical
-window used by Emacs. Emacs uses both kinds of frames, in the same
-way, to display your editing. Emacs normally starts out with just one
-frame, but you can create additional frames if you wish
-(@pxref{Frames}).
-
- The frame consists of several distinct regions. At the top of the
-frame is a @dfn{menu bar}, which allows you to access commands via a
-series of menus. On a graphical display, directly below the menu bar
-is a @dfn{tool bar}, a row of icons that perform editing commands if
-you click on them. At the very bottom of the frame is a special
-@dfn{echo area}, where short informative messages are displayed and
-where you enter information when Emacs asks for it.
-
- The main area of the frame, below the tool bar (if one exists) and
-above the echo area, is called @dfn{the window}. This is where Emacs
-displays the @dfn{buffer}: the text that you are editing. On a
-graphical display, the window possesses a @dfn{scroll bar} on one
-side, which you can use to display different parts of the buffer in
-the window. The last line of the window is a @dfn{mode line}. This
-displays various information about what is going on in the buffer,
-such as whether there are unsaved changes, the editing modes that are
-in use, the current line number, and so forth.
-
- When you start Emacs, there is normally only one window in the
-frame. However, you can subdivide this window horizontally or
-vertically to create multiple windows, each of which can independently
-display a buffer (@pxref{Windows}). In this manual, the word
-``window'' refers to the initial large window if not subdivided, or
-any one of the multiple windows you have subdivided it into.
-
- At any time, one window is the @dfn{selected window}. On graphical
-displays, the selected window normally shows a more prominent cursor
-(usually solid and blinking) while other windows show a weaker cursor
-(such as a hollow box). Text terminals have just one cursor, so it
-always appears in the selected window. The buffer displayed in the
-selected window is called the @dfn{current buffer}, and it is where
-editing happens. Most Emacs commands implicitly apply to the current
-buffer; the text displayed in unselected windows is mostly visible for
-reference. If you use multiple frames on a graphical display,
-selecting a particular frame selects a window in that frame.
-
-@menu
-* Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
-* Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
-* Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
-* Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
-@end menu
-
-@node Point
-@section Point
-@cindex point
-@cindex cursor
-
- The active cursor shows the location at which editing commands will
-take effect, which is called @dfn{point}@footnote{The term ``point''
-comes from the character @samp{.}, which was the command in TECO (the
-language in which the original Emacs was written) for accessing the
-value now called ``point.''}. Many Emacs commands move point to
-different places in the buffer; for example, you can place point by
-clicking mouse button 1 (normally the left button) at the desired
-location.
-
- While the cursor appears to be @emph{on} a character, you should
-think of point as @emph{between} two characters; it points @emph{before}
-the character that appears under the cursor. For example, if your text
-looks like @samp{frob} with the cursor over the @samp{b}, then point is
-between the @samp{o} and the @samp{b}. If you insert the character
-@samp{!} at that position, the result is @samp{fro!b}, with point
-between the @samp{!} and the @samp{b}. Thus, the cursor remains over
-the @samp{b}, as before.
-
- Sometimes people speak of ``the cursor'' when they mean ``point,'' or
-speak of commands that move point as ``cursor motion'' commands.
-
- If you are editing several files in Emacs, each in its own buffer,
-each buffer has its own point location. A buffer that is not
-currently displayed remembers its point location in case you display
-it again later. When Emacs displays multiple windows, each window has
-its own point location. If the same buffer appears in more than one
-window, each window has its own point position in that buffer.
-
- On a graphical display, Emacs shows a cursor in each window; the
-selected window's cursor is solid and blinking, and the other cursors
-are hollow. On a text-only terminal, there is just one cursor, in the
-selected window; even though the unselected windows have their own
-point positions, they do not display a cursor. @xref{Cursor Display},
-for customizable variables that control cursor display.
-
-@node Echo Area
-@section The Echo Area
-@cindex echo area
-
- The line at the very bottom of the frame is the @dfn{echo area}. It
-is used to display small amounts of text for various purposes.
