| 1 | \input texinfo @c -*- coding: iso-latin-1 -*- |
| 2 | |
| 3 | @setfilename ../../info/emacs |
| 4 | @settitle GNU Emacs Manual |
| 5 | |
| 6 | @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
| 7 | @set EDITION Sixteenth |
| 8 | @include emacsver.texi |
| 9 | |
| 10 | @copying |
| 11 | This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},@* |
| 12 | updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
| 13 | |
| 14 | Copyright @copyright{} 1985-1987, 1993-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| 15 | |
| 16 | @quotation |
| 17 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
| 18 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or |
| 19 | any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
| 20 | Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and |
| 21 | ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
| 22 | Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
| 23 | license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
| 24 | License.'' |
| 25 | |
| 26 | (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and |
| 27 | modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in |
| 28 | developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' |
| 29 | @end quotation |
| 30 | @end copying |
| 31 | |
| 32 | @documentencoding ISO-8859-1 |
| 33 | |
| 34 | @dircategory Emacs |
| 35 | @direntry |
| 36 | * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. |
| 37 | @end direntry |
| 38 | |
| 39 | @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a |
| 40 | @c copy of this manual that will be published. The manual should go |
| 41 | @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. |
| 42 | @c @smallbook |
| 43 | |
| 44 | @ifset smallbook |
| 45 | @smallbook |
| 46 | @end ifset |
| 47 | |
| 48 | @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to |
| 49 | @c save on paper cost. |
| 50 | @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain. |
| 51 | @tex |
| 52 | @ifset smallbook |
| 53 | @fonttextsize 10 |
| 54 | \global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale |
| 55 | \global\let\linkcolor=\Black |
| 56 | @end ifset |
| 57 | \global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes |
| 58 | @end tex |
| 59 | |
| 60 | @defcodeindex op |
| 61 | @synindex pg cp |
| 62 | |
| 63 | @iftex |
| 64 | @kbdinputstyle code |
| 65 | |
| 66 | @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual |
| 67 | @end iftex |
| 68 | |
| 69 | @titlepage |
| 70 | @sp 6 |
| 71 | @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} |
| 72 | @sp 4 |
| 73 | @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. |
| 74 | @sp 5 |
| 75 | @center Richard Stallman |
| 76 | @page |
| 77 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll |
| 78 | @insertcopying |
| 79 | |
| 80 | @sp 2 |
| 81 | Published by the Free Software Foundation @* |
| 82 | 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @* |
| 83 | Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA @* |
| 84 | ISBN 1-882114-86-8 |
| 85 | |
| 86 | @sp 2 |
| 87 | Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. |
| 88 | |
| 89 | @end titlepage |
| 90 | |
| 91 | |
| 92 | @summarycontents |
| 93 | @contents |
| 94 | |
| 95 | |
| 96 | @ifnottex |
| 97 | @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) |
| 98 | @top The Emacs Editor |
| 99 | |
| 100 | Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time |
| 101 | display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and |
| 102 | some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version |
| 103 | @value{EMACSVER}. |
| 104 | |
| 105 | @ifinfo |
| 106 | To learn more about the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h}, |
| 107 | to visit a programmed instruction sequence for the Info commands. |
| 108 | @end ifinfo |
| 109 | |
| 110 | For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
| 111 | Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |
| 112 | |
| 113 | @insertcopying |
| 114 | @end ifnottex |
| 115 | |
| 116 | @menu |
| 117 | * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. |
| 118 | * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. |
| 119 | @c Note that in the printed manual, the glossary and indices come last. |
| 120 | * Glossary:: Terms used in this manual. |
| 121 | |
| 122 | Indexes (each index contains a large menu) |
| 123 | * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. |
| 124 | * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option. |
| 125 | * Command Index:: An item for each command name. |
| 126 | * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. |
| 127 | * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. |
| 128 | |
| 129 | * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. |
| 130 | |
| 131 | Important General Concepts |
| 132 | * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. |
| 133 | * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, |
| 134 | function keys). |
| 135 | * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one |
| 136 | editing action. |
| 137 | * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. |
| 138 | * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. |
| 139 | * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. |
| 140 | |
| 141 | Fundamental Editing Commands |
| 142 | * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. |
| 143 | * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. |
| 144 | * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. |
| 145 | * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. |
| 146 | |
| 147 | Important Text-Changing Commands |
| 148 | * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a "region" of text. |
| 149 | * Killing:: Killing (cutting) text. |
| 150 | * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.) |
| 151 | * Cut and Paste:: Clipboard and selections on graphical displays. |
| 152 | * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. |
| 153 | * Rectangles:: Operating on text in rectangular areas. |
| 154 | * CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} to kill and yank. |
| 155 | * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. |
| 156 | * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. |
| 157 | * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. |
| 158 | * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. |
| 159 | * Keyboard Macros:: Recording a sequence of keystrokes to be replayed. |
| 160 | |
| 161 | Major Structures of Emacs |
| 162 | * Files:: All about handling files. |
