@settitle GNU Emacs FAQ
@c %**end of header
-@setchapternewpage odd
-
@c This is used in many places
-@set VER 23.0.60
+@set VER 23.1.91
@c This file is maintained by Romain Francoise <rfrancoise@gnu.org>.
@c Feel free to install changes without prior permission (but I'd
@c appreciate a notice if you do).
@copying
-Copyright @copyright{} 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.@*
-Copyright 1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000 Reuven M. Lerner@*
-Copyright 1992,1993 Steven Byrnes@*
-Copyright 1990,1991,1992 Joseph Brian Wells@*
+Copyright @copyright{} 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008,
+2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.@*
+Copyright @copyright{} 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
+Reuven M. Lerner@*
+Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1993 Steven Byrnes@*
+Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992 Joseph Brian Wells@*
@quotation
This list of frequently asked questions about GNU Emacs with answers
@insertcopying
@end titlepage
-@node Top, FAQ notation, (dir), (dir)
+@contents
+
+@node Top, FAQ notation, (dir), (dir)
+@top The GNU Emacs FAQ
+@c FIXME @today is just the day we ran `makeinfo'.
This is the GNU Emacs FAQ, last updated on @today{}.
This FAQ is maintained as a part of GNU Emacs. If you find any errors,
or have any suggestions, please use @kbd{M-x report-emacs-bug} to report
them.
+This is the version of the FAQ distributed with Emacs @value{VER}, and
+mainly describes that version. Although there is some information on
+older versions, details about very old releases (now only of historical
+interest) have been removed. If you are interested in this, consult
+either the version of the FAQ distributed with older versions of Emacs,
+or the history of this document in the Emacs source repository.
+
+Since Emacs releases are very stable, we recommend always running the
+latest release.
+
+This FAQ is not updated very frequently. When you have a question about
+Emacs, the Emacs manual is often the best starting point.
+
+@ifnottex
+@insertcopying
+@end ifnottex
+
@menu
* FAQ notation::
* General questions::
@end menu
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node FAQ notation, General questions, Top, Top
+@node FAQ notation
@chapter FAQ notation
@cindex FAQ notation
@menu
* Basic keys::
* Extended commands::
-* On-line manual::
+* Emacs manual::
* File-name conventions::
* Common acronyms::
@end menu
-@node Basic keys, Extended commands, FAQ notation, FAQ notation
+@node Basic keys
@section What do these mean: @kbd{C-h}, @kbd{C-M-a}, @key{RET}, @kbd{@key{ESC} a}, etc.?
@cindex Basic keys
@cindex Control key, notation for
@kbd{C-?} (aka @key{DEL}) is @acronym{ASCII} code 127. It is a misnomer to call
@kbd{C-?} a ``control'' key, since 127 has both bits 5 and 6 turned ON.
Also, on very few keyboards does @kbd{C-?} generate @acronym{ASCII} code 127.
+@c FIXME I cannot understand the previous sentence.
-@inforef{Text Characters, Text Characters, emacs}, and @inforef{Keys,
-Keys, emacs}, for more information. (@xref{On-line manual}, for more
-information about Info.)
+@inforef{Keys, Keys, emacs}, for more information. (@xref{Emacs
+manual}, for more information about Info.)
-@node Extended commands, On-line manual, Basic keys, FAQ notation
+@node Extended commands
@section What does @file{M-x @var{command}} mean?
@cindex Extended commands
@cindex Commands, extended
Emacs command if you can remember the command's name. If you can't
remember the command's name, you can type @key{TAB} and @key{SPC} for
completion, @key{?} for a list of possibilities, and @kbd{M-p} and
-@kbd{M-n} (or up-arrow and down-arrow on terminals that have these
-editing keys) to see previous commands entered. An Emacs @dfn{command}
-is an @dfn{interactive} Emacs function.
+@kbd{M-n} (or up-arrow and down-arrow) to see previous commands entered.
+An Emacs @dfn{command} is an @dfn{interactive} Emacs function.
@cindex @key{Do} key
Your system administrator may have bound other key sequences to invoke
If you need to run non-interactive Emacs functions, see @ref{Evaluating
Emacs Lisp code}.
-@node On-line manual, File-name conventions, Extended commands, FAQ notation
-@section How do I read topic XXX in the on-line manual?
-@cindex On-line manual, reading topics in
-@cindex Reading topics in the on-line manual
-@cindex Finding topics in the on-line manual
+@node Emacs manual
+@section How do I read topic XXX in the Emacs manual?
+@cindex Emacs manual, reading topics in
+@cindex Reading topics in the Emacs manual
+@cindex Finding topics in the Emacs manual
@cindex Info, finding topics in
-When we refer you to some @var{topic} in the on-line manual, you can
+When we refer you to some @var{topic} in the Emacs manual, you can
read this manual node inside Emacs (assuming nothing is broken) by
typing @kbd{C-h i m emacs @key{RET} m @var{topic} @key{RET}}.
not have installed the Info files, or may have installed them
improperly. In this case you should complain.
+If you are reading this FAQ in Info, you can simply press @key{RET} on a
+reference to follow it.
+
@xref{Getting a printed manual}, if you would like a paper copy of the
Emacs manual.
-@node File-name conventions, Common acronyms, On-line manual, FAQ notation
-@section What are @file{etc/SERVICE}, @file{src/config.h}, and @file{lisp/default.el}?
+@node File-name conventions
+@section What are @file{etc/GNU}, @file{src/config.h}, @file{site-lisp/default.el}, etc.?
@cindex File-name conventions
@cindex Conventions for file names
@cindex Directories and files that come with Emacs
These are files that come with Emacs. The Emacs distribution is divided
-into subdirectories; the important ones are @file{etc}, @file{lisp}, and
-@file{src}.
+into subdirectories; e.g. @file{etc}, @file{lisp}, and @file{src}.
+Some of these (e.g. @file{etc} and @file{lisp}) are present both in
+an installed Emacs and in the sources, but some (e.g. @file{src}) are
+only found in the sources.
If you use Emacs, but don't know where it is kept on your system, start
Emacs, then type @kbd{C-h v data-directory @key{RET}}. The directory
@code{data-directory}, and @kbd{C-h v} displays the value and the
documentation of a variable.)
-The location of your Info directory (i.e., where on-line documentation
+The location of your Info directory (i.e., where Info documentation
is stored) is kept in the variable @code{Info-default-directory-list}. Use
@kbd{C-h v Info-default-directory-list @key{RET}} to see the value of
this variable, which will be a list of directory names. The last
directory in that list is probably where most Info files are stored. By
-default, Info documentation is placed in @file{/usr/local/info}.
-
-Some of these files are available individually via FTP or e-mail; see
-@ref{Informational files for Emacs}. They all are available in the
-source distribution. Many of the files in the @file{etc} directory are
-also available via the Emacs @samp{Help} menu, or by typing @kbd{C-h ?}
-(@kbd{M-x help-for-help}).
+default, Emacs Info documentation is placed in @file{/usr/local/share/info}.
-Your system administrator may have removed the @file{src} directory and
-many files from the @file{etc} directory.
+For information on some of the files in the @file{etc} directory,
+@pxref{Informational files for Emacs}.
-@node Common acronyms, , File-name conventions, FAQ notation
-@section What are FSF, LPF, OSF, GNU, RMS, FTP, and GPL?
+@node Common acronyms
+@section What are FSF, LPF, GNU, RMS, FTP, and GPL?
@cindex FSF, definition of
@cindex LPF, definition of
-@cindex OSF, definition of
@cindex GNU, definition of
@cindex RMS, definition of
@cindex Stallman, Richard, acronym for
@item LPF
League for Programming Freedom
-@item OSF
-Open Software Foundation
-
@item GNU
GNU's Not Unix
@end table
-Avoid confusing the FSF, the LPF, and the OSF. The LPF opposes
+Avoid confusing the FSF and the LPF. The LPF opposes
look-and-feel copyrights and software patents. The FSF aims to make
-high quality free software available for everyone. The OSF is a
-consortium of computer vendors which develops commercial software for
-Unix systems.
+high quality free software available for everyone.
The word ``free'' in the title of the Free Software Foundation refers to
``freedom,'' not ``zero cost.'' Anyone can charge any price for
the right to resell or give away GPL-covered software.
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node General questions, Getting help, FAQ notation, Top
+@node General questions
@chapter General questions
@cindex General questions
* Contacting the FSF::
@end menu
-@node The LPF, Real meaning of copyleft, General questions, General questions
+@node The LPF
@section What is the LPF?
@cindex LPF, description of
@cindex League for Programming Freedom
@cindex Patents for software, opposition to
The LPF opposes the expanding danger of software patents and
-look-and-feel copyrights. To get more information, feel free to contact
-the LPF via e-mail or otherwise. You may also contact
-@email{jbw@@cs.bu.edu, Joe Wells}; he will be happy to talk to you
-about the LPF.
-
-You can find more information about the LPF in the file @file{etc/LPF}.
-More papers describing the LPF's views are available on the Internet and
-also from @uref{http://lpf.ai.mit.edu/, the LPF home page}.
+look-and-feel copyrights. More information on the LPF's views is
+available at @uref{http://progfree.org/, the LPF home page}.
-@node Real meaning of copyleft, Guidelines for newsgroup postings, The LPF, General questions
+@node Real meaning of copyleft
@section What is the real legal meaning of the GNU copyleft?
@cindex Copyleft, real meaning of
@cindex GPL, real meaning of
The real legal meaning of the GNU General Public License (copyleft) will
only be known if and when a judge rules on its validity and scope.
There has never been a copyright infringement case involving the GPL to
-set any precedents. Please take any discussion regarding this issue to
-the newsgroup @uref{news:gnu.misc.discuss}, which was created to hold the
-extensive flame wars on the subject.
+set any precedents. Although legal actions have been brought against
+companies for violating the terms of the GPL, so far all have been
+settled out of court (in favour of the plaintiffs). Please take any
+discussion regarding this issue to the newsgroup
+@uref{news:gnu.misc.discuss}, which was created to hold the extensive
+flame wars on the subject.
RMS writes:
recipients the same freedom that you enjoyed.
@end quotation
-@node Guidelines for newsgroup postings, Newsgroup archives, Real meaning of copyleft, General questions
-@section What are appropriate messages for @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help}, @uref{news:gnu.emacs.bug}, @uref{news:comp.emacs}, etc.?
+@node Guidelines for newsgroup postings
+@section What are appropriate messages for the various Emacs newsgroups?
@cindex Newsgroups, appropriate messages for
@cindex GNU newsgroups, appropriate messages for
@cindex Usenet groups, appropriate messages for
@cindex GNU mailing lists
The file @file{etc/MAILINGLISTS} describes the purpose of each GNU
-mailing list. (@xref{Informational files for Emacs}, if you want a copy
-of the file.) For those lists which are gatewayed with newsgroups, it
-lists both the newsgroup name and the mailing list address.
+mailing list (@pxref{Informational files for Emacs}). For those lists
+which are gatewayed with newsgroups, it lists both the newsgroup name
+and the mailing list address. The Emacs mailing lists are also
+described at @uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/mail/?group=emacs, the Emacs
+Savannah page}.
The newsgroup @uref{news:comp.emacs} is for discussion of Emacs programs
-in general. This includes Emacs along with various other
-implementations, such as XEmacs, JOVE, MicroEmacs, Freemacs, MG,
-Unipress, CCA, and Epsilon.
-
-Many people post Emacs questions to @uref{news:comp.emacs} because they
-don't receive any of the @code{gnu.*} newsgroups. Arguments have been
-made both for and against posting GNU-Emacs-specific material to
-@uref{news:comp.emacs}. You have to decide for yourself.
+in general. The newsgroup @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help} is specifically
+for GNU Emacs. It therefore makes no sense to cross-post to both
+groups, since only one can be appropriate to any question.
Messages advocating ``non-free'' software are considered unacceptable on
any of the @code{gnu.*} newsgroups except for @uref{news:gnu.misc.discuss},
@uref{news:gnu.emacs.bug} is a place where bug reports appear, but avoid
posting bug reports to this newsgroup directly (@pxref{Reporting bugs}).
-@node Newsgroup archives, Reporting bugs, Guidelines for newsgroup postings, General questions
+@node Newsgroup archives
@section Where can I get old postings to @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help} and other GNU groups?
@cindex Archived postings from @code{gnu.emacs.help}
@cindex Usenet archives for GNU groups
The FSF has maintained archives of all of the GNU mailing lists for many
years, although there may be some unintentional gaps in coverage. The
-archive is not particularly well organized or easy to retrieve
-individual postings from, but pretty much everything is there.
-
-The archive is at @uref{ftp://lists.gnu.org/}.
-
-The archive can be browsed over the web at
-@uref{http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/, the GNU mail archive}.
+archive can be browsed over the web at
+@uref{http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/, the GNU mail archive}. Raw
+files can be downloaded from @uref{ftp://lists.gnu.org/}.
Web-based Usenet search services, such as
-@uref{http://groups.google.com/groups/dir?sel=33592484, Google}, also
+@uref{http://groups.google.com/groups/dir?q=gnu&, Google}, also
archive the @code{gnu.*} groups.
-You can read the archives of the @code{gnu.*} groups and post new
-messages at @uref{http://gmane.org/, Gmane}.
+You can also read the archives of the @code{gnu.*} groups and post new
+messages at @uref{http://gmane.org/, Gmane}. Gmane is a service that
+presents mailing lists as newsgroups (even those without a traditional
+mail-to-news gateway).
-@node Reporting bugs, Unsubscribing from Emacs lists, Newsgroup archives, General questions
+@node Reporting bugs
@section Where should I report bugs and other problems with Emacs?
@cindex Bug reporting
@cindex Good bug reports
The correct way to report Emacs bugs is to use the command
@kbd{M-x report-emacs-bug}. It sets up a mail buffer with the
-essential information and the correct e-mail address which is
+essential information and the correct e-mail address, which is
@email{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} for the released versions of Emacs.
Anything sent to @email{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} also appears in the
newsgroup @uref{news:gnu.emacs.bug}, but please use e-mail instead of
Be sure to read the ``Bugs'' section of the Emacs manual before reporting
a bug! The manual describes in detail how to submit a useful bug
report (@pxref{Bugs, , Reporting Bugs, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
-(@xref{On-line manual}, if you don't know how to read the manual.)
+(@xref{Emacs manual}, if you don't know how to read the manual.)
RMS says:
does, that is a bug.
@end quotation
-@node Unsubscribing from Emacs lists, Contacting the FSF, Reporting bugs, General questions
-@section How do I unsubscribe from this mailing list?
+@node Unsubscribing from Emacs lists
+@section How do I unsubscribe from a mailing list?
@cindex Unsubscribing from GNU mailing lists
@cindex Removing yourself from GNU mailing lists
-If you are receiving a GNU mailing list named @var{list}, you might be
+If you are receiving a GNU mailing list named @var{list}, you should be
able to unsubscribe from it by sending a request to the address
-@email{@var{list}-request@@gnu.org}. However, this will not work if you are
-not listed on the main mailing list, but instead receive the mail from a
-distribution point. In that case, you will have to track down at which
-distribution point you are listed. Inspecting the @samp{Received} headers
-on the mail messages may help, along with liberal use of the @samp{EXPN} or
-@samp{VRFY} sendmail commands through @samp{telnet @var{site-address}
-smtp}. Ask your postmaster for help, if you cannot figure out these
-details.
+@email{@var{list}-request@@gnu.org}. Mailing lists mails normally
+contain information in either the message header
+(@samp{List-Unsubscribe:}) or as a footer that tells you how to
+unsubscribe.
-@node Contacting the FSF, , Unsubscribing from Emacs lists, General questions
+@node Contacting the FSF
@section What is the current address of the FSF?
@cindex Snail mail address of the FSF
@cindex Postal address of the FSF
@cindex Contracting the FSF
@cindex Free Software Foundation, contacting
+For up-to-date information, see
+@uref{http://www.fsf.org/about/contact.html, the FSF contact web-page}.
+
@table @asis
@item E-mail
-gnu@@gnu.org
+info@@fsf.org
@item Telephone
+1-617-542-5942
+1-617-542-2652
@item World Wide Web
-@uref{http://www.gnu.org/}
+@uref{http://www.fsf.org/}
@item Postal address
Free Software Foundation@*
@cindex Ordering GNU software
For details on how to order items directly from the FSF, see the
-@uref{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html, GNU Web site}.
+@uref{http://shop.fsf.org/, FSF on-line store}.
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node Getting help, Status of Emacs, General questions, Top
+@node Getting help
@chapter Getting help
@cindex Getting help
-This chapter tells you how to get help with Emacs
+This chapter tells you how to get help with Emacs.
@menu
* Basic editing::
* Obtaining the FAQ::
@end menu
-@node Basic editing, Learning how to do something, Getting help, Getting help
+@node Basic editing
@section I'm just starting Emacs; how do I do basic editing?
@cindex Basic editing with Emacs
@cindex Beginning editing
invokes help on your system, type @kbd{M-x where-is @key{RET}
help-for-help @key{RET}}. This will print a comma-separated list of key
sequences in the echo area. Ignore the last character in each key
-sequence listed. Each of the resulting key sequences invokes help.
+sequence listed. Each of the resulting key sequences (e.g. @key{F1} is
+common) invokes help.
Emacs help works best if it is invoked by a single key whose value
should be stored in the variable @code{help-char}.
-@node Learning how to do something, Getting a printed manual, Basic editing, Getting help
+@node Learning how to do something
@section How do I find out how to do something in Emacs?
@cindex Help for Emacs
@cindex Learning to do something in Emacs
@cindex Reading the Emacs manual
@item
-The complete text of the Emacs manual is available on-line via the Info
+The complete text of the Emacs manual is available via the Info
hypertext reader. Type @kbd{C-h r} to display the manual in Info mode.
Typing @key{h} immediately after entering Info will provide a short
tutorial on how to use it.
@cindex Reference cards, in other languages
@item
You can get a printed reference card listing commands and keys to
-invoke them. You can order one from the FSF for $1 (or 10 for $5),
+invoke them. You can order one from the FSF for $2 (or 10 for $18),
or you can print your own from the @file{etc/refcards/refcard.tex} or
-@file{etc/refcards/refcard.ps} files in the Emacs distribution.