-
- @dfn{Echoing} means displaying the characters that you type.
-Single-character commands, including most simple editing operations,
-are not echoed. Multi-character commands are echoed if you pause
-while typing them: if you pause for more than a second in the middle
-of a command, Emacs echoes all the characters of the command so far,
-to prompt you for the rest of the command. The echoed characters are
-displayed in the echo area. Once echoing has started, the rest of the
-command echoes immediately as you type it. This behavior is designed
-to give confident users fast response, while giving hesitant users
-maximum feedback. @xref{Display Custom}.
-
-@cindex error message in the echo area
- If a command cannot do its job, it may display an @dfn{error
-message}. Error messages are also displayed in the echo area. They
-may be accompanied by beeping or by flashing the screen.
-
- Some commands display informative messages in the echo area. Unlike
-error messages, these messages are not announced with a beep or flash.
-Sometimes the message tells you what the command has done, when this
-is not obvious from looking at the text being edited. Other times,
-the sole purpose of a command is to show you a message giving you
-specific information. For example, @kbd{C-x =} (hold down @key{CTRL}
-and type @kbd{x}, then let go of @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{=}) displays
-a message describing the character position of point in the text and
-its current column in the window. Commands that take a long time
-often display messages ending in @samp{...} while they are working,
-and add @samp{done} at the end when they are finished. They may also
-indicate progress with percentages.
-
-@cindex @samp{*Messages*} buffer
-@cindex saved echo area messages
-@cindex messages saved from echo area
-@vindex message-log-max
- Informative echo-area messages are saved in a special buffer named
-@samp{*Messages*}. (We have not explained buffers yet; see
-@ref{Buffers}, for more information about them.) If you miss a
-message that appeared briefly on the screen, you can switch to the
-@samp{*Messages*} buffer to see it again. The @samp{*Messages*}
-buffer is limited to a certain number of lines, specified by the
-variable @code{message-log-max}. (We have not explained variables
-either; see @ref{Variables}, for more information about them.) Beyond
-this limit, one line is deleted from the beginning whenever a new
-message line is added at the end.
-
-@cindex minibuffer
- The echo area is also used to display the @dfn{minibuffer}, a
-special window where you can input arguments to commands, such as the
-name of a file to be edited. When the minibuffer is in use, the text
-displayed in the echo area begins with a @dfn{prompt string} (usually
-ending with a colon); also, the active cursor appears within the
-minibuffer, which is temporarily considered the selected window. You
-can always get out of the minibuffer by typing @kbd{C-g}.
-@xref{Minibuffer}.
-
-@node Mode Line
-@section The Mode Line
-@cindex mode line
-@cindex top level
-
- At the bottom of each window is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes
-what is going on in the current buffer. When there is only one
-window, the mode line appears right above the echo area; it is the
-next-to-last line in the frame. On a graphical display, the mode line
-is drawn with a 3D box appearance, and the mode line of the selected
-window has a brighter color than that of unselected windows to make it
-stand out. On a text-only terminal, the mode line is usually drawn in
-inverse video.
-
- The text displayed in the mode line has the following format:
-
-@example
--@var{cs}:@var{ch}-@var{fr} @var{buf} @var{pos} @var{line} (@var{major} @var{minor})------
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-The @var{cs} string and the colon character after it describe the
-character set and newline convention used for the current buffer.
-Normally, Emacs handles these settings intelligently, but it is
-sometimes useful to have this information.
-
- @var{cs} describes the character set of the buffer (@pxref{Coding
-Systems}). If it is a dash (@samp{-}), that indicates the default
-state of affairs: no special character set handling, except for the
-end-of-line translations described in the next paragraph. @samp{=}
-means no conversion whatsoever. Letters represent various nontrivial
-@dfn{coding systems}---for example, @samp{1} represents ISO Latin-1.
-On a text-only terminal, @var{cs} is preceded by two additional
-characters that describe the coding system for keyboard input and the
-coding system for terminal output. Furthermore, if you are using an
-input method, @var{cs} is preceded by a string that identifies the
-input method, which takes the form @samp{@var{i}>}, @samp{@var{i}+},
-or @samp{@var{i}@@} (@pxref{Input Methods}).
