@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,1997,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
@node Screen, User Input, Acknowledgments, Top
@chapter The Organization of the Screen
to display your editing. Emacs normally starts out with just one frame,
but you can create additional frames if you wish. @xref{Frames}.
- When you start Emacs, the entire frame except for the first and last
-lines is devoted to the text you are editing. This area is called the
-@dfn{window}. The first line is a @dfn{menu bar}, and the last line is
-a special @dfn{echo area} or @dfn{minibuffer window} where prompts
-appear and where you can enter responses. See below for more
+ When you start Emacs, the entire frame except for the top and bottom
+is devoted to the text you are editing. This area is called the
+@dfn{window}. At the top there is normally a @dfn{menu bar} where you
+can access a series of menus; then there may be a @dfn{tool bar}, a
+row of icons that perform editing commands if you click on them.
+Below this, the window begins. The last line is a special @dfn{echo
+area} or @dfn{minibuffer window}, where prompts appear and where you
+enter information when Emacs asks for it. See below for more
information about these special lines.
You can subdivide the large text window horizontally or vertically
file (@pxref{Windows}). In this manual, the word ``window'' always
refers to the subdivisions of a frame within Emacs.
- The window that the cursor is in is the @dfn{selected window}, in
-which editing takes place. Most Emacs commands implicitly apply to the
-text in the selected window (though mouse commands generally operate on
-whatever window you click them in, whether selected or not). The other
-windows display text for reference only, unless/until you select them.
-If you use multiple frames under the X Window System, then giving the
-input focus to a particular frame selects a window in that frame.
-
- Each window's last line is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes what is
-going on in that window. It appears in inverse video, if the terminal
-supports that, and its contents begin with @w{@samp{--:-- @ *scratch*}}
-when Emacs starts. The mode line displays status information such as
-what buffer is being displayed above it in the window, what major and
-minor modes are in use, and whether the buffer contains unsaved changes.
+ At any time, one window is the @dfn{selected window}. On graphical
+terminals, the selected window normally shows a more prominent cursor
+(solid and blinking) while other windows show a weaker cursor (such as
+a hollow box). On text terminals, which have just one cursor, that cursor
+appears in the selected window.
+
+ Most Emacs commands implicitly apply to the text in the selected
+window (though mouse commands generally operate on whatever window you
+click them in, whether selected or not). The other windows display
+text for reference only, unless/until you select them. If you use
+multiple frames under the X Window System, then giving the input focus
+to a particular frame selects a window in that frame.
+
+ Each window's last line is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes what
+is going on in that window. It appears in different color and/or a
+``3D'' box, if the terminal supports that; its contents normally begin
+with @w{@samp{--:-- @ *scratch*}} when Emacs starts. The mode line
+displays status information such as what buffer is being displayed
+above it in the window, what major and minor modes are in use, and
+whether the buffer contains unsaved changes.
@menu
* Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
@cindex point
@cindex cursor
- Within Emacs, the terminal's cursor shows the location at which
+ Within Emacs, the active cursor shows the location at which
editing commands will take effect. This location is called @dfn{point}.
Many Emacs commands move point through the text, so that you can edit at
different places in it. You can also place point by clicking mouse
Sometimes people speak of ``the cursor'' when they mean ``point,'' or
speak of commands that move point as ``cursor motion'' commands.
- Terminals have only one cursor, and when output is in progress it must
-appear where the typing is being done. This does not mean that point is
-moving. It is only that Emacs has no way to show you the location of point
-except when the terminal is idle.
-
If you are editing several files in Emacs, each in its own buffer,
-each buffer has its own point location. A buffer that is not currently
-displayed remembers where point is in case you display it again later.
-
- When there are multiple windows in a frame, each window has its own
-point location. The cursor shows the location of point in the selected
-window. This also is how you can tell which window is selected. If the
-same buffer appears in more than one window, each window has its own
-position for point in that buffer.
-
- When there are multiple frames, each frame can display one cursor.
-The cursor in the selected frame is solid; the cursor in other frames is
-a hollow box, and appears in the window that would be selected if you
-give the input focus to that frame.
+each buffer has its own point location. A buffer that is not
+currently displayed remembers its point location in case you display
+it again later. When Emacs displays multiple windows, each window has
+its own point location. If the same buffer appears in more than one
+window, each window has its own position for point in that buffer, and
+(when possible) its own cursor.
+
+ A text-only terminal has just one cursor, so Emacs puts it
+in the selected window. The other windows do not show a cursor, even
+though they do have a location of point. When Emacs updates the
+screen on a text-only terminal, it has to put the cursor temporarily
+at the place the output goes. This doesn't mean point is there,
+though. Once display updating finishes, Emacs puts the cursor where
+point is.
+
+ On graphical terminals, Emacs shows a cursor in each window; the
+selected window's cursor is solid and blinking, and the other cursors
+are just hollow. Thus, the most prominent cursor always shows you the
+selected window, on all kinds of terminals.
+
+ @xref{Cursor Display}, for customizable variables that control display
+of the cursor or cursors.
The term ``point'' comes from the character @samp{.}, which was the
command in TECO (the language in which the original Emacs was written)
@node Echo Area
@section The Echo Area
@cindex echo area
-@c
+@c
The line at the bottom of the frame (below the mode line) is the
@dfn{echo area}. It is used to display small amounts of text for
-several purposes.
+various purposes.
- @dfn{Echoing} means displaying the characters that you type. Outside
-Emacs, the operating system normally echoes all your input. Emacs
-handles echoing differently.
+ @dfn{Echoing} means displaying the characters that you type. At the
+command line, the operating system normally echoes all your input.
+Emacs handles echoing differently.