| 163 | * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. |
| 164 | * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. |
| 165 | * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. |
| 166 | * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets. |
| 167 | |
| 168 | Advanced Features |
| 169 | * Modes:: Major and minor modes alter Emacs' basic behavior. |
| 170 | * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. |
| 171 | * Text:: Commands and modes for editing human languages. |
| 172 | * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. |
| 173 | * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. |
| 174 | * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. |
| 175 | * Abbrevs:: Defining text abbreviations to reduce |
| 176 | the number of characters you must type. |
| 177 | * Dired:: Directory and file manager. |
| 178 | * Calendar/Diary:: Calendar and diary facilities. |
| 179 | * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. |
| 180 | * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. |
| 181 | * Gnus:: A flexible mail and news reader. |
| 182 | * Document View:: Viewing PDF, PS and DVI files. |
| 183 | * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. |
| 184 | * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server. |
| 185 | * Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions. |
| 186 | * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
| 187 | @ifnottex |
| 188 | * Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of text characters. |
| 189 | @end ifnottex |
| 190 | * Editing Binary Files:: Editing binary files with Hexl mode. |
| 191 | * Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. |
| 192 | * Recursive Edit:: Performing edits while "within another command". |
| 193 | * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. |
| 194 | * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. |
| 195 | * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. |
| 196 | * Packages:: Installing additional features. |
| 197 | * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. |
| 198 | |
| 199 | Recovery from Problems |
| 200 | * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. |
| 201 | * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. |
| 202 | * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. |
| 203 | * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. |
| 204 | * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. |
| 205 | |
| 206 | Appendices |
| 207 | * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission |
| 208 | to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; |
| 209 | it also explains that there is no warranty. |
| 210 | * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
| 211 | * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options. |
| 212 | * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs. |
| 213 | * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 22. |
| 214 | * Mac OS / GNUstep:: Using Emacs under Mac OS and GNUstep. |
| 215 | * Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS. |
| 216 | * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! |
| 217 | |
| 218 | @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to |
| 219 | @c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In |
| 220 | @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the |
| 221 | @c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el. |
| 222 | |
| 223 | @detailmenu |
| 224 | --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
| 225 | --------------------------------- |
| 226 | |
| 227 | Here are some other nodes which are really subnodes of the ones |
| 228 | already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: |
| 229 | |
| 230 | The Organization of the Screen |
| 231 | |
| 232 | * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. |
| 233 | * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. |
| 234 | * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. |
| 235 | * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. |
| 236 | |
| 237 | Basic Editing Commands |
| 238 | |
| 239 | * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. |
| 240 | * Moving Point:: Moving the cursor to the place where you want to |
| 241 | change something. |
| 242 | * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. |
| 243 | * Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. |
| 244 | * Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files. |
| 245 | * Basic Help:: Asking what a character does. |
| 246 | * Blank Lines:: Making and deleting blank lines. |
| 247 | * Continuation Lines:: How Emacs displays lines too wide for the screen. |
| 248 | * Position Info:: What line, row, or column is point on? |
| 249 | * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command N times. |
| 250 | * Repeating:: Repeating the previous command quickly. |
| 251 | |
| 252 | The Minibuffer |
| 253 | |
| 254 | * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. |
| 255 | * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. |
| 256 | * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. |
| 257 | * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. |
| 258 | * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. |
| 259 | * Passwords:: Entering passwords in the echo area. |
| 260 | |
| 261 | Completion |
| 262 | |
| 263 | * Completion Example:: Examples of using completion. |
| 264 | * Completion Commands:: A list of completion commands. |
| 265 | * Completion Exit:: Completion and minibuffer text submission. |
| 266 | * Completion Styles:: How completion matches are chosen. |
| 267 | * Completion Options:: Options for completion. |
| 268 | |
| 269 | Help |
| 270 | |
| 271 | * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. |
| 272 | * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. |
| 273 | * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. |
| 274 | * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. |
| 275 | * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers. |
| 276 | * Package Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). |
| 277 | * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. |
| 278 | * Misc Help:: Other help commands. |
| 279 | * Help Files:: Commands to display auxiliary help files. |
| 280 | * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help'). |
| 281 | |
| 282 | The Mark and the Region |
| 283 | |
| 284 | * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. |