-
-@cindex end-of-line conversion, mode-line indication
- The character after @var{cs} is usually a colon. However, under
-some circumstances a different string is displayed, which indicates a
-nontrivial end-of-line convention. Usually, lines of text are
-separated by @dfn{newline characters}, but two other conventions are
-sometimes used. The MS-DOS convention is to use a ``carriage-return''
-character followed by a ``linefeed'' character; when editing such
-files, the colon changes to either a backslash (@samp{\}) or
-@samp{(DOS)}, depending on the operating system. The Macintosh
-end-of-line convention is to use a ``carriage-return'' character
-instead of a newline; when editing such files, the colon indicator
-changes to either a forward slash (@samp{/}) or @samp{(Mac)}. On some
-systems, Emacs displays @samp{(Unix)} instead of the colon for files
-that use newline as the line separator.
-
- The next element on the mode line is the string indicated by
-@var{ch}. This shows two dashes (@samp{--}) if the buffer displayed
-in the window has the same contents as the corresponding file on the
-disk; i.e., if the buffer is ``unmodified''. If the buffer is
-modified, it shows two stars (@samp{**}). For a read-only buffer, it
-shows @samp{%*} if the buffer is modified, and @samp{%%} otherwise.
-
- The character after @var{ch} is normally a dash (@samp{-}).
-However, if the default-directory for the current buffer is on a
-remote machine, @samp{@@} is displayed instead (@pxref{File Names}).
-
- @var{fr} gives the selected frame name (@pxref{Frames}). It appears
-only on text-only terminals. The initial frame's name is @samp{F1}.
-
- @var{buf} is the name of the buffer displayed in the window.
-Usually, this is the same as the name of a file you are editing.
-@xref{Buffers}.
-
- @var{pos} tells you whether there is additional text above the top of
-the window, or below the bottom. If your buffer is small and it is all
-visible in the window, @var{pos} is @samp{All}. Otherwise, it is
-@samp{Top} if you are looking at the beginning of the buffer, @samp{Bot}
-if you are looking at the end of the buffer, or @samp{@var{nn}%}, where
-@var{nn} is the percentage of the buffer above the top of the window.
-With Size Indication mode, you can display the size of the buffer as
-well. @xref{Optional Mode Line}.
-
- @var{line} is the character @samp{L} followed by the line number at
-point. (You can display the current column number too, by turning on
-Column Number mode. @xref{Optional Mode Line}.)
-
- @var{major} is the name of the @dfn{major mode} used in the buffer.
-A major mode is a principal editing mode for the buffer, such as Text
-mode, Lisp mode, C mode, and so forth. @xref{Major Modes}.
-
- Some major modes display additional information after the major mode
-name. For example, Rmail buffers display the current message number and
-the total number of messages. Compilation buffers and Shell buffers
-display the status of the subprocess.
-
- @var{minor} is a list of some of the @dfn{minor modes} turned on in
-the buffer. Minor modes are optional editing modes that provide
-additional features on top of the major mode. @xref{Minor Modes}.
-
- Some features are listed together with the minor modes whenever they
-are turned on, even through they are not really minor modes.
-@samp{Narrow} means that the buffer being displayed has editing
-restricted to only a portion of its text (@pxref{Narrowing}).
-@samp{Def} means that a keyboard macro is currently being defined
-(@pxref{Keyboard Macros}).
-
- In addition, if Emacs is inside a recursive editing level, square
-brackets (@samp{[@dots{}]}) appear around the parentheses that
-surround the modes. If Emacs is in one recursive editing level within
-another, double square brackets appear, and so on. Since recursive
-editing levels affect Emacs globally, not just one buffer, the square
-brackets appear in every window's mode line or not in any of them.