+@file{etc/refcards/refcard.pdf} files in the Emacs distribution.
Beginning with version 21.1, the Emacs distribution comes with
translations of the reference card into several languages; look for
files named @file{etc/refcards/@var{lang}-refcard.*}, where @var{lang}
is a two-letter code of the language. For example, the German version
of the reference card is in the files @file{etc/refcards/de-refcard.tex}
-and @file{etc/recards/de-refcard.ps}.
+and @file{etc/recards/de-refcard.pdf}.
@item
There are many other commands in Emacs for getting help and
@end itemize
-@node Getting a printed manual, Emacs Lisp documentation, Learning how to do something, Getting help
+@node Getting a printed manual
@section How do I get a printed copy of the Emacs manual?
@cindex Printed Emacs manual, obtaining
@cindex Manual, obtaining a printed or HTML copy of
@cindex Emacs manual, obtaining a printed or HTML copy of
You can order a printed copy of the Emacs manual from the FSF. For
-details see the @uref{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html, GNU Web site}.
+details see the @uref{http://shop.fsf.org/, FSF on-line store}.
-@c The number 620 below is version-dependent!
-The full Texinfo source for the manual also comes in the @file{man}
+The full Texinfo source for the manual also comes in the @file{doc/emacs}
directory of the Emacs distribution, if you're daring enough to try to
-print out this 620-page manual yourself (@pxref{Printing a Texinfo
+print out this several-hundred-page manual yourself (@pxref{Printing a Texinfo
file}).
If you absolutely have to print your own copy, and you don't have @TeX{},
-you can get a PostScript version from
-
-@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/emacs.ps.gz}
-
-@cindex HTML version of Emacs manual, obtaining
-An HTML version of the manual is at
-
-@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/emacs.html}
-
-The manual is available in other formats at
+you can get a PostScript or PDF (or HTML) version from
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/}
-@xref{Learning how to do something}, for how to view the manual on-line.
+@xref{Learning how to do something}, for how to view the manual from Emacs.
-@node Emacs Lisp documentation, Installing Texinfo documentation, Getting a printed manual, Getting help
+@node Emacs Lisp documentation
@section Where can I get documentation on Emacs Lisp?
@cindex Documentation on Emacs Lisp
@cindex Function documentation
function, @kbd{C-h v} for a variable.
For more information, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual is available
-on-line, in Info format. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
-Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
+in Info format (@pxref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
+Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}).
-You can also order a hardcopy of the manual, details on ordering it from
-FSF are on the @uref{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html, GNU Web site}.
+You can also order a hardcopy of the manual from the FSF, for details
+see the @uref{http://shop.fsf.org/, FSF on-line store}. (This manual is
+not always in print.)
An HTML version of the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual is available at
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/elisp-manual/elisp.html}
-@node Installing Texinfo documentation, Printing a Texinfo file, Emacs Lisp documentation, Getting help
+@node Installing Texinfo documentation
@section How do I install a piece of Texinfo documentation?
@cindex Texinfo documentation, installing
@cindex Installing Texinfo documentation
@cindex Documentation, installing new Texinfo files
@cindex Info files, how to install
-First, you must turn the Texinfo files into Info files. You may do this
-using the stand-alone @file{makeinfo} program, available as part of the latest
-Texinfo package at
+Emacs releases come with pre-built Info files, and the normal install
+process places them in the correct location. This is true for most
+applications that provide Info files. The following section is only
+relevant if you want to install extra Info files by hand.
-@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/texinfo/texinfo-4.8.tar.gz}
+First, you must turn the Texinfo source files into Info files. You may
+do this using the stand-alone @file{makeinfo} program, available as part
+of the Texinfo package at
-and all mirrors of @samp{ftp.gnu.org} (for a list, @pxref{Current GNU
-distributions}).
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/}
For information about the Texinfo format, read the Texinfo manual which
comes with the Texinfo package. This manual also comes installed in
-Info format, so you can read it on-line; type @kbd{C-h i m texinfo
+Info format, so you can read it from Emacs; type @kbd{C-h i m texinfo
@key{RET}}.
+@c FIXME is this a complete alternative?
+@c Probably not, given that we require makeinfo to build Emacs.
Alternatively, you could use the Emacs command @kbd{M-x
texinfo-format-buffer}, after visiting the Texinfo source file of the
manual you want to convert.
you could put this in your @file{.emacs} file:
@lisp
-(setq Info-default-directory-list
- (cons "~/Info" Info-default-directory-list))
+(add-to-list 'Info-default-directory-list "~/Info")
@end lisp
You will need a top-level Info file named @file{dir} in this directory
-which has everything the system @file{dir} file has in it, except it should
-list only entries for Info files in that directory. You might not need
-it if all files in this directory were referenced by other @file{dir}
-files. The node lists from all @file{dir} files in
-@code{Info-default-directory-list} are merged by the Info system.
+which has everything the system @file{dir} file has in it, except it
+should list only entries for Info files in that directory. You might
+not need it if (fortuitously) all files in this directory were
+referenced by other @file{dir} files. The node lists from all
+@file{dir} files in @code{Info-default-directory-list} are merged by the
+Info system.
@end itemize
-@node Printing a Texinfo file, Viewing Info files outside of Emacs, Installing Texinfo documentation, Getting help
+@node Printing a Texinfo file
@section How do I print a Texinfo file?
@cindex Printing a Texinfo file
@cindex Texinfo file, printing
@item
Type @kbd{texi2dvi @var{texinfo-source}}, where @var{texinfo-source} is
the name of the Texinfo source file for which you want to produce a
-printed copy.
+printed copy. The @samp{texi2dvi} script is part of the GNU Texinfo
+distribution.
-The @samp{texi2dvi} script is part of the GNU Texinfo distribution
-(@pxref{Installing Texinfo documentation}).
+Alternatively, @samp{texi2pdf} produces PDF files.
@item
Print the DVI file @file{@var{texinfo-source}.dvi} in the normal way for
To get more general instructions, retrieve the latest Texinfo package
(@pxref{Installing Texinfo documentation}).
-@node Viewing Info files outside of Emacs, Informational files for Emacs, Printing a Texinfo file, Getting help
+@node Viewing Info files outside of Emacs
@section Can I view Info files without using Emacs?
@cindex Viewing Info files
@cindex Info file viewers
the Texinfo package. @xref{Installing Texinfo documentation}, for
details.
-@item
-Xinfo, a stand-alone version of the Info program that runs under X
-Window system. You can get it at
-@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/xinfo/xinfo-1.01.01.tar.gz} and all
-mirrors of @samp{ftp.gnu.org} (see @ref{Current GNU distributions}, for a
-list of mirrors).
-
@item
Tkinfo, an Info viewer that runs under X Window system and uses Tcl/Tk.
You can get Tkinfo at
@end itemize
-@node Informational files for Emacs, Help installing Emacs, Viewing Info files outside of Emacs, Getting help
+@node Informational files for Emacs
@section What informational files are available for Emacs?
@cindex Informational files included with Emacs
@cindex Files included with Emacs
@cindex @file{COPYING}, description of file
@cindex @file{DISTRIB}, description of file
-@cindex @file{FTP}, description of file
@cindex @file{GNU}, description of file
@cindex @file{INTERVIEW}, description of file
-@cindex @file{LPF}, description of file
@cindex @file{MACHINES}, description of file
@cindex @file{MAILINGLISTS}, description of file
@cindex @file{NEWS}, description of file
-@cindex @file{SERVICE}, description of file
-@cindex @file{SUN-SUPPORT}, description of file
This isn't a frequently asked question, but it should be! A variety of
informational files about Emacs and relevant aspects of the GNU project
are available for you to read.
-The following files are available in the @file{etc} directory of the
-Emacs distribution (see @ref{File-name conventions}, if you're not sure
-where that is).
+The following files (and others) are available in the @file{etc}
+directory of the Emacs distribution (see @ref{File-name conventions}, if
+you're not sure where that is). Many of these files are available via
+the Emacs @samp{Help} menu, or by typing @kbd{C-h ?} (@kbd{M-x
+help-for-help}).
@table @file
GNU General Public License
@item DISTRIB
-Emacs Availability Information, including the popular Free Software
-Foundation Order Form
-
-@item FTP
-How to get GNU Software by Internet FTP or by UUCP
+Emacs Availability Information
@item GNU
The GNU Manifesto
Richard Stallman discusses his public-domain UNIX-compatible software
system with BYTE editors
-@item LPF
-Why you should join the League for Programming Freedom
-
@item MACHINES
Status of Emacs on Various Machines and Systems
@item NEWS
Emacs news, a history of recent user-visible changes
-@item SERVICE
-GNU Service Directory
-
-@item SUN-SUPPORT
-including ``Using Emacstool with GNU Emacs''
-
@end table
More GNU information, including back issues of the @cite{GNU's
@uref{http://www.cs.pdx.edu/~trent/gnu/gnu.html}
-@node Help installing Emacs, Obtaining the FAQ, Informational files for Emacs, Getting help
+@node Help installing Emacs
@section Where can I get help in installing Emacs?
@cindex Installation help
@cindex Help installing Emacs
@xref{Installing Emacs}, for some basic installation hints, and see
-@ref{Problems building Emacs}, or @ref{Linking with -lX11 fails}, if you
-have problems with the installation.
+@ref{Problems building Emacs}, if you have problems with the installation.
-The file @file{etc/SERVICE} (see @ref{File-name conventions}, if you're
-not sure where that is) lists companies and individuals willing to sell
-you help in installing or using Emacs. An up-to-date version this file
-is available on @samp{ftp.gnu.org} (@pxref{Informational files for
-Emacs}).
+@uref{http://www.fsf.org/resources/service/, The GNU Service directory}
+lists companies and individuals willing to sell you help in installing
+or using Emacs and other GNU software.
-@node Obtaining the FAQ, , Help installing Emacs, Getting help
+@node Obtaining the FAQ
@section Where can I get the latest version of this FAQ?
@cindex FAQ, obtaining the
@cindex Latest FAQ version, obtaining the
-@cindex Retrieving the latest FAQ version
-@cindex E-mail, retrieving the FAQ via
-@cindex Web, reading the FAQ on the
-
-The Emacs FAQ is available in several ways:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-
-@item
-Inside of Emacs itself. You can get it from selecting the @samp{Emacs
-FAQ} option from the @samp{Help} menu of the Emacs menu bar at the top
-of any Emacs frame, or by typing @kbd{C-h C-f} (@kbd{M-x view-emacs-FAQ}).
-
-@item
-Via USENET. If you can read news, the FAQ should be available in your
-news spool, in both the @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help} and
-@uref{news:comp.emacs} newsgroups. Every news reader should allow you
-to read any news article that is still in the news spool, even if you
-have read the article before. You may need to read the instructions for
-your news reader to discover how to do this. In @file{rn}, this command
-will do this for you at the article selection level:
-
-@example
-?GNU Emacs Frequently Asked Questions?rc:m
-@end example
-
-In Gnus, you should type @kbd{C-u C-x C-s} from the @file{*Summary*}
-buffer or @kbd{C-u @key{SPC}} from the @file{*Newsgroup*} buffer to view
-all articles in a newsgroup.
-
-If the FAQ articles have expired and have been deleted from your news
-spool, it might (or might not) do some good to complain to your news
-administrator, because the most recent FAQ should not expire for a
-while.
-
-@item
-In the Emacs distribution. Since Emacs 18.56, the FAQ at the time
-of release has been part of the Emacs distribution as either
-@file{etc/FAQ}, @file{man/faq.texi}, or (from version 23 onwards)
-@file{doc/misc/faq.texi} (@pxref{File-name conventions}).
-
-@item
-Via anonymous ftp and e-mail from @file{rtfm.mit.edu} (and its mirror in
-Europe), the main repository for FAQs and other items posted to
-news.answers. The Emacs FAQs are available at
-
-@uref{ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/comp.emacs/} and
-
-@uref{ftp://ftp.uni-paderborn.de/pub/doc/FAQ/comp/emacs/}
-If you do not have access to anonymous FTP, you can access the archives
-using the @file{rtfm.mit.edu} mail server. The Emacs FAQ can be
-retrieved by sending mail to @email{mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu} with a
-blank subject and containing
-
-@example
-send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/diffs
-send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part1
-send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part2
-send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part3
-send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part4
-send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part5
-@end example
-
-For more information, send email to @email{mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu}
-with @samp{help} and @samp{index} in the body on separate lines.
-@end itemize
+The Emacs FAQ is distributed with Emacs in Info format. You can read it
+by selecting the @samp{Emacs FAQ} option from the @samp{Help} menu of
+the Emacs menu bar at the top of any Emacs frame, or by typing @kbd{C-h
+C-f} (@kbd{M-x view-emacs-FAQ}). The very latest version is available
+in the Emacs development repository (@pxref{Latest version of Emacs}).
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node Status of Emacs, Common requests, Getting help, Top
+@node Status of Emacs
@chapter Status of Emacs
@cindex Status of Emacs
-This chapter gives you basic information about Emacs, including its
-latest version status.
+This chapter gives you basic information about Emacs, including the
+status of its latest version.
@menu
* Origin of the term Emacs::
* Latest version of Emacs::
-* New in Emacs 20::
-* New in Emacs 21::
+* New in Emacs 23::
* New in Emacs 22::
+* New in Emacs 21::
+* New in Emacs 20::
@end menu
-@node Origin of the term Emacs, Latest version of Emacs, Status of Emacs, Status of Emacs
+@node Origin of the term Emacs
@section Where does the name ``Emacs'' come from?
@cindex Origin of the term ``Emacs''
@cindex Emacs name origin
the name Emacs because @key{E} was not in use as an abbreviation on ITS at
the time.'' The first Emacs was a set of macros written in 1976 at MIT
by RMS for the editor TECO (Text Editor and COrrector, originally Tape
-Editor and COrrector) under ITS on a PDP-10. RMS had already extended
-TECO with a ``real-time'' full-screen mode with reprogrammable keys.
-Emacs was started by @email{gls@@east.sun.com, Guy Steele} as a project
-to unify the many divergent TECO command sets and key bindings at MIT,
-and completed by RMS.
+Editor and COrrector) under ITS (the Incompatible Timesharing System) on
+a PDP-10. RMS had already extended TECO with a ``real-time''
+full-screen mode with reprogrammable keys. Emacs was started by
+@email{gls@@east.sun.com, Guy Steele} as a project to unify the many
+divergent TECO command sets and key bindings at MIT, and completed by
+RMS.
Many people have said that TECO code looks a lot like line noise; you
can read more at @uref{news:alt.lang.teco}. Someone has written a TECO
name, check out the file @file{etc/JOKES} (@pxref{File-name
conventions}).
-@node Latest version of Emacs, New in Emacs 20, Origin of the term Emacs, Status of Emacs
+@node Latest version of Emacs
@section What is the latest version of Emacs?
@cindex Version, latest
@cindex Latest version of Emacs
+@cindex Development, Emacs
+@cindex Repository, Emacs
+@cindex CVS repository, Emacs
+@cindex Arch repository, Emacs
+@cindex Git repository, Emacs
+
+Emacs @value{VER} is the current version as of this writing. A version
+number with two components (e.g. @samp{22.1}) indicates a released
+version; three components indicate a development
+version (e.g. @samp{23.0.50} is what will eventually become @samp{23.1}).
+
+Emacs is under active development, hosted at
+@uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/emacs/, Savannah}. The source
+code can be retrieved anonymously following the
+@uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/cvs/?group=emacs, instructions}.
+The primary repository is CVS, but Arch and Git mirrors are also
+available.
-Emacs @value{VER} is the current version as of this writing.
+Because Emacs undergoes many changes before a release, the version
+number of a development version is not especially meaningful. It is
+better to refer to the date on which the sources were retrieved from the
+development repository. The development version is usually quite robust
+for every-day use, but if stability is more important to you than the
+latest features, you may want to stick to the releases.
+
+The following sections list some of the major new features in the last
+few Emacs releases. For full details of the changes in any version of
+Emacs, type @kbd{C-h C-n} (@kbd{M-x view-emacs-news}). As of Emacs 22,
+you can give this command a prefix argument to read about which features
+were new in older versions.
+
+@node New in Emacs 23
+@section What is different about Emacs 23?
+@cindex Differences between Emacs 22 and Emacs 23
+@cindex Emacs 23, new features in
+@cindex Recently introduced features
+@cindex Default features
-@node New in Emacs 20, New in Emacs 21, Latest version of Emacs, Status of Emacs
-@section What is different about Emacs 20?
-@cindex Differences between Emacs 19 and Emacs 20
-@cindex Emacs 20, new features in
+@itemize
-To find out what has changed in recent versions, type @kbd{C-h C-n}
-(@kbd{M-x view-emacs-news}). The oldest changes are at the bottom of
-the file, so you might want to read it starting there, rather than at
-the top.
+@cindex Anti-aliased fonts
+@cindex Freetype fonts
+@item
+Emacs has a new font code that can use multiple font backends,
+including freetype and fontconfig. Emacs can use the Xft library for
+anti-aliasing, and the otf and m17n libraries for complex text layout and
+text shaping.
-The differences between Emacs versions 18 and 19 was rather dramatic;
-the introduction of frames, faces, and colors on windowing systems was
-obvious to even the most casual user.
+@cindex Unicode
+@cindex Character sets
+@item
+The Emacs character set is now a superset of Unicode. Several new
+language environments have been added.
-There are differences between Emacs versions 19 and 20 as well, but many
-are more subtle or harder to find. Among the changes are the inclusion
-of MULE code for languages that use non-Latin characters and for mixing
-several languages in the same document; the ``Customize'' facility for
-modifying variables without having to use Lisp; and automatic conversion
-of files from Macintosh, Microsoft, and Unix platforms.
+@cindex Multi-tty support
+@cindex X and tty displays
+@item
+Emacs now supports using both X displays and ttys in the same session
+(@samp{multi-tty}).
-A number of older Lisp packages, such as Gnus, Supercite and the
-calendar/diary, have been updated and enhanced to work with Emacs 20,
-and are now included with the standard distribution.
+@cindex Daemon mode
+@item
+Emacs can be started as a daemon in the background.