| 285 | * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. |
| 286 | * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. |
| 287 | * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. |
| 288 | * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. |
| 289 | * Shift Selection:: Using shifted cursor motion keys. |
| 290 | * Disabled Transient Mark:: Leaving regions unhighlighted by default. |
| 291 | |
| 292 | Killing and Moving Text |
| 293 | |
| 294 | * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and |
| 295 | blank areas. |
| 296 | * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. |
| 297 | * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and |
| 298 | syntactic units such as words and sentences. |
| 299 | * Kill Options:: Options that affect killing. |
| 300 | |
| 301 | Yanking |
| 302 | |
| 303 | * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. |
| 304 | * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. |
| 305 | * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. |
| 306 | |
| 307 | Killing and Yanking on Graphical Displays |
| 308 | |
| 309 | * Clipboard:: How Emacs interacts with the system clipboard. |
| 310 | * Primary Selection:: The temporarily selected text selection. |
| 311 | * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. |
| 312 | |
| 313 | Registers |
| 314 | |
| 315 | * Position Registers:: Saving positions in registers. |
| 316 | * Text Registers:: Saving text in registers. |
| 317 | * Rectangle Registers:: Saving rectangles in registers. |
| 318 | * Configuration Registers:: Saving window configurations in registers. |
| 319 | * Number Registers:: Numbers in registers. |
| 320 | * File Registers:: File names in registers. |
| 321 | * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. |
| 322 | |
| 323 | Controlling the Display |
| 324 | |
| 325 | * Scrolling:: Commands to move text up and down in a window. |
| 326 | * Recentering:: A scrolling command that centers the current line. |
| 327 | * Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed. |
| 328 | * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. |
| 329 | * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion |
| 330 | of the buffer. |
| 331 | * View Mode:: Viewing read-only buffers. |
| 332 | * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. |
| 333 | * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
| 334 | * Colors:: Specifying colors for faces. |
| 335 | * Standard Faces:: Emacs' predefined faces. |
| 336 | * Text Scale:: Increasing or decreasing text size in a buffer. |
| 337 | * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
| 338 | * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
| 339 | * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes. |
| 340 | * Displaying Boundaries:: Displaying top and bottom of the buffer. |
| 341 | * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
| 342 | * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. |
| 343 | * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. |
| 344 | * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. |
| 345 | * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
| 346 | * Line Truncation:: Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead |
| 347 | of continuing them to multiple screen lines. |
| 348 | * Visual Line Mode:: Word wrap and screen line-based editing. |
| 349 | * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
| 350 | |
| 351 | Searching and Replacement |
| 352 | |
| 353 | * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. |
| 354 | * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. |
| 355 | * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. |
| 356 | * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. |
| 357 | * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. |
| 358 | * Regexp Backslash:: Regular expression constructs starting with `\'. |
| 359 | * Regexp Example:: A complex regular expression explained. |
| 360 | * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. |
| 361 | * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. |
| 362 | * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. |
| 363 | |
| 364 | Incremental Search |
| 365 | |
| 366 | * Basic Isearch:: Basic incremental search commands. |
| 367 | * Repeat Isearch:: Searching for the same string again. |
| 368 | * Error in Isearch:: When your string is not found. |
| 369 | * Special Isearch:: Special input in incremental search. |
| 370 | * Isearch Yank:: Commands that grab text into the search string |
| 371 | or else edit the search string. |
| 372 | * Isearch Scroll:: Scrolling during an incremental search. |
| 373 | * Isearch Minibuffer:: Incremental search of the minibuffer history. |
| 374 | |
| 375 | Replacement Commands |
| 376 | |
| 377 | * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. |
| 378 | * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. |
| 379 | * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. |
| 380 | * Query Replace:: How to use querying. |
| 381 | |
| 382 | Commands for Fixing Typos |
| 383 | |
| 384 | * Undo:: The Undo commands. |
| 385 | * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... |
| 386 | * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. |
| 387 | * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file. |
| 388 | |
| 389 | Keyboard Macros |
| 390 | |
| 391 | * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. |
| 392 | * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved. |
| 393 | * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros. |
| 394 | * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. |
| 395 | * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. |
| 396 | * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros. |
| 397 | * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard |
| 398 | macro. |
| 399 | |
| 400 | File Handling |
| 401 | |
| 402 | * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. |
| 403 | * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. |
| 404 | * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. |
| 405 | * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. |
| 406 | * Autorevert:: Auto Reverting non-file buffers. |
| 407 | * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. |
| 408 | * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. |
| 409 | * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. |
| 410 | * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. |
| 411 | * Diff Mode:: Mode for editing file differences. |