-@xref{Recursive Edit}.@refill
-
- You can change the appearance of the mode line as well as the format
-of its contents. @xref{Optional Mode Line}. In addition, the mode
-line is mouse-sensitive; clicking on different parts of the mode line
-performs various commands. @xref{Mode Line Mouse}.
-
-@node Menu Bar
-@section The Menu Bar
-@cindex menu bar
-
- Each Emacs frame normally has a @dfn{menu bar} at the top which you
-can use to perform common operations. There's no need to list them
-here, as you can more easily see them yourself.
-
-@kindex M-`
-@kindex F10
-@findex tmm-menubar
-@findex menu-bar-open
- On a graphical display, you can use the mouse to choose a command
-from the menu bar. A right-arrow at the end of a menu item means it
-leads to a subsidiary menu, or @dfn{submenu}. A @samp{...} at the end
-of a menu item means that the command invoked will prompt you for
-further input before it actually does anything.
-
- Some of the commands in the menu bar have ordinary key bindings as
-well; if so, a key binding is shown in parentheses after the item
-itself. To view the full command name and documentation for a menu
-item, type @kbd{C-h k}, and then select the menu bar with the mouse in
-the usual way (@pxref{Key Help}).
-
- Instead of using the mouse, you can also invoke the first menu bar
-item by pressing @key{F10} (to run the command @code{menu-bar-open}).
-You can then navigate the menus with the arrow keys. To activate a
-selected menu item, press @key{RET}; to cancel menu navigation, press
-@key{ESC}.
-
- On text-only terminals with no mouse, you can use the menu bar by
-typing @kbd{M-`} or @key{F10} (these run the command
-@code{tmm-menubar}). This lets you select a menu item with the
-keyboard. A provisional choice appears in the echo area. You can use
-the up and down arrow keys to move through the menu to different
-items, and then you can type @key{RET} to select the item.
-
- Each menu item also has an assigned letter or digit which designates
-that item; it is usually the initial of some word in the item's name.
-This letter or digit is separated from the item name by @samp{=>}. You
-can type the item's letter or digit to select the item.
+@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
+@c Copyright (C) 1985-1987, 1993-1995, 1997, 2001-2013 Free Software
+@c Foundation, Inc.
+@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
+@node Screen
+@chapter The Organization of the Screen
+@cindex screen
+@cindex frame
+
+ On a graphical display, such as on GNU/Linux using the X Window
+System, Emacs occupies a ``graphical window''. On a text terminal,
+Emacs occupies the entire terminal screen. We will use the term
+@dfn{frame} to mean a graphical window or terminal screen occupied by
+Emacs. Emacs behaves very similarly on both kinds of frames. It
+normally starts out with just one frame, but you can create additional
+frames if you wish (@pxref{Frames}).
+
+ Each frame consists of several distinct regions. At the top of the
+frame is a @dfn{menu bar}, which allows you to access commands via a
+series of menus. On a graphical display, directly below the menu bar
+is a @dfn{tool bar}, a row of icons that perform editing commands if
+you click on them. At the very bottom of the frame is an @dfn{echo
+area}, where informative messages are displayed and where you enter
+information when Emacs asks for it.
+
+ The main area of the frame, below the tool bar (if one exists) and
+above the echo area, is called @dfn{the window}. Henceforth in this
+manual, we will use the word ``window'' in this sense. Graphical
+display systems commonly use the word ``window'' with a different
+meaning; but, as stated above, we refer to those ``graphical windows''
+as ``frames''.
+
+ An Emacs window is where the @dfn{buffer}---the text you are
+editing---is displayed. On a graphical display, the window possesses
+a @dfn{scroll bar} on one side, which can be used to scroll through
+the buffer. The last line of the window is a @dfn{mode line}. This
+displays various information about what is going on in the buffer,
+such as whether there are unsaved changes, the editing modes that are
+in use, the current line number, and so forth.
+
+ When you start Emacs, there is normally only one window in the
+frame. However, you can subdivide this window horizontally or
+vertically to create multiple windows, each of which can independently
+display a buffer (@pxref{Windows}).