+@cindex NeXTSTEP port
+@cindex GNUstep port
+@cindex Mac OS X Cocoa
+@item
+There is a new NeXTSTEP port of Emacs. This supports GNUstep and Mac OS
+X (via the Cocoa libraries). The Carbon port of Emacs, which supported
+Mac OS X in Emacs 22, has been removed.
-@node New in Emacs 21, New in Emacs 22, New in Emacs 20, Status of Emacs
-@section What is different about Emacs 21?
-@cindex Differences between Emacs 20 and Emacs 21
-@cindex Emacs 21, new features in
-@cindex Recently introduced features
+@cindex Directory-local variables
+@item
+Directory-local variables can now be defined, in a similar manner to
+file-local variables.
-@cindex Variable-size fonts
-@cindex Toolbar support
-Emacs 21 features a thorough rewrite of the display engine. The new
-display engine supports variable-size fonts, images, and can play sounds
-on platforms which support that. As a result, the visual appearance of
-Emacs, when it runs on a windowed display, is much more reminiscent of
-modern GUI programs, and includes 3D widgets (used for the mode line and
-the scroll bars), a configurable and extensible toolbar, tooltips
-(a.k.a.@: balloon help), and other niceties.
+@item
+Transient Mark mode (@pxref{Highlighting a region}) is on by default.
-@cindex Colors on text-only terminals
-@cindex TTY colors
-In addition, Emacs 21 supports faces on text-only terminals. This means
-that you can now have colors when you run Emacs on a GNU/Linux console
-and on @code{xterm} with @kbd{emacs -nw}.
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+Other changes include: support for serial port access; D-Bus bindings; a
+new Visual Line mode for line-motion; improved completion; a new mode
+(@samp{DocView}) for viewing of PDF, PostScript, and DVI documents; nXML
+mode (for editing XML documents) is included; VC has been updated for
+newer version control systems; etc. As always, consult the @file{NEWS}
+file for more information.
-@node New in Emacs 22, , New in Emacs 21, Status of Emacs
+
+@node New in Emacs 22
@section What is different about Emacs 22?
@cindex Differences between Emacs 21 and Emacs 22
@cindex Emacs 22, new features in
-@cindex Recently introduced features
-@cindex Default features
@itemize
@cindex GTK+ Toolkit
systems.
@item
-The native MS-Windows, Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X builds include full support
+The native MS-Windows, and Mac OS X builds include full support
for images, toolbar, and tooltips.
@item
enabled by default.
@item
-The maximum size of buffers has been doubled and is 256M on 32-bit
-machines.
+The maximum size of buffers is increased: on 32-bit machines, it is
+256 MBytes for Emacs 23.1, and 512 MBytes for Emacs 23.2 and above.
@item
Links can be followed with @kbd{mouse-1}, in addition to @kbd{mouse-2}.
(@pxref{Emacs Lisp documentation}) and the Emacs Lisp Intro.
@end itemize
-Many other changes have been made in Emacs 22, use @kbd{C-h n} to get a
-full list.
+
+@node New in Emacs 21
+@section What is different about Emacs 21?
+@cindex Differences between Emacs 20 and Emacs 21
+@cindex Emacs 21, new features in
+
+@cindex Variable-size fonts
+@cindex Toolbar support
+Emacs 21 features a thorough rewrite of the display engine. The new
+display engine supports variable-size fonts, images, and can play sounds
+on platforms which support that. As a result, the visual appearance of
+Emacs, when it runs on a windowed display, is much more reminiscent of
+modern GUI programs, and includes 3D widgets (used for the mode line and
+the scroll bars), a configurable and extensible toolbar, tooltips
+(a.k.a.@: balloon help), and other niceties.
+
+@cindex Colors on text-only terminals
+@cindex TTY colors
+In addition, Emacs 21 supports faces on text-only terminals. This means
+that you can now have colors when you run Emacs on a GNU/Linux console
+and on @code{xterm} with @kbd{emacs -nw}.
+
+
+@node New in Emacs 20
+@section What is different about Emacs 20?
+@cindex Differences between Emacs 19 and Emacs 20
+@cindex Emacs 20, new features in
+
+The differences between Emacs versions 18 and 19 were rather dramatic;
+the introduction of frames, faces, and colors on windowing systems was
+obvious to even the most casual user.
+
+There are differences between Emacs versions 19 and 20 as well, but many
+are more subtle or harder to find. Among the changes are the inclusion
+of MULE code for languages that use non-Latin characters and for mixing
+several languages in the same document; the ``Customize'' facility for
+modifying variables without having to use Lisp; and automatic conversion
+of files from Macintosh, Microsoft, and Unix platforms.
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node Common requests, Bugs and problems, Status of Emacs, Top
+@node Common requests
@chapter Common requests
@cindex Common requests
* Yanking text in isearch::
* Wrapping words automatically::
* Turning on auto-fill by default::
-* Spell-checkers::
-* Checking TeX and *roff documents::
* Changing load-path::
* Using an already running Emacs process::
* Compiler error messages::
* Evaluating Emacs Lisp code::
* Changing the length of a Tab::
* Inserting text at the beginning of each line::
-* Underlining paragraphs::
* Forcing the cursor to remain in the same column::
* Forcing Emacs to iconify itself::
* Using regular expressions::
* Fullscreen mode on MS-Windows::
@end menu
-@node Setting up a customization file, Using Customize, Common requests, Common requests
+@node Setting up a customization file
@section How do I set up a @file{.emacs} file properly?
@cindex @file{.emacs} file, setting up
@cindex @file{.emacs} file, locating
@inforef{Init File, Init File, emacs}.
-In general, new Emacs users should not have @file{.emacs} files, because
-it causes confusing non-standard behavior. Then they send questions to
-@email{help-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} asking why Emacs isn't behaving as
-documented.
+In general, new Emacs users should not be provided with @file{.emacs}
+files, because this can cause confusing non-standard behavior. Then
+they send questions to @email{help-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} asking why Emacs
+isn't behaving as documented.
-Beginning with version 20.1, Emacs includes the new Customize facility
-(@pxref{Using Customize}). This allows users who are unfamiliar with
-Emacs Lisp to modify their @file{.emacs} files in a relatively
-straightforward way, using menus rather than Lisp code. Most packages
-support Customize as of this writing.
+Emacs includes the Customize facility (@pxref{Using Customize}). This
+allows users who are unfamiliar with Emacs Lisp to modify their
+@file{.emacs} files in a relatively straightforward way, using menus
+rather than Lisp code.
While Customize might indeed make it easier to configure Emacs,
consider taking a bit of time to learn Emacs Lisp and modifying your
be found. Visiting the file as @file{~/.emacs} from Emacs will find
the correct file.
-@node Using Customize, Colors on a TTY, Setting up a customization file, Common requests
+@node Using Customize
@section How do I start using Customize?
@cindex Customize groups
@cindex Customizing variables
@key{RET}}. This command prompts you for the name of the option to
customize, with completion.
-@node Colors on a TTY, Debugging a customization file, Using Customize, Common requests
+@node Colors on a TTY
@section How do I get colors and syntax highlighting on a TTY?
@cindex Colors on a TTY
@cindex Syntax highlighting on a TTY
In Emacs 21.1 and later, colors and faces are supported in non-windowed mode,
i.e.@: on Unix and GNU/Linux text-only terminals and consoles, and when
-invoked as @samp{emacs -nw} on X, MS-Windows, and Mac. (Colors and faces were
+invoked as @samp{emacs -nw} on X, and MS-Windows. (Colors and faces were
supported in the MS-DOS port since Emacs 19.29.) Emacs automatically
detects color support at startup and uses it if available. If you think
that your terminal supports colors, but Emacs won't use them, check the
Syntax highlighting is on by default since version 22.1.
-@node Debugging a customization file, Displaying the current line or column, Colors on a TTY, Common requests
+@node Debugging a customization file
@section How do I debug a @file{.emacs} file?
@cindex Debugging @file{.emacs} file
@cindex @file{.emacs} debugging
Use @kbd{C-h v} (@kbd{M-x describe-variable}) to check the value of
variables which you are trying to set or use.
-@node Displaying the current line or column, Displaying the current file name in the titlebar, Debugging a customization file, Common requests
+@node Displaying the current line or column
@section How do I make Emacs display the current line (or column) number?
@cindex @code{line-number-mode}
@cindex Displaying the current line or column
@cindex Column, displaying the current
@cindex @code{mode-line-format}
-To have Emacs automatically display the current line number of the point
-in the mode line, do @kbd{M-x line-number-mode}. You can also put the
-form
-
-@lisp
-(setq line-number-mode t)
-@end lisp
-
-@noindent
-in your @file{.emacs} file to achieve this whenever you start Emacs.
-(Line number display is on by default, unless your site-specific
-initialization disables it.) Note that Emacs will not display the line
+By default, Emacs displays the current line number of the point in the
+mode line. You can toggle this feature off or on with the command
+@kbd{M-x line-number-mode}, or by setting the variable
+@code{line-number-mode}. Note that Emacs will not display the line
number if the buffer's size in bytes is larger than the value of the
variable @code{line-number-display-limit}.
@end lisp
@noindent
-in your @file{.emacs} file.
+in your @file{.emacs} file. This feature is off by default.
The @code{"%c"} format specifier in the variable @code{mode-line-format}
will insert the current column's value into the mode line. See the
mode-line-format @key{RET}}) for more information on how to set and use
this variable.
-Users of all Emacs versions can display the current column using the
-@samp{column} package written by @email{abraham@@dina.kvl.dk, Per
-Abrahamsen}. @xref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}, for
-instructions on how to get it.
-
@cindex Set number capability in @code{vi} emulators
-None of the @code{vi} emulation modes provide the ``set number''
-capability of @code{vi} (as far as we know). The @samp{setnu} package
-written by @email{kyle@@wonderworks.com, Kyle Jones} provides this
-feature. So too does @samp{wb-line-number}, written by
-@email{naoki.y.nakamura@@nifty.com, Naoki Nakamura}.
+The @samp{linum} package (distributed with Emacs since version 23.1)
+displays line numbers in the left margin, like the ``set number''
+capability of @code{vi}. The packages @samp{setnu} and
+@samp{wb-line-number} (not distributed with Emacs) also implement this
+feature.
-@node Displaying the current file name in the titlebar, Turning on abbrevs by default, Displaying the current line or column, Common requests
+@node Displaying the current file name in the titlebar
@section How can I modify the titlebar to contain the current file name?
@cindex Titlebar, displaying the current file name in
@cindex File name, displaying in the titlebar
(setq frame-title-format "%b")
@end lisp
-@node Turning on abbrevs by default, Associating modes with files, Displaying the current file name in the titlebar, Common requests
+@node Turning on abbrevs by default
@section How do I turn on abbrevs by default just in mode @var{mymode}?
@cindex Abbrevs, turning on by default
-Put this in your @file{.emacs} file:
+Abbrev mode expands abbreviations as you type them. To turn it on in a
+specific buffer, use @kbd{M-x abbrev-mode}. To turn it on in every
+buffer by default, put this in your @file{.emacs} file:
@lisp
-(condition-case ()
- (quietly-read-abbrev-file)
- (file-error nil))
+(setq-default abbrev-mode t)
+@end lisp
+@noindent To turn it on in a specific mode, use:
+
+@lisp
(add-hook '@var{mymode}-mode-hook
(lambda ()
(setq abbrev-mode t)))
@end lisp
-Starting with Emacs 22, the standard abbrevs file is read automatically
-at startup, so the first of these two forms becomes unnecessary.
+@noindent If your Emacs version is older then 22.1, you will also need to use:
-@node Associating modes with files, Highlighting a region, Turning on abbrevs by default, Common requests
+@lisp
+(condition-case ()
+ (quietly-read-abbrev-file)
+ (file-error nil))
+@end lisp
+
+@node Associating modes with files
@section How do I make Emacs use a certain major mode for certain files?
@cindex Associating modes with files
@cindex File extensions and modes
with the extension @file{.@var{bar}}, this will do it for you:
@lisp
-(setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("\\.@var{bar}\\'" . @var{foo}-mode) auto-mode-alist))
+(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.@var{bar}\\'" . @var{foo}-mode))
@end lisp
-Otherwise put this somewhere in the first line of any file you want to
+Alternatively, put this somewhere in the first line of any file you want to
edit in the mode @var{foo} (in the second line, if the first line begins
with @samp{#!}):
@end example
@cindex Major mode for shell scripts
-Beginning with Emacs 19, the variable @code{interpreter-mode-alist}
-specifies which mode to use when loading a shell script. (Emacs
+The variable @code{interpreter-mode-alist} specifies which mode to use
+when loading an interpreted script (e.g. shell, python, etc.). Emacs
determines which interpreter you're using by examining the first line of
-the script.) This feature only applies when the file name doesn't
-indicate which mode to use. Use @kbd{C-h v} (or @kbd{M-x
-describe-variable}) on @code{interpreter-mode-alist} to learn more.
+the script. Use @kbd{C-h v} (or @kbd{M-x describe-variable}) on
+@code{interpreter-mode-alist} to learn more.
-@node Highlighting a region, Replacing highlighted text, Associating modes with files, Common requests
+@node Highlighting a region
@section How can I highlight a region of text in Emacs?
@cindex Highlighting text
@cindex Text, highlighting
including
@lisp
-(transient-mark-mode t)
+(transient-mark-mode 1)
@end lisp
@noindent
-in your @file{.emacs} file.
+in your @file{.emacs} file. Since Emacs 23.1, this feature is on by default.
-@node Replacing highlighted text, Controlling case sensitivity, Highlighting a region, Common requests
+@node Replacing highlighted text
@section How can I replace highlighted text with what I type?
@cindex @code{delete-selection-mode}
@cindex Replacing highlighted text
delete-selection-mode @key{RET}}):
@quotation
-When ON, typed text replaces the selection if the selection is active.
-When OFF, typed text is just inserted at point.
+When Delete Selection mode is enabled, Transient Mark mode is also
+enabled and typed text replaces the selection if the selection is
+active. Otherwise, typed text is just inserted at point regardless of
+any selection.
@end quotation
This mode also allows you to delete (not kill) the highlighted region by
pressing @key{DEL}.
-@node Controlling case sensitivity, Working with unprintable characters, Replacing highlighted text, Common requests
+@node Controlling case sensitivity
@section How do I control Emacs's case-sensitivity when searching/replacing?
@cindex @code{case-fold-search}
@cindex Case sensitivity of searches
@cindex Searching without case sensitivity
@cindex Ignoring case in searches
-For searching, the value of the variable @code{case-fold-search}
-determines whether they are case sensitive:
+@c FIXME
+The value of the variable @code{case-fold-search} determines whether
+searches are case sensitive:
@lisp
(setq case-fold-search nil) ; make searches case sensitive
(setq case-fold-search nil)))
@end lisp
-@node Working with unprintable characters, Searching for/replacing newlines, Controlling case sensitivity, Common requests
+@node Working with unprintable characters
@section How do I search for, delete, or replace unprintable (eight-bit or control) characters?
@cindex Unprintable characters, working with
@cindex Working with unprintable characters
@cindex Regexps and unprintable characters
To search for a single character that appears in the buffer as, for
-example, @samp{\237}, you can type @kbd{C-s C-q 2 3 7}. (This assumes
-the value of @code{search-quote-char} is 17 (i.e., @kbd{C-q}).)
+example, @samp{\237}, you can type @kbd{C-s C-q 2 3 7}.
Searching for @strong{all} unprintable characters is best done with a
regular expression (@dfn{regexp}) search. The easiest regexp to use for
the unprintable chars is the complement of the regexp for the printable
M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} [^ @key{TAB} C-q @key{LFD} C-q @key{RET} C-q C-l @key{SPC} -~] @key{RET} : @key{RET}
-@node Searching for/replacing newlines, Yanking text in isearch, Working with unprintable characters, Common requests
+@node Searching for/replacing newlines
@section How do I input a newline character in isearch or query-replace?
@cindex Searching for newlines
@cindex Replacing newlines
Special Input for Incremental Search, emacs}.
-@node Yanking text in isearch, Wrapping words automatically, Searching for/replacing newlines, Common requests
+@node Yanking text in isearch
@section How do I copy text from the kill ring into the search string?
@cindex Yanking text into the search string
@cindex isearch yanking
Use @kbd{M-y}. @inforef{Isearch Yank, Isearch Yanking, emacs}.
-@node Wrapping words automatically, Turning on auto-fill by default, Yanking text in isearch, Common requests
+@node Wrapping words automatically
@section How do I make Emacs wrap words for me?
@cindex Wrapping word automatically
@cindex Wrapping lines
@code{fill-column}. To learn how to turn this on automatically, see
@ref{Turning on auto-fill by default}.
-@node Turning on auto-fill by default, Spell-checkers, Wrapping words automatically, Common requests
+@node Turning on auto-fill by default
@section How do I turn on @code{auto-fill-mode} by default?
@cindex @code{auto-fill-mode}, activating automatically
@cindex Filling automatically
(setq-default auto-fill-function 'do-auto-fill)
@end lisp
-@node Spell-checkers, Checking TeX and *roff documents, Turning on auto-fill by default, Common requests
-@section Where can I get a better spelling checker for Emacs?
-@cindex Checking spelling
-@cindex Spelling, checking text documents
-
-Use Ispell. @xref{Ispell}.
-
-@node Checking TeX and *roff documents, Changing load-path, Spell-checkers, Common requests
-@section How can I spell-check @TeX{} or *roff documents?
-@cindex Spelling, checking @TeX{} documents
-@cindex @TeX{} documents, checking spelling in
-
-Use Ispell. Ispell can handle @TeX{} and *roff documents.
-@xref{Ispell}.
-
-@node Changing load-path, Using an already running Emacs process, Checking TeX and *roff documents, Common requests
+@node Changing load-path
@section How do I change @code{load-path}?
@cindex @code{load-path}, modifying
@cindex Modifying @code{load-path}
directory @var{/dir/subdir} to the load path like this:
@lisp
-(setq load-path (cons "/dir/subdir/" load-path))
+(add-to-list 'load-path "/dir/subdir/")
@end lisp
To do this relative to your home directory:
@lisp
-(setq load-path (cons "~/mysubdir/" load-path))
+(add-to-list 'load-path "~/mysubdir/")
@end lisp
-@node Using an already running Emacs process, Compiler error messages, Changing load-path, Common requests
+@node Using an already running Emacs process
@section How do I use an already running Emacs from another window?