| 412 | * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. |
| 413 | * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. |
| 414 | * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files. |
| 415 | * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. |
| 416 | * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. |
| 417 | * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use. |
| 418 | * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files. |
| 419 | * Filesets:: Handling sets of files. |
| 420 | |
| 421 | Saving Files |
| 422 | |
| 423 | * Save Commands:: Commands for saving files. |
| 424 | * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. |
| 425 | * Customize Save:: Customizing the saving of files. |
| 426 | * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing |
| 427 | of one file by two users. |
| 428 | * File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically. |
| 429 | * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files. |
| 430 | |
| 431 | Backup Files |
| 432 | |
| 433 | * Backup Names:: How backup files are named. |
| 434 | * Backup Deletion:: Emacs deletes excess numbered backups. |
| 435 | * Backup Copying:: Backups can be made by copying or renaming. |
| 436 | |
| 437 | Auto Reverting Non-File Buffers |
| 438 | |
| 439 | * Auto Reverting the Buffer Menu:: Auto Revert of the Buffer Menu. |
| 440 | * Auto Reverting Dired:: Auto Revert of Dired buffers. |
| 441 | * Supporting additional buffers:: How to add more Auto Revert support. |
| 442 | |
| 443 | Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters |
| 444 | |
| 445 | * Auto Save Files:: The file where auto-saved changes are |
| 446 | actually made until you save the file. |
| 447 | * Auto Save Control:: Controlling when and how often to auto-save. |
| 448 | * Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files. |
| 449 | |
| 450 | Using Multiple Buffers |
| 451 | |
| 452 | * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. |
| 453 | * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. |
| 454 | * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text. |
| 455 | * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. |
| 456 | * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers |
| 457 | and operate variously on several of them. |
| 458 | * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. |
| 459 | * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for |
| 460 | buffer handling. |
| 461 | |
| 462 | Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling |
| 463 | |
| 464 | * Uniquify:: Making buffer names unique with directory parts. |
| 465 | * Iswitchb:: Switching between buffers with substrings. |
| 466 | * Buffer Menus:: Configurable buffer menu. |
| 467 | |
| 468 | Multiple Windows |
| 469 | |
| 470 | * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. |
| 471 | * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. |
| 472 | * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. |
| 473 | * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. |
| 474 | * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. |
| 475 | * Displaying Buffers:: How Emacs picks a window for displaying a buffer. |
| 476 | * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling. |
| 477 | |
| 478 | Frames and Graphical Displays |
| 479 | |
| 480 | * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. |
| 481 | * Word and Line Mouse:: Mouse commands for selecting whole words or lines. |
| 482 | * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
| 483 | * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. |
| 484 | * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. |
| 485 | * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. |
| 486 | * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. |
| 487 | * Fonts:: Changing the frame font. |
| 488 | * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. |
| 489 | * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. |
| 490 | * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. |
| 491 | * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. |
| 492 | * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text. |
| 493 | * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
| 494 | * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
| 495 | * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. |
| 496 | * Tooltips:: Displaying information at the current mouse position. |
| 497 | * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. |
| 498 | * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
| 499 | * Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text-only terminals. |
| 500 | |
| 501 | International Character Set Support |
| 502 | |
| 503 | * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
| 504 | * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
| 505 | * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. |
| 506 | * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. |
| 507 | * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. |
| 508 | * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and |
| 509 | write files, and so on. |
| 510 | * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. |
| 511 | * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly. |
| 512 | * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output. |
| 513 | * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text. |
| 514 | * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication. |
| 515 | * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}. |
| 516 | * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting |
| 517 | terminal input and output. |
| 518 | * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts |
| 519 | that cover the whole spectrum of characters. |
| 520 | * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. |
| 521 | * Modifying Fontsets:: Modifying an existing fontset. |
| 522 | * Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display. |
| 523 | * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set |
| 524 | to use without multibyte characters. |
| 525 | * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. |
| 526 | |
| 527 | Modes |
| 528 | |
| 529 | * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode... |
| 530 | * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is a feature you can turn on |
| 531 | independently of any others. |
| 532 | * Choosing Modes:: How modes are chosen when visiting files. |
| 533 | |
| 534 | Indentation |
| 535 | |