+
+ At any time, one window is the @dfn{selected window}. On a
+graphical display, the selected window shows a more prominent cursor
+(usually solid and blinking); other windows show a less prominent
+cursor (usually a hollow box). On a text terminal, there is only one
+cursor, which is shown in the selected window. The buffer displayed
+in the selected window is called the @dfn{current buffer}, and it is
+where editing happens. Most Emacs commands implicitly apply to the
+current buffer; the text displayed in unselected windows is mostly
+visible for reference. If you use multiple frames on a graphical
+display, selecting a particular frame selects a window in that frame.
+
+@menu
+* Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
+* Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
+* Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
+* Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
+@end menu
+
+@node Point
+@section Point
+@cindex point
+@cindex cursor
+
+ The cursor in the selected window shows the location where most
+editing commands take effect, which is called @dfn{point}@footnote{The
+term ``point'' comes from the character @samp{.}, which was the
+command in TECO (the language in which the original Emacs was written)
+for accessing the editing position.}. Many Emacs commands move point
+to different places in the buffer; for example, you can place point by
+clicking mouse button 1 (normally the left button) at the desired
+location.
+
+ By default, the cursor in the selected window is drawn as a solid
+block and appears to be @emph{on} a character, but you should think of
+point as @emph{between} two characters; it is situated @emph{before}
+the character under the cursor. For example, if your text looks like
+@samp{frob} with the cursor over the @samp{b}, then point is between
+the @samp{o} and the @samp{b}. If you insert the character @samp{!}
+at that position, the result is @samp{fro!b}, with point between the
+@samp{!} and the @samp{b}. Thus, the cursor remains over the
+@samp{b}, as before.
+
+ If you are editing several files in Emacs, each in its own buffer,
+each buffer has its own value of point. A buffer that is not
+currently displayed remembers its value of point if you later display
+it again. Furthermore, if a buffer is displayed in multiple windows,
+each of those windows has its own value of point.
+
+ @xref{Cursor Display}, for options that control how Emacs displays
+the cursor.
+
+@node Echo Area
+@section The Echo Area
+@cindex echo area
+
+ The line at the very bottom of the frame is the @dfn{echo area}. It
+is used to display small amounts of text for various purposes.
+
+@cindex echoing
+ The echo area is so-named because one of the things it is used for
+is @dfn{echoing}, which means displaying the characters of a
+multi-character command as you type. Single-character commands are
+not echoed. Multi-character commands (@pxref{Keys}) are echoed if you
+pause for more than a second in the middle of a command. Emacs then
+echoes all the characters of the command so far, to prompt you for the
+rest. Once echoing has started, the rest of the command echoes
+immediately as you type it. This behavior is designed to give
+confident users fast response, while giving hesitant users maximum
+feedback.
+
+@cindex error message
+@cindex echo area message
+ The echo area is also used to display an @dfn{error message} when a
+command cannot do its job. Error messages may be accompanied by
+beeping or by flashing the screen.
+
+ Some commands display informative messages in the echo area to tell
+you what the command has done, or to provide you with some specific
+information. These @dfn{informative} messages, unlike error messages,
+are not accompanied with a beep or flash. For example, @kbd{C-x =}
+(hold down @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{x}, then let go of @key{CTRL} and
+type @kbd{=}) displays a message describing the character at point,
+its position in the buffer, and its current column in the window.
+Commands that take a long time often display messages ending in
+@samp{...} while they are working (sometimes also indicating how much
+progress has been made, as a percentage), and add @samp{done} when
+they are finished.
+
+@cindex @file{*Messages*} buffer
+@cindex saved echo area messages
+@cindex messages saved from echo area
+@vindex message-log-max
+ Informative echo area messages are saved in a special buffer named
+@file{*Messages*}. (We have not explained buffers yet; see
+@ref{Buffers}, for more information about them.) If you miss a
+message that appeared briefly on the screen, you can switch to the
+@file{*Messages*} buffer to see it again. The @file{*Messages*}
+buffer is limited to a certain number of lines, specified by the
+variable @code{message-log-max}. (We have not explained variables
+either; see @ref{Variables}, for more information about them.) Beyond
+this limit, one line is deleted from the beginning whenever a new
+message line is added at the end.