@cindex @code{emacsclient}
@cindex Emacs server functions
@code{emacsclient} will exit, signaling the calling program to continue.
@cindex @code{gnuserv}
-There is an enhanced version of @samp{emacsclient} called
+There is an alternative version of @samp{emacsclient} called
@samp{gnuserv}, written by @email{ange@@hplb.hpl.hp.com, Andy Norman}
(@pxref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}). @samp{gnuserv} uses
Internet domain sockets, so it can work across most network connections.
@end itemize
-@node Compiler error messages, Indenting switch statements, Using an already running Emacs process, Common requests
+@node Compiler error messages
@section How do I make Emacs recognize my compiler's funny error messages?
@cindex Compiler error messages, recognizing
@cindex Recognizing non-standard compiler errors
Customize the @code{compilation-error-regexp-alist} variable.
-@node Indenting switch statements, Customizing C and C++ indentation, Compiler error messages, Common requests
+@node Indenting switch statements
@section How do I change the indentation for @code{switch}?
@cindex @code{switch}, indenting
@cindex Indenting of @code{switch}
@}
@end example
-The solution at first appears to be: set @code{c-indent-level} to 4 and
-@code{c-label-offset} to -2. However, this will give you an indentation
-spacing of four instead of two.
-
-The @emph{real} solution is to use @code{cc-mode} (the default mode for
-C programming in Emacs 20 and later) and add the following line to your
-@file{.emacs}:
+@noindent To achieve this, add the following line to your @file{.emacs}:
@lisp
(c-set-offset 'case-label '+)
@end lisp
-There appears to be no way to do this with the old @code{c-mode}.
-
-@node Customizing C and C++ indentation, Horizontal scrolling, Indenting switch statements, Common requests
+@node Customizing C and C++ indentation
@section How to customize indentation in C, C@t{++}, and Java buffers?
@cindex Indentation, how to customize
@cindex Customize indentation
effect in @emph{all} languages supported by @code{cc-mode}, use
@code{c-mode-common-hook}.
-@node Horizontal scrolling, Overwrite mode, Customizing C and C++ indentation, Common requests
+@node Horizontal scrolling
@section How can I make Emacs automatically scroll horizontally?
@cindex @code{hscroll-mode}
@cindex Horizontal scrolling
@code{truncate-partial-width-windows} if that variable is non-nil
and the current buffer is not full-frame width.
-In Emacs 20, use the @code{hscroll-mode}. Here is some information from
-the documentation, available by typing @kbd{C-h f hscroll-mode @key{RET}}:
-
-Automatically scroll horizontally when the point moves off the
-left or right edge of the window.
-
-@itemize @minus
-@item
-Type @kbd{M-x hscroll-mode} to enable it in the current buffer.
-
-@item
-Type @kbd{M-x hscroll-global-mode} to enable it in every buffer.
-
-@item
-@code{turn-on-hscroll} is useful in mode hooks as in:
-
-@lisp
-(add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-hscroll)
-@end lisp
-
-@item
-@code{hscroll-margin} controls how close the cursor can get to the
-edge of the window.
-
-@item
-@code{hscroll-step-percent} controls how far to jump once we decide to do so.
-@end itemize
+In Emacs 20, use @code{hscroll-mode}.
-@node Overwrite mode, Turning off beeping, Horizontal scrolling, Common requests
+@node Overwrite mode
@section How do I make Emacs ``typeover'' or ``overwrite'' instead of inserting?
@cindex @key{Insert}
@cindex @code{overwrite-mode}
On some systems, @key{Insert} toggles @code{overwrite-mode} on and off.
-@node Turning off beeping, Turning the volume down, Overwrite mode, Common requests
+@node Turning off beeping
@section How do I stop Emacs from beeping on a terminal?
@cindex Beeping, turning off
@cindex Visible bell
(setq visible-bell t)
@end example
-@node Turning the volume down, Automatic indentation, Turning off beeping, Common requests
+@node Turning the volume down
@section How do I turn down the bell volume in Emacs running under X?
@cindex Bell, volume of
@cindex Volume of bell
b [vol [pitch [dur]]] b on
@end example
-@node Automatic indentation, Matching parentheses, Turning the volume down, Common requests
+@node Automatic indentation
@section How do I tell Emacs to automatically indent a new line to the indentation of the previous line?
@cindex Indenting new lines
@cindex New lines, indenting of
@cindex Previous line, indenting according to
@cindex Text indentation
-Such behavior is automatic in Emacs 20 and later. From the
+Such behavior is automatic (in Text mode) in Emacs 20 and later. From the
@file{etc/NEWS} file for Emacs 20.2:
@example
mode now runs the command @code{indent-relative}; this makes a practical
difference only when you use indented paragraphs.
-As a result, the old Indented Text mode is now identical to Text mode,
-and is an alias for it.
-
If you want spaces at the beginning of a line to start a paragraph, use
the new mode, Paragraph Indent Text mode.
@end example
(@pxref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}). Look for ``fill'' and
``indent'' keywords for guidance.
-@node Matching parentheses, Hiding #ifdef lines, Automatic indentation, Common requests
+@node Matching parentheses
@section How do I show which parenthesis matches the one I'm looking at?
@cindex Parentheses, matching
@cindex @file{paren.el}
@end itemize
-@node Hiding #ifdef lines, Repeating commands, Matching parentheses, Common requests
+@node Hiding #ifdef lines
@section In C mode, can I show just the lines that will be left after @code{#ifdef} commands are handled by the compiler?
@cindex @code{#ifdef}, selective display of
@cindex @code{hide-ifdef-mode}
@kbd{M-x hide-ifdef-mode}. (This is a minor mode.) You might also want
to investigate @file{cpp.el}, which is distributed with Emacs.
-@node Repeating commands, Valid X resources, Hiding #ifdef lines, Common requests
+@node Repeating commands
@section How do I repeat a command as many times as possible?
@cindex Repeating commands many times
@cindex Commands, repeating many times
redoes the last insertion/deletion, use VIPER, a @code{vi} emulation
mode which comes with Emacs, and which appears to support it.
-@node Valid X resources, Evaluating Emacs Lisp code, Repeating commands, Common requests
+@node Valid X resources
@section What are the valid X resource settings (i.e., stuff in .Xdefaults)?
@cindex Resources, X
@cindex X resources
onwards), to look at the resource names for the menu bar, assuming Emacs
was compiled with the X toolkit.
-@node Evaluating Emacs Lisp code, Changing the length of a Tab, Valid X resources, Common requests
+@node Evaluating Emacs Lisp code
@section How do I execute (``evaluate'') a piece of Emacs Lisp code?
@cindex Evaluating Lisp code
@cindex Lisp forms, evaluating
@end itemize
-@node Changing the length of a Tab, Inserting text at the beginning of each line, Evaluating Emacs Lisp code, Common requests
+@node Changing the length of a Tab
@section How do I change Emacs's idea of the @key{TAB} character's length?
@cindex Tab length
@cindex Length of tab character
-@cindex @code{default-tab-width}
-Set the variable @code{default-tab-width}. For example, to set
+Set the default value of the variable @code{tab-width}. For example, to set
@key{TAB} stops every 10 characters, insert the following in your
@file{.emacs} file:
@lisp
-(setq default-tab-width 10)
+(setq-default tab-width 10)
@end lisp
Do not confuse variable @code{tab-width} with variable
@key{TAB} characters. The latter controls what characters are inserted
when you press the @key{TAB} character in certain modes.
-@node Inserting text at the beginning of each line, Underlining paragraphs, Changing the length of a Tab, Common requests
+@node Inserting text at the beginning of each line
@section How do I insert <some text> at the beginning of every line?
@cindex Prefixing a region with some text
@cindex Prefix character, inserting in mail/news replies
runs the function @code{comment-region}, it is a general-purpose
mechanism to comment regions) (@pxref{Changing the included text prefix}).
-@node Underlining paragraphs, Forcing the cursor to remain in the same column, Inserting text at the beginning of each line, Common requests
-@section How do I insert @samp{_^H} before each character in a region to get an underlined paragraph?
-@cindex Underlining a region of text
-@cindex @code{underline-region}
-
-Mark the region and then type @kbd{M-x underline-region @key{RET}}.
-
-@node Forcing the cursor to remain in the same column, Forcing Emacs to iconify itself, Underlining paragraphs, Common requests
+@node Forcing the cursor to remain in the same column
@section How do I make Emacs behave like this: when I go up or down, the cursor should stay in the same column even if the line is too short?
@cindex @code{picture-mode}
@cindex Remaining in the same column, regardless of contents
@code{set-goal-column} bound to @kbd{C-x C-n}
(@pxref{Moving Point, , , emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
-@node Forcing Emacs to iconify itself, Using regular expressions, Forcing the cursor to remain in the same column, Common requests
+@node Forcing Emacs to iconify itself
@section How do I tell Emacs to iconify itself?
@cindex Iconification under the X Window System
@cindex X Window System and iconification
@kbd{C-z} iconifies Emacs when running under X and suspends Emacs
otherwise. @inforef{Frame Commands, Frame Commands, emacs}.
-@node Using regular expressions, Replacing text across multiple files, Forcing Emacs to iconify itself, Common requests
+@node Using regular expressions
@section How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs?
@cindex Regexps
@cindex Regular expressions
@end itemize
-@node Replacing text across multiple files, Documentation for etags, Using regular expressions, Common requests
+@node Replacing text across multiple files
@section How do I perform a replace operation across more than one file?
@cindex Replacing strings across files
@cindex Multiple files, replacing across
@cindex Files, replacing strings across multiple
@cindex Recursive search/replace operations
-As of Emacs 19.29, Dired mode (@kbd{M-x dired @key{RET}}, or @kbd{C-x
-d}) supports the command @code{dired-do-query-replace} (@kbd{Q}), which
-allows users to replace regular expressions in multiple files.
+Dired mode (@kbd{M-x dired @key{RET}}, or @kbd{C-x d}) supports the
+command @code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp} (@kbd{Q}), which allows
+users to replace regular expressions in multiple files.
You can use this command to perform search/replace operations on
multiple files by following the following steps:
a query-replace across all the files mentioned in the @file{TAGS} file.
@inforef{Tags Search, Tags Search, emacs}.
-@node Documentation for etags, Disabling backups, Replacing text across multiple files, Common requests
+@node Documentation for etags
@section Where is the documentation for @code{etags}?
@cindex Documentation for @code{etags}
@cindex @code{etags}, documentation for
Quick command-line switch descriptions are also available. For example,
@samp{etags -H}.
-@node Disabling backups, Disabling auto-save-mode, Documentation for etags, Common requests
+@node Disabling backups
@section How do I disable backup files?
@cindex Backups, disabling
@cindex Disabling backups
@lisp
(add-hook 'dired-load-hook
(lambda ()
- (load "dired-x")))
+ (require 'dired-x)))
@end lisp
With @code{dired-x} loaded, @kbd{M-o} toggles omitting in each dired buffer.
to add the element @code{("." . @var{dir})} to force Emacs to put
@strong{all} backup files in the directory @file{dir}.
-@node Disabling auto-save-mode, Going to a line by number, Disabling backups, Common requests
+@node Disabling auto-save-mode
@section How do I disable @code{auto-save-mode}?
@cindex Disabling @code{auto-save-mode}
@cindex Auto-saving
To disable or change how @code{auto-save-mode} works, @inforef{Auto
Save, , emacs}.
-@node Going to a line by number, Modifying pull-down menus, Disabling auto-save-mode, Common requests
+@node Going to a line by number
@section How can I go to a certain line given its number?
@cindex Going to a line by number
@cindex Compilation error messages
argument that is the line's number. For example, @kbd{C-u 286 M-g M-g}
will jump to line number 286 in the current buffer.
-@node Modifying pull-down menus, Deleting menus and menu options, Going to a line by number, Common requests
+@node Modifying pull-down menus
@section How can I create or modify new pull-down menu options?
@cindex Pull-down menus, creating or modifying
@cindex Menus, creating or modifying
``Menu Keymaps.'' (@xref{Emacs Lisp documentation}, for information on
this manual.)
-@node Deleting menus and menu options, Turning on syntax highlighting, Modifying pull-down menus, Common requests
+@node Deleting menus and menu options
@section How do I delete menus and menu options?
@cindex Deleting menus and menu options
@cindex Menus, deleting
(define-key global-map [menu-bar edit forward] nil)
@end lisp
-@node Turning on syntax highlighting, Scrolling only one line, Deleting menus and menu options, Common requests
+@node Turning on syntax highlighting
@section How do I turn on syntax highlighting?
@cindex Syntax highlighting
@cindex @code{font-lock-mode}
variables will appear in one face, keywords in a second, and comments in
a third.
-@cindex hilit19 is deprecated
-Earlier versions of Emacs supported hilit19, a similar package. Use of
-hilit19 is now considered non-standard, although @file{hilit19.el} comes
-with the stock Emacs distribution. It is no longer maintained.
-
To turn @code{font-lock-mode} off within an existing buffer, use
@kbd{M-x font-lock-mode @key{RET}}.
consult the documentation of the variables @code{ps-printer-name},
@code{ps-lpr-command}, and @code{ps-lpr-switches} for more details.
-@node Scrolling only one line, Editing MS-DOS files, Turning on syntax highlighting, Common requests
+@node Scrolling only one line
@section How can I force Emacs to scroll only one line when I move past the bottom of the screen?
@cindex Scrolling only one line
@cindex Reducing the increment when scrolling
(setq scroll-conservatively most-positive-fixnum)
@end lisp
-@node Editing MS-DOS files, Filling paragraphs with a single space, Scrolling only one line, Common requests
+@node Editing MS-DOS files
@section How can I edit MS-DOS files using Emacs?
@cindex Editing MS-DOS files
@cindex MS-DOS files, editing
on DOS and Windows, where the DOS end-of-line (EOL) format is the
default, a backslash (@samp{\}) will appear in the mode line.
-If you are running a version of Emacs before 20.1, get @code{crypt++}
-(@pxref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}). Among other things,
-@code{crypt++} transparently modifies MS-DOS files as they are loaded
-and saved, allowing you to ignore the different conventions that Unix
-and MS-DOS have for delineating the end of a line.
-
-@node Filling paragraphs with a single space, Escape sequences in shell output, Editing MS-DOS files, Common requests
+@node Filling paragraphs with a single space
@section How can I tell Emacs to fill paragraphs with a single space after each period?
@cindex One space following periods
@cindex Single space following periods
(setq sentence-end-double-space nil)
@end lisp
-@node Escape sequences in shell output, Fullscreen mode on MS-Windows, Filling paragraphs with a single space, Common requests
+@node Escape sequences in shell output
@section Why these strange escape sequences from @code{ls} from the Shell mode?
@cindex Escape sequences in @code{ls} output
@cindex @code{ls} in Shell mode
later), which converts these ANSI escape sequences into colors.
@end itemize
-@node Fullscreen mode on MS-Windows, , Escape sequences in shell output, Common requests
+@node Fullscreen mode on MS-Windows
@section How can I start Emacs in fullscreen mode on MS-Windows?
@cindex Maximize frame
@cindex Fullscreen mode
@code{(frame-width)} with @kbd{M-:}.
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node Bugs and problems, Compiling and installing Emacs, Common requests, Top
+@node Bugs and problems
@chapter Bugs and problems
@cindex Bugs and problems
The file @file{etc/PROBLEMS} in the Emacs distribution lists various
known problems with building and using Emacs on specific platforms;
-type @kbd{C-h C-e} to read it.
+type @kbd{C-h C-p} to read it.
@menu
* Problems with very large files::
* ^M in the shell buffer::
-* Shell process exits abnormally::
-* Problems with Shell Mode on MS-Windows::
+* Problems with Shell Mode::
* Termcap/Terminfo entries for Emacs::
-* Spontaneous entry into isearch-mode::
-* Problems talking to certain hosts::
* Errors with init files::
* Emacs ignores X resources::
* Emacs ignores frame parameters::
-* Emacs takes a long time to visit files::
* Editing files with $ in the name::
* Shell mode loses the current directory::
* Security risks with Emacs::
* Dired claims that no file is on this line::
@end menu
-@node Problems with very large files, ^M in the shell buffer, Bugs and problems, Bugs and problems
+@node Problems with very large files
@section Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes?
@cindex Very large files, opening
@cindex Large files, opening
Old versions (i.e., anything before 19.29) of Emacs had problems editing
files larger than 8 megabytes. In versions 19.29 and later, the maximum
buffer size is at least 2^27-1, or 134,217,727 bytes, or 132 MBytes.
-And in Emacs 22, the maximum buffer size has been increased to
-268,435,455 bytes (or 256 MBytes) on 32-bit machines.
+The maximum buffer size on 32-bit machines increased to 256 MBytes in
+Emacs 22, and again to 512 MBytes in Emacs 23.2.
+
+Emacs compiled on a 64-bit machine can handle much larger buffers.
-@node ^M in the shell buffer, Shell process exits abnormally, Problems with very large files, Bugs and problems
+@node ^M in the shell buffer
@section How do I get rid of @samp{^M} or echoed commands in my shell buffer?
@cindex Shell buffer, echoed commands and @samp{^M} in
@cindex Echoed commands in @code{shell-mode}
stty -icrnl -onlcr -echo susp ^Z
@end example
-@node Shell process exits abnormally, Problems with Shell Mode on MS-Windows, ^M in the shell buffer, Bugs and problems
-@section Why do I get ``Process shell exited abnormally with code 1''?
-@cindex Abnormal exits from @code{shell-mode}
-@cindex @code{shell-mode} exits
-@cindex Process shell exited
-
-The most likely reason for this message is that the @samp{env} program
-is not properly installed. Compile this program for your architecture,
-and install it with @samp{a+x} permission in the architecture-dependent
-Emacs program directory. (You can find what this directory is at your
-site by inspecting the value of the variable @code{exec-directory} by
-typing @kbd{C-h v exec-directory @key{RET}}.)
-
-You should also check for other programs named @samp{env} in your path
-(e.g., SunOS has a program named @file{/usr/bin/env}). We don't
-understand why this can cause a failure and don't know a general
-solution for working around the problem in this case.
-
-The @samp{make clean} command will remove @samp{env} and other vital
-programs, so be careful when using it.