Single-character commands do not echo in Emacs, and multi-character
commands echo only if you pause while typing them. As soon as you pause
echoes immediately as you type it. This behavior is designed to give
confident users fast response, while giving hesitant users maximum
feedback. You can change this behavior by setting a variable
-(@pxref{Display Vars}).
+(@pxref{Display Custom}).
@cindex error message in the echo area
- If a command cannot be executed, it may print an @dfn{error message} in
-the echo area. Error messages are accompanied by a beep or by flashing the
-screen. Also, any input you have typed ahead is thrown away when an error
-happens.
-
- Some commands print informative messages in the echo area. These
-messages look much like error messages, but they are not announced with
-a beep and do not throw away input. Sometimes the message tells you
-what the command has done, when this is not obvious from looking at the
-text being edited. Sometimes the sole purpose of a command is to print
-a message giving you specific information---for example, @kbd{C-x =}
-prints a message describing the character position of point in the text
-and its current column in the window. Commands that take a long time
-often display messages ending in @samp{...} while they are working, and
-add @samp{done} at the end when they are finished.
+ If a command cannot be executed, it may display an @dfn{error message}
+in the echo area. Error messages are accompanied by beeping or by
+flashing the screen. The error also discards any input you have typed
+ahead.
+
+ Some commands display informative messages in the echo area. These
+messages look much like error messages, but they are not announced
+with a beep and do not throw away input. Sometimes the message tells
+you what the command has done, when this is not obvious from looking
+at the text being edited. Sometimes the sole purpose of a command is
+to show you a message giving you specific information---for example,
+@kbd{C-x =} (hold down @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{x}, then let go of
+@key{CTRL} and type @kbd{=}) displays a message describing the
+character position of point in the text and its current column in the
+window. Commands that take a long time often display messages ending
+in @samp{...} while they are working, and add @samp{done} at the end
+when they are finished.
@cindex @samp{*Messages*} buffer
@cindex saved echo area messages
Each text window's last line is a @dfn{mode line}, which describes
what is going on in that window. When there is only one text window,
the mode line appears right above the echo area; it is the
-next-to-last line on the frame. The mode line starts and ends with
+next-to-last line in the frame. The mode line starts and ends with
dashes. On a text-mode display, the mode line is in inverse video if
the terminal supports that; on a graphics display, the mode line has a
-3D box appearence to help it stand out.
+3D box appearance to help it stand out. The mode line of the
+selected window has a slightly different appearance than those of
+other windows; see @ref{Optional Mode Line}, for more about this.
Normally, the mode line looks like this:
@example
--@var{cs}:@var{ch} @var{buf} (@var{major} @var{minor})--@var{line}--@var{pos}------
+-@var{cs}:@var{ch} @var{buf} @var{pos} @var{line} (@var{major} @var{minor})------
@end example
@noindent
this is the same as the name of a file you are editing. @xref{Buffers}.
The buffer displayed in the selected window (the window that the
-cursor is in) is also Emacs's selected buffer, the one that editing
+cursor is in) is also Emacs's current buffer, the one that editing
takes place in. When we speak of what some command does to ``the
-buffer,'' we are talking about the currently selected buffer.
-
- @var{line} is @samp{L} followed by the current line number of point.
-This is present when Line Number mode is enabled (which it normally is).
-You can optionally display the current column number too, by turning on
-Column Number mode (which is not enabled by default because it is
-somewhat slower). @xref{Optional Mode Line}.
+buffer,'' we are talking about the current buffer.
@var{pos} tells you whether there is additional text above the top of
the window, or below the bottom. If your buffer is small and it is all
visible in the window, @var{pos} is @samp{All}. Otherwise, it is
@samp{Top} if you are looking at the beginning of the buffer, @samp{Bot}
if you are looking at the end of the buffer, or @samp{@var{nn}%}, where
-@var{nn} is the percentage of the buffer above the top of the
-window.@refill
+@var{nn} is the percentage of the buffer above the top of the window.
+With Size Indication mode, you can display the size of the buffer as
+well. @xref{Optional Mode Line}.
+
+ @var{line} is @samp{L} followed by the current line number of point.
+This is present when Line Number mode is enabled (which it normally is).
+You can optionally display the current column number too, by turning on
+Column Number mode (which is not enabled by default because it is
+somewhat slower). @xref{Optional Mode Line}.
@var{major} is the name of the @dfn{major mode} in effect in the
buffer. At any time, each buffer is in one and only one of the possible
formats by setting each of the variables @code{eol-mnemonic-unix},
@code{eol-mnemonic-dos}, @code{eol-mnemonic-mac}, and
@code{eol-mnemonic-undecided} to any string you find appropriate.
-@xref{Variables}, for an explanation how to set variables.
+@xref{Variables}, for an explanation of how to set variables.
@xref{Optional Mode Line}, for features that add other handy
-information to the mode line, such as the current column number of
-point, the current time, and whether new mail for you has arrived.
+information to the mode line, such as the size of the buffer, the
+current column number of point, the current time, and whether new mail
+for you has arrived.
The mode line is mouse-sensitive; when you move the mouse across
various parts of it, Emacs displays help text to say what a click in
When you are using a window system, you can use the mouse to choose a
command from the menu bar. An arrow pointing right, after the menu
item, indicates that the item leads to a subsidiary menu; @samp{...} at
-the end means that the command will read arguments from the keyboard
+the end means that the command will read arguments (further input from you)
before it actually does anything.
To view the full command name and documentation for a menu item, type
Some of the commands in the menu bar have ordinary key bindings as
well; if so, the menu lists one equivalent key binding in parentheses
after the item itself.
+
+@ignore
+ arch-tag: 104ba40e-d972-4866-a542-a98be94bdf2f
+@end ignore
HCoop / bpt / emacs.git / blobdiff