+
+ @xref{Display Custom}, for options that control how Emacs uses the
+echo area.
+
+@cindex minibuffer
+ The echo area is also used to display the @dfn{minibuffer}, a
+special window where you can input arguments to commands, such as the
+name of a file to be edited. When the minibuffer is in use, the text
+displayed in the echo area begins with a @dfn{prompt string}, and the
+active cursor appears within the minibuffer, which is temporarily
+considered the selected window. You can always get out of the
+minibuffer by typing @kbd{C-g}. @xref{Minibuffer}.
+
+@node Mode Line
+@section The Mode Line
+@cindex mode line
+@cindex top level
+
+ At the bottom of each window is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes
+what is going on in the current buffer. When there is only one
+window, the mode line appears right above the echo area; it is the
+next-to-last line in the frame. On a graphical display, the mode line
+is drawn with a 3D box appearance. Emacs also usually draws the mode
+line of the selected window with a different color than that of
+unselected windows, in order to make it stand out.
+
+ The text displayed in the mode line has the following format:
+
+@example
+ @var{cs}:@var{ch}-@var{fr} @var{buf} @var{pos} @var{line} (@var{major} @var{minor})
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+On a text terminal, this text is followed by a series of dashes
+extending to the right edge of the window. These dashes are omitted
+on a graphical display.
+
+The @var{cs} string and the colon character after it describe the
+character set and newline convention used for the current buffer.
+Normally, Emacs automatically handles these settings for you, but it
+is sometimes useful to have this information.
+
+ @var{cs} describes the character set of the text in the buffer
+(@pxref{Coding Systems}). If it is a dash (@samp{-}), that indicates
+no special character set handling (with the possible exception of
+end-of-line conventions, described in the next paragraph). @samp{=}
+means no conversion whatsoever, and is usually used for files
+containing non-textual data. Other characters represent various
+@dfn{coding systems}---for example, @samp{1} represents ISO Latin-1.
+
+ On a text terminal, @var{cs} is preceded by two additional
+characters that describe the coding systems for keyboard input and
+terminal output. Furthermore, if you are using an input method,
+@var{cs} is preceded by a string that identifies the input method
+(@pxref{Input Methods}).
+
+@cindex end-of-line convention, mode-line indication
+ The character after @var{cs} is usually a colon. If a different
+string is displayed, that indicates a nontrivial end-of-line
+convention for encoding a file. Usually, lines of text are separated
+by @dfn{newline characters} in a file, but two other conventions are
+sometimes used. The MS-DOS convention uses a ``carriage-return''
+character followed by a ``linefeed'' character; when editing such
+files, the colon changes to either a backslash (@samp{\}) or
+@samp{(DOS)}, depending on the operating system. Another convention,
+employed by older Macintosh systems, uses a ``carriage-return''
+character instead of a newline; when editing such files, the colon
+changes to either a forward slash (@samp{/}) or @samp{(Mac)}. On some
+systems, Emacs displays @samp{(Unix)} instead of the colon for files
+that use newline as the line separator.
+
+ The next element on the mode line is the string indicated by
+@var{ch}. This shows two dashes (@samp{--}) if the buffer displayed
+in the window has the same contents as the corresponding file on the
+disk; i.e., if the buffer is ``unmodified''. If the buffer is
+modified, it shows two stars (@samp{**}). For a read-only buffer, it
+shows @samp{%*} if the buffer is modified, and @samp{%%} otherwise.
+
+ The character after @var{ch} is normally a dash (@samp{-}).
+However, if the default-directory for the current buffer is on a
+remote machine, @samp{@@} is displayed instead (@pxref{File Names}).
+
+ @var{fr} gives the selected frame name (@pxref{Frames}). It appears
+only on text terminals. The initial frame's name is @samp{F1}.
+
+ @var{buf} is the name of the buffer displayed in the window.
+Usually, this is the same as the name of a file you are editing.