-
-It has been reported that this sometimes happened when Emacs was started
-as an X client from an xterm window (i.e., had a controlling tty) but the
-xterm was later terminated.
-
-See also @samp{PROBLEMS} (in the @file{etc} subdirectory of the
-top-level directory when you unpack the Emacs source) for other
-possible causes of this message.
-
-@node Problems with Shell Mode on MS-Windows, Termcap/Terminfo entries for Emacs, Shell process exits abnormally, Bugs and problems
+@node Problems with Shell Mode
@section Why do I get an error message when I try to run @kbd{M-x shell}?
-@cindex Shell Mode, and MS-Windows
+@cindex Shell Mode, problems
@cindex @code{explicit-shell-file-name}
-On MS-Windows, this might happen because Emacs tries to look for the
-shell in a wrong place. The default file name @file{/bin/sh} is
-usually incorrect for non-Unix systems. If you know where your shell
-executable is, set the variable @code{explicit-shell-file-name} in
-your @file{.emacs} file to point to its full file name, like this:
-
-@lisp
-(setq explicit-shell-file-name "d:/shells/bash.exe")
-@end lisp
-
-If you don't know what shell does Emacs use, try the @kbd{M-!}
-command; if that works, put the following line into your
-@file{.emacs}:
-
-@lisp
-(setq explicit-shell-file-name shell-file-name)
-@end lisp
+This might happen because Emacs tries to look for the shell in a wrong
+place. If you know where your shell executable is, set the variable
+@code{explicit-shell-file-name} in your @file{.emacs} file to point to
+its full file name.
@cindex Antivirus programs, and Shell Mode
-Some people have trouble with Shell Mode because of intrusive
-antivirus software; disabling the resident antivirus program solves
-the problems in those cases.
+Some people have trouble with Shell Mode on MS-Windows because of
+intrusive antivirus software; disabling the resident antivirus program
+solves the problems in those cases.
-@node Termcap/Terminfo entries for Emacs, Spontaneous entry into isearch-mode, Problems with Shell Mode on MS-Windows, Bugs and problems
+@node Termcap/Terminfo entries for Emacs
@section Where is the termcap/terminfo entry for terminal type @samp{emacs}?
@cindex Termcap
@cindex Terminfo
if ("$term" == emacs) set term=dumb
@end example
-@node Spontaneous entry into isearch-mode, Problems talking to certain hosts, Termcap/Terminfo entries for Emacs, Bugs and problems
-@section Why does Emacs spontaneously start displaying @samp{I-search:} and beeping?
-@cindex Spontaneous entry into isearch-mode
-@cindex isearch-mode, spontaneous entry into
-@cindex Beeping without obvious reason
-
-Your terminal (or something between your terminal and the computer) is
-sending @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} for flow control, and Emacs is receiving
-these characters and interpreting them as commands. (The @kbd{C-s}
-character normally invokes the @code{isearch-forward} command.) For
-possible solutions, see @ref{Handling C-s and C-q with flow control}.
-
-@node Problems talking to certain hosts, Errors with init files, Spontaneous entry into isearch-mode, Bugs and problems
-@section Why can't Emacs talk to certain hosts (or certain hostnames)?
-@cindex Hosts, Emacs cannot talk to
-@cindex @code{gethostbyname}, problematic version
-
-The problem may be that Emacs is linked with a wimpier version of
-@code{gethostbyname} than the rest of the programs on the machine. This
-is often manifested as a message on startup of ``X server not responding.
-Check your @samp{DISPLAY} environment variable.'' or a message of
-``Unknown host'' from @code{open-network-stream}.
-
-On a Sun, this may be because Emacs had to be linked with the static C
-library. The version of @code{gethostbyname} in the static C library
-may only look in @file{/etc/hosts} and the NIS (YP) maps, while the
-version in the dynamic C library may be smart enough to check DNS in
-addition to or instead of NIS. On a Motorola Delta running System V
-R3.6, the version of @code{gethostbyname} in the standard library works,
-but the one that works with NIS doesn't (the one you get with -linet).
-Other operating systems have similar problems.
-
-Try these options:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-
-@item
-Explicitly add the host you want to communicate with to @file{/etc/hosts}.
-
-@item
-Relink Emacs with this line in @file{src/config.h}:
-
-@example
-#define LIBS_SYSTEM -lresolv
-@end example
-
-@item
-Replace @code{gethostbyname} and friends in @file{libc.a} with more
-useful versions such as the ones in @file{libresolv.a}. Then relink
-Emacs.
-
-@item
-If you are actually running NIS, make sure that @code{ypbind} is
-properly told to do DNS lookups with the correct command line switch.
-
-@end itemize
-
-@node Errors with init files, Emacs ignores X resources, Problems talking to certain hosts, Bugs and problems
+@node Errors with init files
@section Why does Emacs say @samp{Error in init file}?
@cindex Error in @file{.emacs}
@cindex Error in init file
@cindex Debugging @file{.emacs} file
An error occurred while loading either your @file{.emacs} file or the
-system-wide file @file{lisp/default.el}. Emacs 21.1 and later pops the
+system-wide file @file{site-lisp/default.el}. Emacs 21.1 and later pops the
@file{*Messages*} buffer, and puts there some additional information
about the error, to provide some hints for debugging.
of this is explained in @ref{Terminal setup code works after Emacs has
begun}.
-@node Emacs ignores X resources, Emacs ignores frame parameters, Errors with init files, Bugs and problems
+@node Emacs ignores X resources
@section Why does Emacs ignore my X resources (my .Xdefaults file)?
@cindex X resources being ignored
@cindex Ignored X resources
@end enumerate
-@node Emacs ignores frame parameters, Emacs takes a long time to visit files, Emacs ignores X resources, Bugs and problems
+@node Emacs ignores frame parameters
@section Why don't my customizations of the frame parameters work?
@cindex Frame parameters
other frames by individually positioning each one of them.
-@node Emacs takes a long time to visit files, Editing files with $ in the name, Emacs ignores frame parameters, Bugs and problems
-@section Why does Emacs take 20 seconds to visit a file?
-@cindex Visiting files takes a long time
-@cindex Delay when visiting files
-@cindex Files, take a long time to visit
-
-Old versions of Emacs (i.e., versions before Emacs 20.x) often
-encountered this when the master lock file, @file{!!!SuperLock!!!}, has
-been left in the lock directory somehow. Delete it.
-
-@email{meuer@@geom.umn.edu, Mark Meuer} says that NeXT NFS has a bug
-where an exclusive create succeeds but returns an error status. This
-can cause the same problem. Since Emacs's file locking doesn't work
-over NFS anyway, the best solution is to recompile Emacs with
-@code{CLASH_DETECTION} undefined.
-
-@node Editing files with $ in the name, Shell mode loses the current directory, Emacs takes a long time to visit files, Bugs and problems
+@node Editing files with $ in the name
@section How do I edit a file with a @samp{$} in its name?
@cindex Editing files with @samp{$} in the name
@cindex @samp{$} in file names
a @samp{$} followed by a word as an environment variable. To suppress
this behavior, type @kbd{$$} instead.
-@node Shell mode loses the current directory, Security risks with Emacs, Editing files with $ in the name, Bugs and problems
+@node Shell mode loses the current directory
@section Why does shell mode lose track of the shell's current directory?
@cindex Current directory and @code{shell-mode}
@cindex @code{shell-mode} and current directory
You can tell Emacs the shell's current directory with the command
@kbd{M-x dirs}.
-@node Security risks with Emacs, Dired claims that no file is on this line, Shell mode loses the current directory, Bugs and problems
+@node Security risks with Emacs
@section Are there any security risks in Emacs?
@cindex Security with Emacs
@cindex @samp{movemail} and security
@end itemize
-@node Dired claims that no file is on this line, , Security risks with Emacs, Bugs and problems
+@node Dired claims that no file is on this line
@section Dired says, @samp{no file on this line} when I try to do something.
@cindex Dired does not see a file
-@c FIXME: I think this is fixed in Emacs 21, but I didn't have time to
-@c check.
-Chances are you're using a localized version of Unix that doesn't use US
-date format in dired listings. You can check this by looking at dired
-listings or by typing @kbd{ls -l} to a shell and looking at the dates that
-come out.
-
Dired uses a regular expression to find the beginning of a file name.
In a long Unix-style directory listing (@samp{ls -l}), the file name
starts after the date. The regexp has thus been written to look for the
-date, the format of which can vary on non-US systems.
+date. By default, it should understand dates and times regardless of
+the language, but if your directory listing has an unusual format, Dired
+may get confused.
There are two approaches to solving this. The first one involves
-setting things up so that @samp{ls -l} outputs US date format. This can
-be done by setting the locale. See your OS manual for more information.
+setting things up so that @samp{ls -l} outputs a more standard format.
+See your OS manual for more information.
The second approach involves changing the regular expression used by
dired, @code{directory-listing-before-filename-regexp}.
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node Compiling and installing Emacs, Finding Emacs and related packages, Bugs and problems, Top
+@node Compiling and installing Emacs
@chapter Compiling and installing Emacs
@cindex Compiling and installing Emacs
@menu
* Installing Emacs::
-* Updating Emacs::
* Problems building Emacs::
-* Linking with -lX11 fails::
@end menu
-@node Installing Emacs, Updating Emacs, Compiling and installing Emacs, Compiling and installing Emacs
+@node Installing Emacs
@section How do I install Emacs?
@cindex Installing Emacs
@cindex Unix systems, installing Emacs on
@cindex Downloading and installing Emacs
-@cindex Retrieving and installing Emacs
@cindex Building Emacs from source
@cindex Source code, building Emacs from
-@cindex Unpacking and installing Emacs
This answer is meant for users of Unix and Unix-like systems. Users of
other operating systems should see the series of questions beginning
with @ref{Emacs for MS-DOS}, which describe where to get non-Unix source
and binaries, and how to install Emacs on those systems.
-For Unix and Unix-like systems, the easiest way is often to compile it
-from scratch. You will need:
+Most GNU/Linux distributions provide pre-built Emacs packages.
+If Emacs is not installed already, you can install it by running (as
+root) a command such as @samp{yum install emacs} (Red Hat and
+derivatives) or @samp{apt-get install emacs} (Debian and derivatives).
+
+If you want to compile Emacs yourself, read the file @file{INSTALL} in
+the source distribution. In brief:
@itemize @bullet
@item
-Emacs sources. @xref{Current GNU distributions}, for a list of ftp sites
-that make them available. On @file{ftp.gnu.org}, the main GNU
-distribution site, sources are available as
+First download the Emacs sources. @xref{Current GNU distributions}, for
+a list of ftp sites that make them available. On @file{ftp.gnu.org},
+the main GNU distribution site, sources are available as
-@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/emacs-@value{VER}.tar.gz}
+@c Don't include VER in the file name, because pretests are not there.
+@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/emacs-VERSION.tar.gz}
-The above will obviously change as new versions of Emacs come out. For
-instance, when Emacs 22.42 is released, it will most probably be
-available as
+(Replace @samp{VERSION} with the relevant version number, e.g. @samp{23.1}.)
-@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/emacs-22.42.tar.gz}
-
-Again, you should use one of the GNU mirror sites (see @ref{Current GNU
-distributions}, and adjust the URL accordingly) so as to reduce load on
+@item
+Next uncompress and extract the source files. This requires
+the @code{gzip} and @code{tar} programs, which are standard utilities.
+If your system does not have them, these can also be downloaded from
@file{ftp.gnu.org}.
-@item
-@code{gzip}, the GNU compression utility. You can get @code{gzip} via
-anonymous ftp at mirrors of @file{ftp.gnu.org} sites; it should compile
-and install without much trouble on most systems. Once you have
-retrieved the Emacs sources, you will probably be able to uncompress
-them with the command
+GNU @code{tar} can uncompress and extract in a single-step:
@example
-gunzip --verbose emacs-@value{VER}.tar.gz
+tar -zxvf emacs-VERSION.tar.gz
@end example
-@noindent
-changing the Emacs version (@value{VER}), as necessary. Once
-@code{gunzip} has finished doing its job, a file by the name of
-@file{emacs-@value{VER}.tar} should be in your build directory.
-
@item
-@code{tar}, the @dfn{tape archiving} program, which moves multiple files
-into and out of archive files, or @dfn{tarfiles}. All of the files
-comprising the Emacs source come in a single tarfile, and must be
-extracted using @code{tar} before you can build Emacs. Typically, the
-extraction command would look like
-
-@example
-tar -xvvf emacs-@value{VER}.tar
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-The @samp{x} indicates that we want to extract files from this tarfile,
-the two @samp{v}s force verbose output, and the @samp{f} tells
-@code{tar} to use a disk file, rather than one on the tape drive.
-
-If you're using GNU @code{tar} (available at mirrors of
-@file{ftp.gnu.org}), you can combine this step and the previous one by
-using the command
-
-@example
-tar -zxvvf emacs-@value{VER}.tar.gz
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-The additional @samp{z} at the beginning of the options list tells GNU
-@code{tar} to uncompress the file with @code{gunzip} before extracting
-the tarfile's components.
-
-@end itemize
-
-At this point, the Emacs sources (all 70+ megabytes of them) should be
-sitting in a directory called @file{emacs-@value{VER}}. On most common
-Unix and Unix-like systems, you should be able to compile Emacs (with X
-Window system support) with the following commands:
+At this point, the Emacs sources should be sitting in a directory called
+@file{emacs-VERSION}. On most common Unix and Unix-like systems,
+you should be able to compile Emacs with the following commands:
@example
-cd emacs-@value{VER} # change directory to emacs-@value{VER}
+cd emacs-VERSION
./configure # configure Emacs for your particular system
make # use Makefile to build components, then Emacs
@end example
the build has gone well. (@xref{Problems building Emacs}, if you weren't
successful.)
-By default, Emacs is installed in the following directories:
-
-@table @file
-@item /usr/local/bin
-binaries.
-
-@item /usr/local/share/emacs/@value{VER}
-Lisp code and support files.
-
-@item /usr/local/info
-Info documentation.
-@end table
-
-To install files in those default directories, become the superuser and
-type
+@item
+By default, Emacs is installed in @file{/usr/local}. To actually
+install files, become the superuser and type
@example
make install
@end example
Note that @samp{make install} will overwrite @file{/usr/local/bin/emacs}
-and any Emacs Info files that might be in @file{/usr/local/info}.
+and any Emacs Info files that might be in @file{/usr/local/share/info/}.
-Much more verbose instructions (with many more hints and suggestions)
-come with the Emacs sources, in the file @file{INSTALL}.
-
-@node Updating Emacs, Problems building Emacs, Installing Emacs, Compiling and installing Emacs
-@section How do I update Emacs to the latest version?
-@cindex Updating Emacs
-
-@xref{Installing Emacs}, and follow the instructions there for
-installation.
-
-Most files are placed in version-specific directories. Emacs
-@value{VER}, for instance, places files in
-@file{/usr/local/share/emacs/@value{VER}}.
-
-Upgrading should overwrite only, @file{/usr/local/bin/emacs} (the Emacs
-binary) and documentation in @file{/usr/local/info}. Back up these
-files before you upgrade, and you shouldn't have too much trouble.
+@end itemize
-@node Problems building Emacs, Linking with -lX11 fails, Updating Emacs, Compiling and installing Emacs
+@node Problems building Emacs
@section What should I do if I have trouble building Emacs?
@cindex Problems building Emacs
@cindex Errors when building Emacs
If you'd like to have someone look at your problem and help solve it,
see @ref{Help installing Emacs}.
-If you cannot find a solution in the documentation, send a message to
-@email{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org}.
+If you cannot find a solution in the documentation, please report the
+problem (@pxref{Reporting bugs}).
-Please don't post it to @uref{news:gnu.emacs.help} or send e-mail to
-@email{help-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org}. For further guidelines, see
-@ref{Guidelines for newsgroup postings} and @ref{Reporting bugs}.
-@node Linking with -lX11 fails, , Problems building Emacs, Compiling and installing Emacs
-@section Why does linking Emacs with -lX11 fail?
-@cindex Linking with -lX11 fails
-@cindex lX11, linking fails with
-
-Emacs needs to be linked with the static version of the X11 library,
-@file{libX11.a}. This may be missing.
-
-On OpenWindows, you may need to use @code{add_services} to add the
-``OpenWindows Programmers'' optional software category from the CD-ROM.
-
-On HP-UX 8.0, you may need to run @code{update} again to load the
-X11-PRG ``fileset.'' This may be missing even if you specified ``all
-filesets'' the first time. If @file{libcurses.a} is missing, you may
-need to load the ``Berkeley Development Option.''
-
-@email{zoo@@armadillo.com, David Zuhn} says that MIT X builds shared
-libraries by default, and only shared libraries, on those platforms that
-support them. These shared libraries can't be used when undumping
-@code{temacs} (the last stage of the Emacs build process). To get
-regular libraries in addition to shared libraries, add this to
-@file{site.cf}:
-
-@example
-#define ForceNormalLib YES
-@end example
-
-Other systems may have similar problems. You can always define
-@code{CANNOT_DUMP} and link with the shared libraries instead.
-
-@cindex X Menus don't work
-To get the Xmenu stuff to work, you need to find a copy of MIT's
-@file{liboldX.a}.
-
-@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node Finding Emacs and related packages, Major packages and programs, Compiling and installing Emacs, Top
-@chapter Finding Emacs and related packages
-@cindex Finding Emacs and related packages
+@c ------------------------------------------------------------
+@node Finding Emacs and related packages
+@chapter Finding Emacs and related packages
+@cindex Finding Emacs and related packages
@menu
* Finding Emacs on the Internet::
* Packages that do not come with Emacs::
* Current GNU distributions::
* Difference between Emacs and XEmacs::
+* Emacs for minimalists::
* Emacs for MS-DOS::
-* Emacs for Windows::
-* Emacs for OS/2::
-* Emacs for Atari ST::
-* Emacs for the Amiga ::
-* Emacs for NeXTSTEP::
-* Emacs for Apple computers::
-* Emacs for VMS and DECwindows::
-* Modes for various languages::
+* Emacs for MS-Windows::
+* Emacs for GNUstep::
+* Emacs for Mac OS X::
@end menu
-@node Finding Emacs on the Internet, Finding a package with particular functionality, Finding Emacs and related packages, Finding Emacs and related packages
-@section Where can I get Emacs on the net (or by snail mail)?