| 536 | * Indentation Commands:: More commands for performing indentation. |
| 537 | * Tab Stops:: Stop points for indentation in Text modes. |
| 538 | * Just Spaces:: Using only space characters for indentation. |
| 539 | * Indent Convenience:: Optional indentation features. |
| 540 | |
| 541 | Commands for Human Languages |
| 542 | |
| 543 | * Words:: Moving over and killing words. |
| 544 | * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. |
| 545 | * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. |
| 546 | * Pages:: Moving over pages. |
| 547 | * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. |
| 548 | * Case:: Changing the case of text. |
| 549 | * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. |
| 550 | * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. |
| 551 | * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. |
| 552 | * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML and SGML files. |
| 553 | * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. |
| 554 | * Enriched Text:: Editing text ``enriched'' with fonts, colors, etc. |
| 555 | * Text Based Tables:: Commands for editing text-based tables. |
| 556 | * Two-Column:: Splitting text columns into separate windows. |
| 557 | |
| 558 | Filling Text |
| 559 | |
| 560 | * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. |
| 561 | * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. |
| 562 | * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented |
| 563 | or in a comment, etc. |
| 564 | * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. |
| 565 | |
| 566 | Outline Mode |
| 567 | |
| 568 | * Outline Format:: What the text of an outline looks like. |
| 569 | * Outline Motion:: Special commands for moving through |
| 570 | outlines. |
| 571 | * Outline Visibility:: Commands to control what is visible. |
| 572 | * Outline Views:: Outlines and multiple views. |
| 573 | * Foldout:: Folding means zooming in on outlines. |
| 574 | |
| 575 | @TeX{} Mode |
| 576 | |
| 577 | * TeX Editing:: Special commands for editing in TeX mode. |
| 578 | * LaTeX Editing:: Additional commands for LaTeX input files. |
| 579 | * TeX Print:: Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. |
| 580 | * TeX Misc:: Customization of TeX mode, and related features. |
| 581 | |
| 582 | Editing Enriched Text |
| 583 | |
| 584 | * Enriched Mode:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode. |
| 585 | * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines. |
| 586 | * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties. |
| 587 | * Enriched Faces:: Bold, italic, underline, etc. |
| 588 | * Enriched Indentation:: Changing the left and right margins. |
| 589 | * Enriched Justification:: Centering, setting text flush with the |
| 590 | left or right margin, etc. |
| 591 | * Enriched Properties:: The "special" text properties submenu. |
| 592 | |
| 593 | @c The automatic texinfo menu update inserts some duplicate items here |
| 594 | @c (faces, colors, indentation, justification, properties), because |
| 595 | @c they are listed in two menus. But we already have them above, no |
| 596 | @c need to list them twice. |
| 597 | |
| 598 | Editing Text-based Tables |
| 599 | |
| 600 | * Table Definition:: What is a text based table. |
| 601 | * Table Creation:: How to create a table. |
| 602 | * Table Recognition:: How to activate and deactivate tables. |
| 603 | * Cell Commands:: Cell-oriented commands in a table. |
| 604 | * Cell Justification:: Justifying cell contents. |
| 605 | * Table Rows and Columns:: Inserting and deleting rows and columns. |
| 606 | * Table Conversion:: Converting between plain text and tables. |
| 607 | * Table Misc:: Table miscellany. |
| 608 | |
| 609 | Editing Programs |
| 610 | |
| 611 | * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. |
| 612 | * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
| 613 | of a program. |
| 614 | * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
| 615 | * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
| 616 | * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
| 617 | * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
| 618 | * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
| 619 | * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
| 620 | * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
| 621 | * Semantic:: Suite of editing tools based on source code parsing. |
| 622 | * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
| 623 | * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
| 624 | Java, and Pike modes. |
| 625 | * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
| 626 | * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
| 627 | |
| 628 | Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
| 629 | |
| 630 | * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
| 631 | starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
| 632 | * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
| 633 | * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
| 634 | * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
| 635 | |
| 636 | Indentation for Programs |
| 637 | |
| 638 | * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. |
| 639 | * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. |
| 640 | * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. |
| 641 | * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. |
| 642 | * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. |
| 643 | |
| 644 | Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
| 645 | |
| 646 | * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
| 647 | * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
| 648 | in the structure of parentheses. |
| 649 | * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
| 650 | |
| 651 | Manipulating Comments |
| 652 | |
| 653 | * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
| 654 | * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
| 655 | * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
| 656 | |
| 657 | Documentation Lookup |
| 658 | |
| 659 | * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
| 660 | in Info files. |
| 661 | * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
| 662 | * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
| 663 | |
| 664 | C and Related Modes |
| 665 | |
| 666 | * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
| 667 | * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
| 668 | * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