+@xref{Buffers}.
+
+ @var{pos} tells you whether there is additional text above the top
+of the window, or below the bottom. If your buffer is small and all
+of it is visible in the window, @var{pos} is @samp{All}. Otherwise,
+it is @samp{Top} if you are looking at the beginning of the buffer,
+@samp{Bot} if you are looking at the end of the buffer, or
+@samp{@var{nn}%}, where @var{nn} is the percentage of the buffer above
+the top of the window. With Size Indication mode, you can display the
+size of the buffer as well. @xref{Optional Mode Line}.
+
+ @var{line} is the character @samp{L} followed by the line number at
+point. (You can display the current column number too, by turning on
+Column Number mode. @xref{Optional Mode Line}.)
+
+ @var{major} is the name of the @dfn{major mode} used in the buffer.
+A major mode is a principal editing mode for the buffer, such as Text
+mode, Lisp mode, C mode, and so forth. @xref{Major Modes}. Some
+major modes display additional information after the major mode name.
+For example, Compilation buffers and Shell buffers display the status
+of the subprocess.
+
+ @var{minor} is a list of some of the enabled @dfn{minor modes},
+which are optional editing modes that provide additional features on
+top of the major mode. @xref{Minor Modes}.
+
+ Some features are listed together with the minor modes whenever they
+are turned on, even though they are not really minor modes.
+@samp{Narrow} means that the buffer being displayed has editing
+restricted to only a portion of its text (@pxref{Narrowing}).
+@samp{Def} means that a keyboard macro is currently being defined
+(@pxref{Keyboard Macros}).
+
+ In addition, if Emacs is inside a recursive editing level, square
+brackets (@samp{[@dots{}]}) appear around the parentheses that
+surround the modes. If Emacs is in one recursive editing level within
+another, double square brackets appear, and so on. Since recursive
+editing levels affect Emacs globally, such square brackets appear in
+the mode line of every window. @xref{Recursive Edit}.
+
+ You can change the appearance of the mode line as well as the format
+of its contents. @xref{Optional Mode Line}. In addition, the mode
+line is mouse-sensitive; clicking on different parts of the mode line
+performs various commands. @xref{Mode Line Mouse}.
+
+@node Menu Bar
+@section The Menu Bar
+@cindex menu bar
+
+ Each Emacs frame normally has a @dfn{menu bar} at the top which you
+can use to perform common operations. There's no need to list them
+here, as you can more easily see them yourself.
+
+@kindex M-`
+@kindex F10
+@findex tmm-menubar
+@findex menu-bar-open
+ On a graphical display, you can use the mouse to choose a command
+from the menu bar. An arrow on the right edge of a menu item means it
+leads to a subsidiary menu, or @dfn{submenu}. A @samp{...} at the end
+of a menu item means that the command will prompt you for further
+input before it actually does anything.
+
+ Some of the commands in the menu bar have ordinary key bindings as
+well; if so, a key binding is shown in parentheses after the item
+itself. To view the full command name and documentation for a menu
+item, type @kbd{C-h k}, and then select the menu bar with the mouse in
+the usual way (@pxref{Key Help}).
+
+ Instead of using the mouse, you can also invoke the first menu bar
+item by pressing @key{F10} (to run the command @code{menu-bar-open}).
+You can then navigate the menus with the arrow keys. To activate a
+selected menu item, press @key{RET}; to cancel menu navigation, press
+@key{ESC}.
+
+ On a text terminal, you can use the menu bar by typing @kbd{M-`} or
+@key{F10} (these run the command @code{tmm-menubar}). This lets you
+select a menu item with the keyboard. A provisional choice appears in
+the echo area. You can use the up and down arrow keys to move through
+the menu to different items, and then you can type @key{RET} to select
+the item. Each menu item is also designated by a letter or digit
+(usually the initial of some word in the item's name). This letter or
+digit is separated from the item name by @samp{==>}. You can type the
+item's letter or digit to select the item.
HCoop / bpt / emacs.git / blobdiff