+@node Finding Emacs on the Internet
+@section Where can I get Emacs on the net?
@cindex Finding Emacs on the Internet
-@cindex Snail mail, ordering Emacs via
-@cindex Postal service, ordering Emacs via
-@cindex Distribution, retrieving Emacs
-@cindex Internet, retrieving from
+@cindex Downloading Emacs
-Look in the files @file{etc/DISTRIB} and @file{etc/FTP} for
-information on nearby archive sites. If you don't already have Emacs,
-see @ref{Informational files for Emacs}, for how to get these files.
+Information on downloading Emacs is available at
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/, the Emacs home-page}.
@xref{Installing Emacs}, for information on how to obtain and build the latest
version of Emacs, and see @ref{Current GNU distributions}, for a list of
archive sites that make GNU software available.
-@node Finding a package with particular functionality, Packages that do not come with Emacs, Finding Emacs on the Internet, Finding Emacs and related packages
+@node Finding a package with particular functionality
@section How do I find a Emacs Lisp package that does XXX?
@cindex Package, finding
@cindex Finding an Emacs Lisp package
For advice on how to find extra packages that are not part of Emacs,
see @ref{Packages that do not come with Emacs}.
-@node Packages that do not come with Emacs, Current GNU distributions, Finding a package with particular functionality, Finding Emacs and related packages
+@node Packages that do not come with Emacs
@section Where can I get Emacs Lisp packages that don't come with Emacs?
@cindex Unbundled packages
@cindex Finding other packages
@cindex Emacs Lisp List
@cindex Emacs Lisp Archive
-@uref{http://www.anc.ed.ac.uk/~stephen/emacs/ell.html, The Emacs Lisp
-List (ELL)}, maintained by @email{stephen@@anc.ed.ac.uk, Stephen Eglen},
+@uref{http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/sje30/emacs/ell.html, The Emacs Lisp
+List (ELL)}, maintained by @email{S.J.Eglen@@damtp.cam.ac.uk, Stephen Eglen},
aims to provide one compact list with links to all of the current Emacs
Lisp files on the Internet. The ELL can be browsed over the web, or
-from Emacs with @uref{http://www.anc.ed.ac.uk/~stephen/emacs/ell.el,
+from Emacs with @uref{http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/sje30/emacs/ell.el,
the @file{ell} package}.
Many authors post their packages to the @uref{news:gnu.emacs.sources,
Several packages are stored in
@uref{http://emacswiki.org/elisp/, the Lisp area of the Emacs Wiki}.
-For a long time, the Emacs Lisp Archive provided a central repository
-for Emacs packages. Sadly, it has not been active for some time,
-although you can still access the old files at
-
-@uref{http://www.club.cc.cmu.edu/pub/gnu/elisp-archive/}
-
Read the file @file{etc/MORE.STUFF} for more information about
external packages.
-@node Current GNU distributions, Difference between Emacs and XEmacs, Packages that do not come with Emacs, Finding Emacs and related packages
+@node Current GNU distributions
@section Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff?
@cindex Current GNU distributions
@cindex Sources for current GNU distributions
@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu}
-Read the files @file{etc/DISTRIB} and @file{etc/FTP} for more
-information.
-
A list of sites mirroring @samp{ftp.gnu.org} can be found at
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html}
-@node Difference between Emacs and XEmacs, Emacs for MS-DOS, Current GNU distributions, Finding Emacs and related packages
+@node Difference between Emacs and XEmacs
@section What is the difference between Emacs and XEmacs (formerly Lucid Emacs)?
@cindex XEmacs
@cindex Difference Emacs and XEmacs
``(X)Emacs'' are not wrong, but they are not very clear, so it
is better to write ``Emacs and XEmacs.''
-@node Emacs for MS-DOS, Emacs for Windows, Difference between Emacs and XEmacs, Finding Emacs and related packages
-@section Where can I get Emacs for my PC running MS-DOS?
-@cindex MS-DOS, Emacs for
-@cindex DOS, Emacs for
-@cindex Compiling Emacs for DOS
-@cindex Emacs for MS-DOS
-@cindex Tools needed to compile Emacs under DOS
-
-A pre-built binary distribution of Emacs is available from the
-SimTel.NET archives. This version apparently works under MS-DOS and
-Windows (3.X, 9X, ME, NT, and 2000) and supports long file names under
-Windows 9X, Windows ME, and Windows 2000. More information is available
-from
-
-@uref{ftp://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/emacs.README}
-
-The binary itself is available in the files @file{em*.zip} in the
-directory
-
-@uref{ftp://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/}
-
-If you prefer to compile Emacs for yourself, you can do so with the
-current distribution directly. You will need a 386 (or
-better) processor, and to be running MS-DOS 3.0 or later. According to
-@email{eliz@@gnu.org, Eli Zaretskii} and
-@email{hankedr@@dms.auburn.edu, Darrel Hankerson}, you will need the
-following:
+@node Emacs for minimalists
+@section I don't have enough disk space to install Emacs
+@cindex Zile
+@cindex Not enough disk space to install Emacs
-@table @emph
+GNU Zile is a lightweight Emacs clone. Zile is short for @samp{Zile Is
+Lossy Emacs}. It has all of Emacs's basic editing features. The Zile
+binary typically has a size of about 130 kbytes, so this can be useful
+if you are in an extremely space-restricted environment. More
+information is available from
-@item Compiler
-DJGPP version 1.12 maint 1 or later. Djgpp 2.0 or later is
-recommended, since 1.x is very old an unmaintained. Djgpp 2 supports
-long file names on Windows 9X/ME/2K.
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/zile/}
-You can get the latest release of DJGPP by retrieving all of
-the files in
-@uref{ftp://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2*}
-
-@item Unpacking program
-The easiest way is to use @code{djtar} which comes with DJGPP v2.x,
-because it can open gzip'ed tarfiles (i.e., those ending with
-@file{.tar.gz}) in one step. @code{Djtar} comes in
-@file{djdev@var{nnn}.zip} archive (where @var{nnn} is the DJGPP version
-number), from the URL mentioned above.
-
-@strong{Warning!} Do @strong{not} use the popular WinZip program to
-unpack the Emacs distribution! WinZip is known to corrupt some of the
-files by converting them to the DOS CR-LF format, it doesn't always
-preserve the directory structure recorded in the compressed Emacs
-archive, and commits other atrocities. Some of these problems could
-actually prevent Emacs from building successfully!
-
-@item make, mv, sed, and rm
-All of these utilities are available at
-
-@uref{ftp://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu}
-
-16-bit utilities can be found in GNUish, at
+@node Emacs for MS-DOS
+@section Where can I get Emacs for MS-DOS?
+@cindex MS-DOS, Emacs for
+@cindex DOS, Emacs for
+@cindex Compiling Emacs for DOS
+@cindex Emacs for MS-DOS
-@uref{http://www.simtel.net/pub/gnuish/}
+To build Emacs from source for MS-DOS, see the instructions in the file
+@file{msdos/INSTALL} in the distribution. The DOS port builds and runs
+on plain DOS, and also on all versions of MS-Windows from version 3.X
+onwards, including Windows XP and Vista.
-@noindent
-(@code{mv} and @code{rm} are in the Fileutils package, @code{sed} and
-@code{make} are each one in a separate package named after them.)
+The file @file{etc/PROBLEMS} contains some additional information
+regarding Emacs under MS-DOS.
-@end table
+A pre-built binary distribution of the old Emacs 20 is available, as
+described at
-The files @file{INSTALL} (near its end) and @file{etc/PROBLEMS} in the
-directory of the Emacs sources contains some additional information
-regarding Emacs under MS-DOS.
+@uref{ftp://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/emacs.README}
For a list of other MS-DOS implementations of Emacs (and Emacs
look-alikes), consult the list of ``Emacs implementations and literature,''
available at
-@uref{ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/comp.emacs/}
+@uref{http://www.finseth.com/emacs.html}
Note that while many of these programs look similar to Emacs, they often
lack certain features, such as the Emacs Lisp extension language.
-@node Emacs for Windows, Emacs for OS/2, Emacs for MS-DOS, Finding Emacs and related packages
+@node Emacs for MS-Windows
@section Where can I get Emacs for Microsoft Windows?
-@cindex FAQ for NT Emacs
+@cindex FAQ for Emacs on MS-Windows
@cindex Emacs for MS-Windows
@cindex Microsoft Windows, Emacs for
-@cindex Windows 9X, ME, NT, 2K, and CE, Emacs for
-
-For information on Emacs for Windows 95 and NT, read the FAQ produced by
-@email{voelker@@cs.washington.edu, Geoff Voelker} and currently maintained
-by @email{ramprasad@@gnu.org, Ramprasad B}, available at
-
-@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/ntemacs.html}
-
-@xref{Emacs for MS-DOS}, for Windows 3.1.
-A port of Emacs 20.7 for Windows CE, based on NTEmacs, is available at
-
-@uref{http://www.rainer-keuchel.de/software.html}
-
-@noindent
-This port was done by @email{coyxc@@rainer-keuchel.de, Rainer Keuchel},
-and supports all Emacs features except async subprocesses and menus.
-You will need MSVC 6.0 and a Windows CE SDK to build this port.
-
-@node Emacs for OS/2, Emacs for Atari ST, Emacs for Windows, Finding Emacs and related packages
-@section Where can I get Emacs for my PC running OS/2?
-@cindex OS/2, Emacs for
-
-Emacs 20.6 is ported for emx on OS/2 2.0 or 2.1, and is available at
-
-@uref{ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/apps/editors/emacs/}
-
-@noindent
-and also at
+There is a @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/ntemacs.html,
+separate FAQ} for Emacs on MS-Windows. For MS-DOS, @pxref{Emacs for MS-DOS}.
-@uref{http://www.dotemacs.de/os2/emacs.html}
-Instructions for installation, basic setup, and other useful information
-for OS/2 users of Emacs can be found at
+@node Emacs for GNUstep
+@section Where can I get Emacs for GNUstep?
+@cindex GNUstep, Emacs for
-@uref{http://home.snafu.de/ohei/emacs/emacs206-os2.html}
+Beginning with version 23.1, Emacs supports GNUstep natively.
+See the file @file{nextstep/INSTALL} in the distribution.
-@node Emacs for Atari ST, Emacs for the Amiga , Emacs for OS/2, Finding Emacs and related packages
-@section Where can I get Emacs for my Atari ST?
-@cindex Atari ST, Emacs for
-@cindex TOS, Emacs for
-
-Roland Sch@"auble reports that Emacs 18.58 running on plain TOS and MiNT
-is available at
-@uref{ftp://atari.archive.umich.edu/Editors/Emacs-18-58/1858b-d3.zoo}.
-
-@node Emacs for the Amiga , Emacs for NeXTSTEP, Emacs for Atari ST, Finding Emacs and related packages
-@section Where can I get Emacs for my Amiga?
-@cindex Amiga, Emacs for
-
-The files you need are available at
-
-@uref{ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/pub/aminet/util/gnu/}
-
-@email{dgilbert@@gamiga.guelphnet.dweomer.org, David Gilbert} has released a
-beta version of Emacs 19.25 for the Amiga. You can get the binary at
-
-@uref{ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/pub/aminet/util/gnu/a2.0bEmacs-bin.lha}
-
-@node Emacs for NeXTSTEP, Emacs for Apple computers, Emacs for the Amiga , Finding Emacs and related packages
-@section Where can I get Emacs for NeXTSTEP?
-@cindex NeXTSTEP, Emacs for
-
-Emacs.app is a NeXTSTEP version of Emacs 19.34 which supports colors,
-menus, and multiple frames. You can get it from
-
-@uref{ftp://next-ftp.peak.org/pub/next-ftp/next/apps/emacs/Emacs_for_NeXTstep.4.20a1.NIHS.b.tar.gz}
-
-@node Emacs for Apple computers, Emacs for VMS and DECwindows, Emacs for NeXTSTEP, Finding Emacs and related packages
-@section Where can I get Emacs for my Apple computer?
+@node Emacs for Mac OS X
+@section Where can I get Emacs for Mac OS X?
@cindex Apple computers, Emacs for
@cindex Macintosh, Emacs for
-
-Beginning with version 21.1, the Macintosh is supported in the official
-Emacs distribution; see the files @file{mac/README} and
-@file{mac/INSTALL} in the Emacs distribution for build instructions.
+@cindex Mac OS X, Emacs for
Beginning with version 22.1, Emacs supports Mac OS X natively.
-
-@node Emacs for VMS and DECwindows, Modes for various languages, Emacs for Apple computers, Finding Emacs and related packages
-@section Where do I get Emacs that runs on VMS under DECwindows?
-@cindex DECwindows, Emacs for
-@cindex VMS, Emacs for
-
-Up-to-date information about GNU software (including Emacs) for VMS is
-available at @uref{http://www.lp.se/gnu-vms/}.
-
-@node Modes for various languages, , Emacs for VMS and DECwindows, Finding Emacs and related packages
-@section Where can I get modes for Lex, Yacc/Bison, Bourne shell, csh, C@t{++}, Objective-C, Pascal, Java, and Awk?
-@cindex Awk, mode for
-@cindex @code{awk-mode}
-@cindex Bison, mode for
-@cindex Bourne Shell, mode for
-@cindex C@t{++}, mode for
-@cindex Java, mode for
-@cindex Lex mode
-@cindex Objective-C, mode for
-@cindex @code{pascal-mode}
-@cindex Shell mode
-@cindex Yacc mode
-@cindex @file{csh} mode
-@cindex @code{sh-mode}
-@cindex @code{cc-mode}
-
-Most of these modes are now available in standard Emacs distribution.
-To get additional modes, see @ref{Finding a package with particular
-functionality}.
-
-Barry Warsaw's @code{cc-mode} now works for C, C@t{++}, Objective-C, and
-Java code. It is distributed with Emacs, but has
-@uref{http://cc-mode.sourceforge.net/, its own homepage}.
+See the file @file{nextstep/INSTALL} in the distribution.
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node Major packages and programs, Key bindings, Finding Emacs and related packages, Top
+@node Major packages and programs
@chapter Major packages and programs
@cindex Major packages and programs
* VM::
* AUCTeX::
* BBDB::
-* Ispell::
+* Spell-checkers::
* Emacs/W3::
* EDB::
-* Mailcrypt::
-* JDE::
-* Patch::
+* JDEE::
@end menu
-@node VM, AUCTeX, Major packages and programs, Major packages and programs
+@node VM
@section VM (View Mail) --- another mail reader within Emacs, with MIME support
@cindex VM
@cindex Alternative mail software
@table @b
-@item Maintainer
-@email{hack@@robf.de, Robert Widhopf-Fenk}
-
-@item Latest version
-8.0
-
@item Web site
-@uref{http://www.nongnu.org/viewmail/}
+@uref{http://launchpad.net/vm}
+(was @uref{http://www.nongnu.org/viewmail/})
@item Informational newsgroup
@uref{news:gnu.emacs.vm.info}@*
available.
-@node AUCTeX, BBDB, VM, Major packages and programs
+@node AUCTeX
@section AUC@TeX{} --- enhanced @TeX{} modes with debugging facilities
@cindex Mode for @TeX{}
@cindex @TeX{} mode
package for WYSIWYG previews of various LaTeX constructs in the Emacs
source buffer.
-@table @b
-
-@item Authors
-@email{krab@@iesd.auc.dk, Kresten Krab Thorup}, @*
-@email{abraham@@dina.kvl.dk, Per Abrahamsen}, @* and others.
-
-@item Maintainer
-@email{dak@@gnu.org, David Kastrup}
-
-@item Latest version
-11.85
-
-@item Distribution
-@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/auctex/}
-
-@item Web site
-@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/auctex/}
-
-@item Mailing list:
-Subscription requests to @email{auctex-request@@gnu.org}@*
-Submissions to @email{auctex@@gnu.org}
-
-@end table
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/auctex/, AUCTeX}
-@node BBDB, Ispell, AUCTeX, Major packages and programs
+@node BBDB
@section BBDB --- personal Info Rolodex integrated with mail/news readers
@cindex BBDB
@cindex Rolodex-like functionality
@cindex Big Brother Database
@cindex Address book
-@table @b
-
-@item Maintainer
-@email{hack@@robf.de, Robert Widhopf-Fenk}
-
-@item Latest version
-2.35
-
-@item Distribution
-@uref{http://bbdb.sourceforge.net/}
+@uref{http://bbdb.sourceforge.net/, The Insidious Big Brother Database}
-@item Mailing lists
-Subscription requests to @email{bbdb-info-request@@lists.sourceforge.net}@*
-Submissions to @email{bbdb-info@@lists.sourceforge.net}@*
-Release announcements: @email{bbdb-announce-request@@lists.sourceforge.net}
-
-@end table
-
-@node Ispell, Emacs/W3, BBDB, Major packages and programs
-@section Ispell --- spell checker in C with interface for Emacs
+@node Spell-checkers
+@section Spell-checkers
@cindex Spell-checker
@cindex Checking spelling
@cindex Ispell
+@cindex Aspell
+@cindex Hunspell
-@table @b
-
-@item Author
-@email{geoff@@cs.hmc.edu, Geoff Kuenning}
+Various spell-checkers are compatible with Emacs, including:
-@item Latest version
-3.3.02
+@table @b
-@item Distribution
-@uref{http://fmg-www.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/tars/ispell-3.3.02.tar.gz}@*
+@item GNU Aspell
+@uref{http://aspell.net/}
-@item Web site
+@item Ispell
@uref{http://fmg-www.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/ispell.html}
-@end table
+@item Hunspell
+@uref{http://hunspell.sourceforge.net/}
-This Ispell program is distinct from GNU Ispell 4.0. GNU Ispell 4.0 is
-no longer a supported product.
+@end table
-@node Emacs/W3, EDB, Ispell, Major packages and programs
+@node Emacs/W3
@section Emacs/W3 --- A World Wide Web browser inside of Emacs
@cindex WWW browser
@cindex Web browser
@cindex HTML browser in Emacs
@cindex @code{w3-mode}
-@table @b
-
-@item Author
-@email{wmperry@@gnu.org, Bill Perry}
-
-@item Maintainer
-Emacs/W3 needs a maintainer. It has lain dormant for several years. If
-you would like to take over the project, please contact
-@email{maintainers@@gnu.org}.