| 669 | * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
| 670 | and other neat features. |
| 671 | |
| 672 | Fortran Mode |
| 673 | |
| 674 | * Fortran Motion:: Moving point by statements or subprograms. |
| 675 | * Fortran Indent:: Indentation commands for Fortran. |
| 676 | * Fortran Comments:: Inserting and aligning comments. |
| 677 | * Fortran Autofill:: Auto fill support for Fortran. |
| 678 | * Fortran Columns:: Measuring columns for valid Fortran. |
| 679 | * Fortran Abbrev:: Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. |
| 680 | |
| 681 | Fortran Indentation |
| 682 | |
| 683 | * ForIndent Commands:: Commands for indenting and filling Fortran. |
| 684 | * ForIndent Cont:: How continuation lines indent. |
| 685 | * ForIndent Num:: How line numbers auto-indent. |
| 686 | * ForIndent Conv:: Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. |
| 687 | * ForIndent Vars:: Variables controlling Fortran indent style. |
| 688 | |
| 689 | Compiling and Testing Programs |
| 690 | |
| 691 | * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other |
| 692 | than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). |
| 693 | * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. |
| 694 | * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly |
| 695 | for use in the compilation buffer. |
| 696 | * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep. |
| 697 | * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly. |
| 698 | * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. |
| 699 | * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, |
| 700 | with different facilities for running |
| 701 | the Lisp programs. |
| 702 | * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. |
| 703 | * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. |
| 704 | * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. |
| 705 | * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. |
| 706 | |
| 707 | Running Debuggers Under Emacs |
| 708 | |
| 709 | * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. |
| 710 | * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. |
| 711 | * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. |
| 712 | * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. |
| 713 | * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to |
| 714 | implement a graphical debugging environment through |
| 715 | Emacs. |
| 716 | |
| 717 | GDB Graphical Interface |
| 718 | |
| 719 | * GDB User Interface Layout:: Control the number of displayed buffers. |
| 720 | * Source Buffers:: Use the mouse in the fringe/margin to |
| 721 | control your program. |
| 722 | * Breakpoints Buffer:: A breakpoint control panel. |
| 723 | * Threads Buffer:: Displays your threads. |
| 724 | * Stack Buffer:: Select a frame from the call stack. |
| 725 | * Other GDB Buffers:: Other buffers for controlling the GDB state. |
| 726 | * Watch Expressions:: Monitor variable values in the speedbar. |
| 727 | * Multithreaded Debugging:: Debugging programs with several threads. |
| 728 | |
| 729 | Maintaining Large Programs |
| 730 | |
| 731 | * Version Control:: Using version control systems. |
| 732 | * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. |
| 733 | * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one |
| 734 | command. Tags remembers which file it is in. |
| 735 | * EDE:: An integrated development environment for Emacs. |
| 736 | * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. |
| 737 | |
| 738 | Version Control |
| 739 | |
| 740 | * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. |
| 741 | * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. |
| 742 | * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. |
| 743 | * Log Buffer:: Features available in log entry buffers. |
| 744 | * Old Revisions:: Examining and comparing old versions. |
| 745 | * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. |
| 746 | * VC Directory Mode:: Listing files managed by version control. |
| 747 | * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. |
| 748 | * Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers. |
| 749 | * Revision Tags:: Symbolic names for revisions. |
| 750 | * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. |
| 751 | * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. |
| 752 | |
| 753 | Introduction to Version Control |
| 754 | |
| 755 | * Why Version Control?:: Understanding the problems it addresses. |
| 756 | * Version Control Systems:: Supported version control back-end systems. |
| 757 | * VCS Concepts:: Words and concepts related to version control. |
| 758 | * VCS Merging:: How file conflicts are handled. |
| 759 | * VCS Changesets:: Changesets in version control. |
| 760 | * VCS Repositories:: Where version control repositories are stored. |
| 761 | * Types of Log File:: The VCS log in contrast to the ChangeLog. |
| 762 | |
| 763 | Basic Editing under Version Control |
| 764 | |
| 765 | * VC With A Merging VCS:: Without locking: default mode for CVS. |
| 766 | * VC With A Locking VCS:: RCS in its default mode, SCCS, and optionally CVS. |
| 767 | * Advanced C-x v v:: Advanced features available with a prefix argument. |
| 768 | |
| 769 | The Secondary Commands of VC |
| 770 | |
| 771 | * Registering:: Putting a file under version control. |
| 772 | * VC Change Log:: Viewing the VC Change Log. |
| 773 | * VC Undo:: Canceling changes before or after check-in. |
| 774 | |
| 775 | VC Directory Mode |
| 776 | |
| 777 | * VC Directory Buffer:: What the buffer looks like and means. |
| 778 | * VC Directory Commands:: Commands to use in a VC directory buffer. |
| 779 | |
| 780 | Multiple Branches of a File |
| 781 | |
| 782 | * Switching Branches:: How to get to another existing branch. |
| 783 | * Creating Branches:: How to start a new branch. |
| 784 | * Merging:: Transferring changes between branches. |
| 785 | * Multi-User Branching:: Multiple users working at multiple branches |
| 786 | in parallel. |
| 787 | |
| 788 | Remote Repositories |
| 789 | |
| 790 | * Version Backups:: Keeping local copies of repository versions. |
| 791 | * Local Version Control:: Using another version system for local editing. |
| 792 | |
| 793 | Revision Tags |
| 794 | |
| 795 | * Making Revision Tags:: The tag facilities. |
| 796 | * Revision Tag Caveats:: Things to be careful of when using tags. |
| 797 | |
| 798 | Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC |
| 799 | |
| 800 | * Change Logs and VC:: Generating a change log file from log entries. |
| 801 | * Renaming and VC:: A command to rename both the source and master |
| 802 | file correctly. |
| 803 | * Version Headers:: Inserting version control headers into working files. |
| 804 | |
| 805 | Customizing VC |
| 806 | |
| 807 | * General VC Options:: Options that apply to multiple back ends. |
| 808 | * RCS and SCCS:: Options for RCS and SCCS. |
| 809 | * CVS Options:: Options for CVS. |
| 810 | |
| 811 | Change Logs |
| 812 | |
| 813 | * Change Log Commands:: Commands for editing change log files. |
| 814 | * Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like. |
| 815 | |
| 816 | Tags Tables |
| 817 | |
| 818 | * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. |
| 819 | * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. |
| 820 | * Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions. |
| 821 | * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. |
| 822 | * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. |
| 823 | * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. |
| 824 | * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. |
| 825 | |
| 826 | Merging Files with Emerge |
| 827 | |
| 828 | * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. |
| 829 | * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. |
| 830 | Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. |
| 831 | * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B |
| 832 | for each difference. |
| 833 | * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, |
| 834 | changing states of differences, etc. |
| 835 | * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. |
| 836 | * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. |
| 837 | * Fine Points of Emerge:: Miscellaneous issues. |
| 838 | |
| 839 | Abbrevs |
| 840 | |
| 841 | * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. |
| 842 | * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. |
| 843 | * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. |
| 844 | * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. |
| 845 | * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. |
| 846 | * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. |
| 847 | * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. |
| 848 | |
| 849 | @ifnottex |
| 850 | Editing Pictures |
| 851 | |
| 852 | * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. |
| 853 | * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion |
| 854 | after "self-inserting" characters. |
| 855 | * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. |
| 856 | * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. |
| 857 | @end ifnottex |
| 858 | |
| 859 | Dired, the Directory Editor |
| 860 | |
| 861 | * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. |
| 862 | * Dired Navigation:: Special motion commands in the Dired buffer. |
| 863 | * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. |
| 864 | * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. |
| 865 | * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. |
| 866 | * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. |
| 867 | * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. |
| 868 | either one file or several files. |
| 869 | * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. |
| 870 | * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. |
| 871 | * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. |
| 872 | * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. |
| 873 | * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired. |
| 874 | * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. |
| 875 | * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. |
| 876 | * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. |
| 877 | * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. |
| 878 | * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. |
| 879 | * Image-Dired:: Viewing image thumbnails in Dired. |
| 880 | * Misc Dired Features:: Various other features. |
| 881 | |
| 882 | The Calendar and the Diary |
| 883 | |
| 884 | * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. |
| 885 | * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. |
| 886 | * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? |
| 887 | * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. |
| 888 | * Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats. |
| 889 | * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. |
| 890 | * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. |
| 891 | * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. |
| 892 | * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. |
| 893 | * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. |
| 894 | * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. |
| 895 | * Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats. |
| 896 | * Daylight Saving:: How to specify when daylight saving time is active. |
| 897 | * Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals. |
| 898 | * Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization. |
| 899 | |
| 900 | Movement in the Calendar |
| 901 | |
| 902 | * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. |
| 903 | * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. |
| 904 | * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another |
| 905 | specific date. |
| 906 | |
| 907 | Conversion To and From Other Calendars |
| 908 | |
| 909 | * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands |
| 910 | (aside from Gregorian). |
| 911 | * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. |
| 912 | * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. |
| 913 | * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. |
| 914 | |
| 915 | The Diary |
| 916 | |
| 917 | * Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. |
| 918 | * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. |
| 919 | * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. |
| 920 | * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. |
| 921 | * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. |
| 922 | |
| 923 | Customizing the Calendar and Diary |
| 924 | |
| 925 | * Calendar Customizing:: Calendar layout and hooks. |
| 926 | * Holiday Customizing:: Defining your own holidays. |
| 927 | * Date Display Format:: Changing the format. |
| 928 | * Time Display Format:: Changing the format. |
| 929 | * Diary Customizing:: Defaults you can set. |
| 930 | * Non-Gregorian Diary:: Diary entries based on other calendars. |