-
-@item Latest version
-4.0pre.47
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/w3/, Emacs/W3}
-@item Distribution
-@uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/w3}
-
-@item Mailing lists
-Receive announcements from @email{w3-announce@@gnu.org}@*
-Help to develop Emacs/W3 at @email{w3-dev@@gnu.org}
-
-@end table
-
-@node EDB, Mailcrypt, Emacs/W3, Major packages and programs
+@node EDB
@section EDB --- Database program for Emacs; replaces forms editing modes
@cindex EDB
@cindex Database
@cindex Forms mode
-@table @b
-@item Author
-@email{mernst@@theory.lcs.mit.edu, Michael Ernst}
-
-@item Latest version
-1.21
+@uref{http://gnuvola.org/software/edb/, The Emacs Database}
-@item Distribution
-@uref{ftp://theory.lcs.mit.edu/pub/emacs/edb}
-
-@end table
-
-@node Mailcrypt, JDE, EDB, Major packages and programs
-@section Mailcrypt --- PGP interface within Emacs mail and news
-@cindex PGP
-@cindex GPG
-@cindex Interface to PGP from Emacs mail and news
-@cindex News, interface to PGP from
-@cindex Mail, interface to PGP from
-@cindex Encryption software, interface to
-
-@table @b
-
-@item Authors
-@email{patl@@lcs.mit.edu, Patrick J. LoPresti} and
-@email{jin@@atype.com, Jin S. Choi}
-
-@item Maintainer
-@email{warner-mailcrypt@@lothar.com, Brian Warner}
-
-@item Latest version
-3.5.8
-
-@item Distribution
-@uref{http://dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/mailcrypt/mailcrypt-3.5.8.tar.gz}
-
-@item Web site
-@uref{http://mailcrypt.sourceforge.net/}
-
-@end table
-
-Note that a new package called PGG is bundled with Emacs starting with
-version 22.1. It is a modern interface to various PGP implementations,
-including @uref{http://www.gnupg.org/, The GNU Privacy Guard} and
-supports symmetric encryption.
-
-@node JDE, Patch, Mailcrypt, Major packages and programs
-@section JDE --- Integrated development environment for Java
+@node JDEE
+@section JDEE --- Integrated development environment for Java
@cindex Java development environment
@cindex Integrated Java development environment
-@cindex JDE
+@cindex JDEE
-@table @b
-
-@item Author
-@email{paulk@@mathworks.com, Paul Kinnucan}
-
-@item Latest version
-2.3.5
-
-@item Web site
-@uref{http://jdee.sunsite.dk/}
-
-@item Mailing lists
-Subscription requests to @email{jde-subscribe@@sunsite.dk}@*
-Receive announcements from @email{jde-announce-subscribe@@sunsite.dk}
-
-@end table
-
-@node Patch, , JDE, Major packages and programs
-@section Patch --- program to apply ``diffs'' for updating files
-@cindex Updating files with diffs
-@cindex Patching source files with diffs
-@cindex Diffs and patching
-@cindex @file{patch}
-
-@table @b
-
-@item Author
-@email{lwall@@wall.org, Larry Wall} (with GNU modifications)
-
-@item Latest version
-2.5.4
-
-@item Distribution
-@xref{Current GNU distributions}.
-
-@end table
+@uref{http://jdee.sourceforge.net/, A Java Development Environment for Emacs}
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node Key bindings, Alternate character sets, Major packages and programs, Top
+@node Key bindings
@chapter Key bindings
@cindex Key bindings
* Binding keys to commands::
* Invalid prefix characters::
* Terminal setup code works after Emacs has begun::
-* Using function keys under X::
* Working with function and arrow keys::
* X key translations for Emacs::
-* Handling C-s and C-q with flow control::
-* Binding C-s and C-q::
* Backspace invokes help::
-* stty and Backspace key::
* Swapping keys::
* Producing C-XXX with the keyboard::
* No Meta key::
* SPC no longer completes file names::
@end menu
-@node Binding keys to commands, Invalid prefix characters, Key bindings, Key bindings
+@node Binding keys to commands
@section How do I bind keys (including function keys) to commands?
@cindex Binding keys to commands
@cindex Keys, binding to commands
@end itemize
-@node Invalid prefix characters, Terminal setup code works after Emacs has begun, Binding keys to commands, Key bindings
+@node Invalid prefix characters
@section Why does Emacs say @samp{Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters}?
@cindex Prefix characters, invalid
@cindex Invalid prefix characters
(global-unset-key "\e[")
@end lisp
-@node Terminal setup code works after Emacs has begun, Using function keys under X, Invalid prefix characters, Key bindings
+@node Terminal setup code works after Emacs has begun
@section Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my @file{.emacs} file, but it works just fine after Emacs starts up?
@cindex Terminal setup code in @file{.emacs}
For information on what Emacs does every time it is started, see the
@file{lisp/startup.el} file.
-@node Using function keys under X, Working with function and arrow keys, Terminal setup code works after Emacs has begun, Key bindings
-@section How do I use function keys under X?
-@cindex Function keys
-@cindex X Window System and function keys
-@cindex Binding function keys
-
-With Emacs 19, functions keys under X are bound like any other key. @xref{Binding keys to commands}, for details.
-
-@node Working with function and arrow keys, X key translations for Emacs, Using function keys under X, Key bindings
+@node Working with function and arrow keys
@section How do I tell what characters or symbols my function or arrow keys emit?
@cindex Working with arrow keys
@cindex Arrow keys, symbols generated by
Type @kbd{C-h c} then the function or arrow keys. The command will
return either a function key symbol or character sequence (see the
-Emacs on-line documentation for an explanation). This works for other
+Emacs documentation for an explanation). This works for other
keys as well.
-@node X key translations for Emacs, Handling C-s and C-q with flow control, Working with function and arrow keys, Key bindings
+@node X key translations for Emacs
@section How do I set the X key ``translations'' for Emacs?
@cindex X key translations
@cindex Key translations under X
@noindent
defines the @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} key sequence.
-@node Handling C-s and C-q with flow control, Binding C-s and C-q, X key translations for Emacs, Key bindings
-@section How do I handle @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} being used for flow control?
-@cindex Flow control, @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} with
-@cindex @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} with flow control
-
-@kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} are used in the XON/XOFF flow control protocol.
-This messes things up when you're using Emacs over a serial line,
-because Emacs binds these keys to commands by default. Because Emacs
-won't honor them as flow control characters, too many of these
-characters are not passed on and overwhelm output buffers. Sometimes,
-intermediate software using XON/XOFF flow control will prevent Emacs
-from ever seeing @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}.
-
-Possible solutions:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-
-@item
-Disable the use of @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} for flow control.
-
-You need to determine the cause of the flow control.
-
-@itemize @minus
-
-@item
-your terminal
-
-Your terminal may use XON/XOFF flow control to have time to display
-all the characters it receives. For example, VT series terminals do
-this. It may be possible to turn this off from a setup menu. For
-example, on a VT220 you may select ``No XOFF'' in the setup menu. This
-is also true for some terminal emulation programs on PCs.
-
-When you turn off flow control at the terminal, you will also need to
-turn it off at the other end, which might be at the computer you are
-logged in to or at some terminal server in between.
-
-If you turn off flow control, characters may be lost; using a printer
-connected to the terminal may fail. You may be able to get around
-this problem by modifying the @samp{termcap} entry for your terminal to
-include extra NUL padding characters.
-
-@item
-a modem
-
-If you are using a dialup connection, the modems may be using
-XON/XOFF flow control. It's not clear how to get around this.
-
-@item
-a router or terminal server
-
-Some network box between the terminal and your computer may be using
-XON/XOFF flow control. It may be possible to make it use some other
-kind of flow control. You will probably have to ask your local
-network experts for help with this.
-
-@item
-@code{tty} and/or @code{pty} devices
-
-If your connection to Emacs goes through multiple @code{tty} and/or
-@code{pty} devices, they may be using XON/XOFF flow control even when it
-is not necessary.
-
-@email{eirik@@theory.tn.cornell.edu, Eirik Fuller} writes:
-
-@quotation
-Some versions of @code{rlogin} (and possibly @code{telnet}) do not pass
-flow control characters to the remote system to which they connect. On
-such systems, Emacs on the remote system cannot disable flow control on
-the local system. Sometimes @samp{rlogin -8} will avoid this problem.
-
-One way to cure this is to disable flow control on the local host (the
-one running @code{rlogin}, not the one running @code{rlogind}) using the
-@code{stty} command, before starting the @code{rlogin} process. On many
-systems, @samp{stty start u stop u} will do this.
-
-Some versions of @samp{tcsh} will prevent even this from working. One
-way around this is to start another shell before starting rlogin,
-and issue the @samp{stty} command to disable flow control from that shell.
-@end quotation
-
-Use @samp{stty -ixon} instead of @samp{stty start u stop u} on some systems.
-
-@end itemize
-
-@item
-Make Emacs speak the XON/XOFF flow control protocol.
-
-You can make Emacs treat @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} as flow control characters by
-evaluating the form
-
-@lisp
-(enable-flow-control)
-@end lisp
-
-@noindent
-to unconditionally enable flow control or
-
-@lisp
-(enable-flow-control-on "vt100" "h19")
-@end lisp
-
-@noindent
-(using your terminal names instead of @samp{vt100} or @samp{h19}) to
-enable selectively. These commands will automatically swap @kbd{C-s}
-and @kbd{C-q} to @kbd{C-\} and @kbd{C-^}. Variables can be used to
-change the default swap keys (@code{flow-control-c-s-replacement} and
-@code{flow-control-c-q-replacement}).
-
-If you are fixing this for yourself, simply put the form in your
-@file{.emacs} file. If you are fixing this for your entire site, the
-best place to put it is in the @file{site-lisp/site-start.el} file.
-(Here @file{site-lisp} is actually a subdirectory of your Emacs
-installation directory, typically @file{/usr/local/share/emacs}.)
-Putting this form in @file{site-lisp/default.el} has the problem that
-if the user's @file{.emacs} file has an error, this will prevent
-@file{default.el} from being loaded and Emacs may be unusable for the
-user, even for correcting their @file{.emacs} file (unless they're
-smart enough to move it to another name).
-
-@code{enable-flow-control} can be invoked interactively as well:
-@kbd{M-x enable-flow-control @key{RET}}.
-
-@end itemize
-
-For further discussion of this issue, read the file @file{etc/PROBLEMS}
-(in the Emacs source directory when you unpack the Emacs distribution).
-
-@node Binding C-s and C-q, Backspace invokes help, Handling C-s and C-q with flow control, Key bindings
-@section How do I bind @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} (or any key) if these keys are filtered out?
-@cindex Binding @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}
-@cindex @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}, binding
-
-To bind @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}, use either @code{enable-flow-control}
-or @code{enable-flow-control-on}. @xref{Handling C-s and C-q with flow
-control}, for usage and implementation details.
-
-To bind other keys, use @code{keyboard-translate}. @xref{Swapping
-keys}, for usage details. To do this for an entire site, you should
-swap the keys in @file{site-lisp/site-start.el}. @xref{Handling C-s
-and C-q with flow control}, for an explanation of why
-@file{site-lisp/default.el} should not be used.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-
-@item
-If you do this for an entire site, the users will be confused by
-the disparity between what the documentation says and how Emacs
-actually behaves.
-
-@end itemize
-
-@node Backspace invokes help, stty and Backspace key, Binding C-s and C-q, Key bindings
+@node Backspace invokes help
@section Why does the @key{Backspace} key invoke help?
@cindex Backspace key invokes help
@cindex Help invoked by Backspace
Does Not Delete, , If @key{DEL} Fails to Delete, emacs, The GNU Emacs
Manual}.
-@node stty and Backspace key, Swapping keys, Backspace invokes help, Key bindings
-@section Why doesn't Emacs look at the @file{stty} settings for @key{Backspace} vs. @key{Delete}?
-@cindex @file{stty} and Emacs
-@cindex Backspace and @file{stty}
-@cindex Delete and @file{stty}
-
-Good question!
-
-@c FIXME: RMS explained the reasons for this on emacs-hackers. It's
-@c probably worth putting that explanation here.
-
-@node Swapping keys, Producing C-XXX with the keyboard, stty and Backspace key, Key bindings
+@node Swapping keys
@section How do I swap two keys?
@cindex Swapping keys
@cindex Keys, swapping
looked up in keymaps contain the characters that result from keyboard
translation.
-@node Producing C-XXX with the keyboard, No Meta key, Swapping keys, Key bindings
+@node Producing C-XXX with the keyboard
@section How do I produce C-XXX with my keyboard?
@cindex Producing control characters
@cindex Generating control characters
generated. You can also try the @kbd{C-h w} command if you know the
name of the command.
-@node No Meta key, No Escape key, Producing C-XXX with the keyboard, Key bindings
+@node No Meta key
@section What if I don't have a @key{Meta} key?
@cindex No @key{Meta} key
@cindex @key{Meta} key, what to do if you lack it
press @key{Meta} and @key{a} together, but with @key{ESC}, you press
@key{ESC}, release it, and then press @key{a}.
-@node No Escape key, Compose Character, No Meta key, Key bindings
+@node No Escape key
@section What if I don't have an @key{Escape} key?
@cindex No Escape key
@cindex Lacking an Escape key
(define-key function-key-map [f11] [?\e])
@end lisp
-@node Compose Character, Binding combinations of modifiers and function keys, No Escape key, Key bindings
+@node Compose Character
@section Can I make my @key{Compose Character} key behave like a @key{Meta} key?
@cindex @key{Compose Character} key, using as @key{Meta}
@cindex @key{Meta}, using @key{Compose Character} for
you're using X, you might be able to do this with the @code{xmodmap}
command.
-@node Binding combinations of modifiers and function keys, Meta key does not work in xterm, Compose Character, Key bindings
+@node Binding combinations of modifiers and function keys
@section How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key?
@cindex Modifiers and function keys
@cindex Function keys and modifiers
With Emacs 19 and later, you can represent modified function keys in
vector format by adding prefixes to the function key symbol. For
-example (from the on-line documentation):
+example (from the Emacs documentation):
@lisp
(global-set-key [?\C-x right] 'forward-page)
@xref{Binding keys to commands}, for general key binding instructions.
-@node Meta key does not work in xterm, ExtendChar key does not work as Meta, Binding combinations of modifiers and function keys, Key bindings
+@node Meta key does not work in xterm
@section Why doesn't my @key{Meta} key work in an @code{xterm} window?
@cindex @key{Meta} key and @code{xterm}
@cindex Xterm and @key{Meta} key
@end itemize
-@node ExtendChar key does not work as Meta, SPC no longer completes file names, Meta key does not work in xterm, Key bindings
+@node ExtendChar key does not work as Meta
@section Why doesn't my @key{ExtendChar} key work as a @key{Meta} key under HP-UX 8.0 and 9.x?
@cindex @key{ExtendChar} key as @key{Meta}
@cindex @key{Meta}, using @key{ExtendChar} for
This will disable the use of the extra keysyms systemwide, which may be
undesirable if you actually intend to use them.
-@node SPC no longer completes file names, , ExtendChar key does not work as Meta, Key bindings
+@node SPC no longer completes file names
@section Why doesn't SPC complete file names anymore?
@cindex @kbd{SPC} file name completion
@end lisp
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node Alternate character sets, Mail and news, Key bindings, Top
+@node Alternate character sets
@chapter Alternate character sets
@cindex Alternate character sets
@menu
* Emacs does not display 8-bit characters::
* Inputting eight-bit characters::
-* Kanji and Chinese characters::
* Right-to-left alphabets::
* How to add fonts::
@end menu
-@node Emacs does not display 8-bit characters, Inputting eight-bit characters, Alternate character sets, Alternate character sets
+@node Emacs does not display 8-bit characters
@section How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters?
@cindex Displaying eight-bit characters
@cindex Eight-bit characters, displaying
character set supported by the display, and sets up the required
terminal coding system automatically.
-@node Inputting eight-bit characters, Kanji and Chinese characters, Emacs does not display 8-bit characters, Alternate character sets
+@node Inputting eight-bit characters
@section How do I input eight-bit characters?
@cindex Entering eight-bit characters
@cindex Eight-bit characters, entering
Support, emacs}. For more sophisticated methods, @inforef{Input
Methods, Input Methods, emacs}.
-@node Kanji and Chinese characters, Right-to-left alphabets, Inputting eight-bit characters, Alternate character sets
-@section Where can I get an Emacs that handles kanji, Chinese, or other Far-Eastern character sets?
-@cindex Kanji, handling with Emacs
-@cindex Chinese, handling with Emacs
-@cindex Japanese, handling with Emacs
-@cindex Korean, handling with Emacs
-
-Emacs 20 and later includes many of the features of MULE, the MULtilingual
-Enhancement to Emacs. @xref{Installing Emacs}, for information on where
-to find and download the latest version of Emacs.
-
-@node Right-to-left alphabets, How to add fonts, Kanji and Chinese characters, Alternate character sets
+@node Right-to-left alphabets
@section Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets?
@cindex Right-to-left alphabets
@cindex Hebrew, handling with Emacs
@cindex Semitic alphabets
@cindex Arabic alphabets
+@cindex Bidirectional text
-Emacs 20 and later supports Hebrew characters (ISO 8859-8), but does not
-yet support right-to-left character entry and display.
+Emacs supports Hebrew characters (ISO 8859-8) since version 20, but does
+not yet support right-to-left character entry and display. The
+@uref{http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/emacs-bidi, emacs-bidi
+mailing list} discusses development of support for this feature.
-@email{joel@@exc.com, Joel M. Hoffman} has written a Lisp package called
-@file{hebrew.el} that allows right-to-left editing of Hebrew. It
-reportedly works out of the box with Emacs 19, but requires patches for
-Emacs 18. Write to Joel if you want the patches or package.
-@c FIXME: Should we mention Ehud Karni's package?
-
-@file{hebrew.el} requires a Hebrew screen font, but no other hardware support.
-Joel has a screen font for PCs running MS-DOS or GNU/Linux.
-
-You might also try querying @code{archie} for files named with
-@file{hebrew}; several ftp sites in Israel may also have the necessary
-files.
-
-@node How to add fonts, , Right-to-left alphabets, Alternate character sets
+@node How to add fonts
@section How do I add fonts for use with Emacs?
@cindex add fonts for use with Emacs
@cindex intlfonts
@c ------------------------------------------------------------
-@node Mail and news, Concept index, Alternate character sets, Top
+@node Mail and news
@chapter Mail and news
@cindex Mail and news
* Changing the included text prefix::
* Saving a copy of outgoing mail::
* Expanding aliases when sending mail::
-* Rmail thinks all messages are one big one::
* Sorting the messages in an Rmail folder::
-* Rmail writes to /usr/spool/mail::
-* Recovering mail files when Rmail munges them::
+* Rmail writes to /var/spool/mail::
* Replying to the sender of a message::
-* MIME with Emacs mail packages::
* Automatically starting a mail or news reader::
* Reading news with Emacs::
* Gnus does not work with NNTP::
-* Viewing articles with embedded underlining::
-* Saving a multi-part Gnus posting::
-* Starting Gnus faster::
+* Making Gnus faster::
* Catching up in all newsgroups::
-* Killing based on nonstandard headers::
-* Removing flashing messages::
-* Catch-up is slow in Gnus::
-* Gnus hangs for a long time::
-* Learning more about Gnus::
@end menu
-@node Changing the included text prefix, Saving a copy of outgoing mail, Mail and news, Mail and news
+@node Changing the included text prefix
@section How do I change the included text prefix in mail/news followups?
@cindex Prefix in mail/news followups, changing
@cindex Included text prefix, changing
@cindex Setting the included text character
@cindex Quoting in mail messages
-If you read mail with Rmail or news with Gnus, set the variable
-@code{mail-yank-prefix}. For VM, set @code{vm-included-text-prefix}.
-For mh-e, set @code{mh-ins-buf-prefix}.
+If you read mail with Rmail, set the variable @code{mail-yank-prefix}.
+For Gnus, set @code{message-yank-prefix}. For VM, set
+@code{vm-included-text-prefix}. For mh-e, set @code{mh-ins-buf-prefix}.
-For fancier control of citations, use Supercite (part of Emacs).
+For fancier control of citations, use Supercite (@pxref{Top,, the Supercite
+Manual, sc, The Supercite Manual}).
To prevent Emacs from including various headers of the replied-to
message, set the value of @code{mail-yank-ignored-headers} to an
appropriate regexp.
-@node Saving a copy of outgoing mail, Expanding aliases when sending mail, Changing the included text prefix, Mail and news
+@node Saving a copy of outgoing mail
@section How do I save a copy of outgoing mail?
@cindex Saving a copy of outgoing mail
@cindex Copying outgoing mail to a file
(setq mail-archive-file-name (expand-file-name "~/outgoing"))
@end lisp
-The output file will be in Unix mail format, which can be read directly
-by VM, but not always by Rmail. @xref{Learning how to do something}.
+The output file will be in Unix mail format.
If you use @code{mh-e}, add an @samp{FCC} or @samp{BCC} field to your
components file.
It does not work to put @samp{set record filename} in the @file{.mailrc}
file.
-@node Expanding aliases when sending mail, Rmail thinks all messages are one big one, Saving a copy of outgoing mail, Mail and news
+@node Expanding aliases when sending mail
@section Why doesn't Emacs expand my aliases when sending mail?
@cindex Expanding aliases when sending mail
@cindex Mail alias expansion
@cindex Sending mail with aliases
+@xref{Mail Aliases,, The Emacs Manual, emacs, The Emacs Manual}.
+
@itemize @bullet
@item
-You must separate multiple addresses in the headers of the mail buffer
-with commas. This is because Emacs supports RFC822 standard addresses
-like this one:
-
-@example
-To: Willy Smith <wks@@xpnsv.lwyrs.com>
-@end example
-
-However, you do not need to---and probably should not, unless your
-system's version of @file{/usr/ucb/mail} (a.k.a.@: @code{mailx})
-supports RFC822---separate addresses with commas in your
-@file{~/.mailrc} file.
+Normally, Emacs expands aliases when you send the message.
+To expand them before this, use @kbd{M-x expand-mail-aliases}.
+@c FIXME there should be an interactive rebuild command for this.
@item
Emacs normally only reads the @file{.mailrc} file once per session,
when you start to compose your first mail message. If you edit
-@file{.mailrc}, you can type @kbd{M-x rebuild-mail-abbrevs @key{RET}} to
+@file{.mailrc}, you can type @kbd{M-: (build-mail-aliases) @key{RET}} to
make Emacs reread @file{~/.mailrc}.
@item
@end lisp
Note that the aliases are expanded automatically only after you type
-@key{RET} or a punctuation character (e.g. @kbd{,}). You can force their
+a word-separator character (e.g. @key{RET} or @kbd{,}). You can force their
expansion by moving point to the end of the alias and typing @kbd{C-x a e}
(@kbd{M-x expand-abbrev}).
@end itemize
-@node Rmail thinks all messages are one big one, Sorting the messages in an Rmail folder, Expanding aliases when sending mail, Mail and news
-@section Why does Rmail think all my saved messages are one big message?
-@cindex Rmail thinks all messages are one large message
-
-A file created through the @samp{FCC} field in a message is in Unix mail
-format, not the format that Rmail uses (BABYL format). Rmail will try
-to convert a Unix mail file into BABYL format on input, but sometimes it
-makes errors. For guaranteed safety, you can make the
-@file{saved-messages} file be an inbox for your Rmail file by using the
-function @code{set-rmail-inbox-list}.
-
-@node Sorting the messages in an Rmail folder, Rmail writes to /usr/spool/mail, Rmail thinks all messages are one big one, Mail and news
+@node Sorting the messages in an Rmail folder
@section How can I sort the messages in my Rmail folder?
@cindex Rmail, sorting messages in
@cindex Folder, sorting messages in an Rmail
In Rmail, type @kbd{C-c C-s C-h} to get a list of sorting functions
and their key bindings.
-@node Rmail writes to /usr/spool/mail, Recovering mail files when Rmail munges them, Sorting the messages in an Rmail folder, Mail and news
-@section Why does Rmail need to write to @file{/usr/spool/mail}?
-@cindex Rmail and @file{/usr/spool/mail}
-@cindex @file{/usr/spool/mail} and Rmail
+@node Rmail writes to /var/spool/mail
+@section Why does Rmail need to write to @file{/var/spool/mail}?
+@cindex Rmail and @file{/var/spool/mail}
+@cindex @file{/var/spool/mail} and Rmail
This is the behavior of the @code{movemail} program which Rmail uses.
This indicates that @code{movemail} is configured to use lock files.
these systems, you should configure @code{movemail} to use @code{flock}.
@end quotation
-@node Recovering mail files when Rmail munges them, Replying to the sender of a message, Rmail writes to /usr/spool/mail, Mail and news
-@section How do I recover my mail files after Rmail munges their format?
-@cindex Recovering munged mail files
-@cindex Rmail munged my files
-@cindex Mail files, recovering those munged by Rmail
-
-If you have just done @kbd{M-x rmail-input} on a file and you don't want
-to save it in Rmail's format (called BABYL), just kill the buffer (with
-@kbd{C-x k}).
-
-@cindex Exporting messages as Unix mail files
-If you typed @kbd{M-x rmail} and it read some messages out of your inbox
-and you want to put them in a Unix mail file, use @kbd{C-o} on each
-message.
-
-@cindex Converting from BABYL to Unix mail format
-@cindex @code{unrmail} command
-If you want to convert an existing file from BABYL format to Unix mail
-format, use the command @kbd{M-x unrmail}: it will prompt you for the
-input and output file names.
-
-@pindex b2m
-Alternatively, you could use the @code{b2m} program supplied with
-Emacs. @code{b2m} is a filter, and is used like this:
-
-@example
- b2m < @var{babyl-file} > @var{mbox-file}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-where @var{babyl-file} is the name of the BABYL file, and
-@var{mbox-file} is the name of the file where the converted mail will
-be written.
-
-@node Replying to the sender of a message, MIME with Emacs mail packages, Recovering mail files when Rmail munges them, Mail and news
+@node Replying to the sender of a message
@section How can I force Rmail to reply to the sender of a message, but not the other recipients?
@cindex Replying only to the sender of a message
@cindex Sender, replying only to
(define-key rmail-mode-map "R" 'rmail-reply)))
@end lisp
-@node MIME with Emacs mail packages, Automatically starting a mail or news reader, Replying to the sender of a message, Mail and news
-@section How can I get my favorite Emacs mail package to support MIME?
-@cindex MIME and Emacs mail packages
-@cindex Mail packages and MIME
-@cindex FAQ for MIME and Emacs
-
-Version 6.x of VM supports MIME. @xref{VM}. Gnus supports MIME in mail
-and news messages as of version 5.8.1 (Pterodactyl). Rmail has limited
-support for single-part MIME messages beginning with Emacs 20.3.
-
-@node Automatically starting a mail or news reader, Reading news with Emacs, MIME with Emacs mail packages, Mail and news
+@node Automatically starting a mail or news reader
@section How do I make Emacs automatically start my mail/news reader?
@cindex Mail reader, starting automatically
@cindex News reader, starting automatically
two copies of Emacs at the same time. Also, this would make it difficult for
you to start Emacs quickly when you needed to.
-@node Reading news with Emacs, Gnus does not work with NNTP, Automatically starting a mail or news reader, Mail and news
+@node Reading news with Emacs
@section How do I read news under Emacs?
@cindex Reading news under Emacs
@cindex Usenet reader in Emacs
@cindex Gnus newsreader
+@cindex FAQ for Gnus
+@cindex Gnus FAQ
+@cindex Learning more about Gnus
+
+Use @kbd{M-x gnus}. For more information on Gnus, @pxref{Top,, the Gnus
+Manual, gnus, The Gnus Manual}, which includes @ref{Frequently Asked
+Questions,, the Gnus FAQ, gnus}.
-Use @kbd{M-x gnus}. It is documented in Info (@pxref{Learning how to do
-something}).
-@node Gnus does not work with NNTP, Viewing articles with embedded underlining, Reading news with Emacs, Mail and news
+@node Gnus does not work with NNTP
@section Why doesn't Gnus work via NNTP?
@cindex Gnus and NNTP
@cindex NNTP, Gnus fails to work with
(i.e., @kbd{telnet server-machine 119}). The server should give its
version number in the welcome message. Type @kbd{quit} to get out.
-@xref{Spontaneous entry into isearch-mode}, for some additional ideas.
-
-@node Viewing articles with embedded underlining, Saving a multi-part Gnus posting, Gnus does not work with NNTP, Mail and news
-@section How do I view news articles with embedded underlining (e.g., ClariNews)?
-@cindex Underlining, embedded in news articles
-@cindex News articles with embedded underlining
-@cindex Embedded underlining in news articles
-
-Underlining appears like this:
-
-@example
-_^Hu_^Hn_^Hd_^He_^Hr_^Hl_^Hi_^Hn_^Hi_^Hn_^Hg
-@end example
-
-@email{abraham@@dina.kvl.dk, Per Abrahamsen} suggests using the following
-code, which uses the underline face to turn such text into true
-underlining, inconjunction with Gnus:
-
-@lisp
-(defun gnus-article-prepare-overstrike ()
- ;; Prepare article for overstrike commands.
- (save-excursion
- (set-buffer gnus-article-buffer)
- (let ((buffer-read-only nil))
- (goto-char (point-min))
- (while (search-forward "\b" nil t)
- (let ((next (following-char))
- (previous (char-after (- (point) 2))))
- (cond ((eq next previous)
- (delete-region (- (point) 2) (point))
- (put-text-property (point) (1+ (point))
- 'face 'bold))
- ((eq next ?_)
- (delete-region (1- (point)) (1+ (point)))
- (put-text-property (1- (point)) (point)
- 'face 'underline))
- ((eq previous ?_)
- (delete-region (- (point) 2) (point))
- (put-text-property (point) (1+ (point))
- 'face 'underline))))))))
-
-(add-hook 'gnus-article-prepare-hook 'gnus-article-prepare-overstrike)
-@end lisp
-
-Latest versions of Gnus do such a conversion automatically.
-
-If you prefer to do away with underlining altogether, you can
-destructively remove it with @kbd{M-x ununderline-region}; do this
-automatically via
-
-@lisp
-(add-hook 'gnus-article-prepare-hook
- (lambda () (ununderline-region (point-min) (point-max))))
-@end lisp
-
-@node Saving a multi-part Gnus posting, Starting Gnus faster, Viewing articles with embedded underlining, Mail and news
-@section How do I save all the items of a multi-part posting in Gnus?
-@cindex Multi-part postings in Gnus, saving
-@cindex Saving multi-part postings in Gnus
-@cindex Gnus, saving multi-part postings in
-
-Use @code{gnus-uu}. Type @kbd{C-c C-v C-h} in the Gnus summary buffer
-to see a list of available commands.
-
-@node Starting Gnus faster, Catching up in all newsgroups, Saving a multi-part Gnus posting, Mail and news
-@section How do I make Gnus start up faster?
+@node Making Gnus faster
+@section How do I make Gnus faster?
@cindex Faster, starting Gnus
@cindex Starting Gnus faster
@cindex Gnus, starting faster
+@cindex Slow catch up in Gnus
+@cindex Gnus is slow when catching up
+@cindex Crosspostings make Gnus catching up slow
-From the Gnus FAQ (@pxref{Learning more about Gnus}):
+From the Gnus FAQ (@pxref{Reading news with Emacs}):
@quotation
-@email{pktiwari@@eos.ncsu.edu, Pranav Kumar Tiwari} writes: I posted
-the same query recently and I got an answer to it. I am going to
-repeat the answer. What you need is a newer version of gnus, version
-5.0.4+. I am using 5.0.12 and it works fine with me with the
-following settings:
+If you have a slow machine, or are just really impatient, there are a
+few things you can do to make Gnus run faster.
-@lisp
-(setq gnus-check-new-newsgroups nil
- gnus-read-active-file 'some
- gnus-nov-is-evil nil
- gnus-select-method '(nntp gnus-nntp-server))
-@end lisp
+Set @code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} and
+@code{gnus-check-bogus-newsgroups} to @code{nil} to make startup faster.
+
+Set @code{gnus-show-threads}, @code{gnus-use-cross-reference} and
+@code{gnus-nov-is-evil} to @code{nil} to make entering and exiting the
+summary buffer faster.
@end quotation
-@node Catching up in all newsgroups, Killing based on nonstandard headers, Starting Gnus faster, Mail and news
+@node Catching up in all newsgroups
@section How do I catch up all newsgroups in Gnus?
@cindex Catching up all newsgroups in Gnus
@cindex Gnus, Catching up all newsgroups in
Leave off the initial @kbd{M-<} if you only want to catch up from point
to the end of the @file{*Newsgroup*} buffer.
-@node Killing based on nonstandard headers, Removing flashing messages, Catching up in all newsgroups, Mail and news
-@section Why can't I kill in Gnus based on the Newsgroups/Keywords/Control headers?
-@cindex Killing articles based on nonstandard headers
-@cindex Newsgroups header, killing articles based on
-@cindex Keywords header, killing articles based on
-@cindex Control header, killing articles based on
-
-Gnus will complain that the @samp{Newsgroups}, @samp{Keywords}, and
-@samp{Control} headers are ``Unknown header'' fields.
-
-For the @samp{Newsgroups} header, there is an easy workaround: kill on the
-@samp{Xref} header instead, which will be present on any cross-posted article
-(as long as your site carries the cross-post group).
-
-If you really want to kill on one of these headers, you can do it like
-this:
-
-@lisp
-(gnus-kill nil "^Newsgroups: .*\\(bad\\.group\\|worse\\.group\\)")
-@end lisp
-
-@node Removing flashing messages, Catch-up is slow in Gnus, Killing based on nonstandard headers, Mail and news
-@section How do I get rid of flashing messages in Gnus for slow connections?
-@cindex Flashing Gnus messages, removing
-@cindex Removing flashing Gnus messages
-@cindex Slow connections causing flashing messages in Gnus
-@cindex Gnus, flashing messages in
-
-Set @code{nntp-debug-read} to @code{nil}.
-
-@node Catch-up is slow in Gnus, Gnus hangs for a long time, Removing flashing messages, Mail and news
-@section Why is catch up slow in Gnus?
-@cindex Slow catch up in Gnus
-@cindex Gnus is slow when catching up
-@cindex Crosspostings make Gnus catching up slow
-
-Because Gnus is marking crosspostings read. You can control this with
-the variable @code{gnus-use-cross-reference}.
-
-@node Gnus hangs for a long time, Learning more about Gnus, Catch-up is slow in Gnus, Mail and news
-@section Why does Gnus hang for a long time when posting?
-@cindex Hangs in Gnus
-@cindex Gnus hangs while posting
-@cindex Posting, Gnus hangs wile
-
-@email{tale@@uunet.uu.net, David Lawrence} explains:
-
-@quotation
-The problem is almost always interaction between NNTP and C News. NNTP
-POST asks C News's @code{inews} to not background itself but rather hang
-around and give its exit status so it knows whether the post was successful.
-(That wait will on some systems not return the exit status of the
-waited for job is a different sort of problem.) It ends up taking a
-long time because @code{inews} is calling @code{relaynews}, which often
-waits for another @code{relaynews} to free the lock on the news system
-so it can file the article.
-
-My preferred solution is to change @code{inews} to not call
-@code{relaynews}, but rather use @code{newsspool}. This loses some
-error-catching functionality, but is for the most part safe as
-@code{inews} will detect a lot of the errors on its own. The C News
-folks have sped up @code{inews}, too, so speed should look better to
-most folks as that update propagates around.
-@end quotation
-
-@node Learning more about Gnus, , Gnus hangs for a long time, Mail and news
-@section Where can I find out more about Gnus?
-@cindex FAQ for Gnus
-@cindex Gnus FAQ
-@cindex Learning more about Gnus
-
-For more information on Gnus, consult the Gnus manual and FAQ, which are
-part of the Gnus distribution.
-
-@node Concept index, , Mail and news, Top
+@node Concept index
@unnumbered Concept Index
@printindex cp
-@contents
@bye
@ignore
HCoop / bpt / emacs.git / blobdiff