| 931 | * Diary Display:: A choice of ways to display the diary. |
| 932 | * Fancy Diary Display:: Sorting diary entries, using included diary files. |
| 933 | * Sexp Diary Entries:: More flexible diary entries. |
| 934 | |
| 935 | Document Viewing |
| 936 | |
| 937 | * Navigation:: Navigation inside DocView buffers. |
| 938 | * Searching:: Searching inside documents. |
| 939 | * Slicing:: Specifying which part of pages should be displayed. |
| 940 | * Conversion:: Influencing and triggering conversion. |
| 941 | |
| 942 | Sending Mail |
| 943 | |
| 944 | * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. |
| 945 | * Mail Headers:: Details of some standard mail header fields. |
| 946 | * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. |
| 947 | * Mail Commands:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. |
| 948 | * Mail Signature:: Adding a signature to every message. |
| 949 | * Mail Amusements:: Distracting the NSA; adding fortune messages. |
| 950 | * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. |
| 951 | |
| 952 | Mail Commands |
| 953 | |
| 954 | * Mail Sending:: Commands to send the message. |
| 955 | * Header Editing:: Commands to move to header fields and edit them. |
| 956 | * Citing Mail:: Quoting a message you are replying to. |
| 957 | * Mail Misc:: Attachments, spell checking, etc. |
| 958 | |
| 959 | Reading Mail with Rmail |
| 960 | |
| 961 | * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. |
| 962 | * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. |
| 963 | * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. |
| 964 | * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. |
| 965 | * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. |
| 966 | * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. |
| 967 | * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. |
| 968 | * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. |
| 969 | * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. |
| 970 | * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. |
| 971 | * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. |
| 972 | * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. |
| 973 | * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. |
| 974 | * Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets. |
| 975 | * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. |
| 976 | * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. |
| 977 | * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. |
| 978 | * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. |
| 979 | * Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving mail from remote mailboxes. |
| 980 | * Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving mail from local mailboxes in |
| 981 | various formats. |
| 982 | |
| 983 | Rmail Summaries |
| 984 | |
| 985 | * Rmail Make Summary:: Making various sorts of summaries. |
| 986 | * Rmail Summary Edit:: Manipulating messages from the summary. |
| 987 | |
| 988 | Gnus |
| 989 | |
| 990 | * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. |
| 991 | * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. |
| 992 | * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. |
| 993 | |
| 994 | Running Shell Commands from Emacs |
| 995 | |
| 996 | * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. |
| 997 | * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. |
| 998 | * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. |
| 999 | * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts. |
| 1000 | * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. |
| 1001 | * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. |
| 1002 | * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. |
| 1003 | * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. |
| 1004 | * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. |
| 1005 | * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator. |
| 1006 | * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. |
| 1007 | * Serial Terminal:: Connecting to a serial port. |
| 1008 | |
| 1009 | Shell Command History |
| 1010 | |
| 1011 | * Shell Ring:: Fetching commands from the history list. |
| 1012 | * Shell History Copying::Moving to a command and then copying it. |
| 1013 | * History References:: Expanding @samp{!}-style history references. |
| 1014 | |
| 1015 | Using Emacs as a Server |
| 1016 | |
| 1017 | * Invoking emacsclient:: Connecting to the Emacs server. |
| 1018 | * emacsclient Options:: Emacs client startup options. |
| 1019 | |
| 1020 | Printing Hard Copies |
| 1021 | |
| 1022 | * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. |
| 1023 | * PostScript Variables:: Customizing the PostScript printing commands. |
| 1024 | * Printing Package:: An optional advanced printing interface. |
| 1025 | |
| 1026 | Hyperlinking and Navigation Features |
| 1027 | |
| 1028 | * Browse-URL:: Following URLs. |
| 1029 | * Goto Address mode:: Activating URLs. |
| 1030 | * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point. |
| 1031 | |
| 1032 | Emacs Lisp Packages |
| 1033 | |
| 1034 | * Package Menu:: Buffer for viewing and managing packages. |
| 1035 | * Package Installation:: Options for package installation. |
| 1036 | * Package Files:: Where packages are installed. |
| 1037 | |
| 1038 | Customization |
| 1039 | |
| 1040 | * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change settings. |
| 1041 | * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables |
| 1042 | to decide what to do; by setting variables, |
| 1043 | you can control their functioning. |
| 1044 | * Key Bindings:: Keymaps say what command each key runs. |
| 1045 | By changing them, you can "redefine" keys. |
| 1046 | * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the |
| 1047 | @file{.emacs} file. |
| 1048 | |
| 1049 | Easy Customization Interface |
| 1050 | |
| 1051 | * Customization Groups:: How settings are classified in a structure. |
| 1052 | * Browsing Custom:: Browsing and searching for settings. |
| 1053 | * Changing a Variable:: How to edit an option's value and set the option. |
| 1054 | * Saving Customizations:: Specifying the file for saving customizations. |
| 1055 | * Face Customization:: How to edit the attributes of a face. |
| 1056 | * Specific Customization:: Making a customization buffer for specific |
| 1057 | variables, faces, or groups. |
| 1058 | * Custom Themes:: How to define collections of customized options |
| 1059 | that can be loaded and unloaded together. |
| 1060 | |
| 1061 | Variables |
| 1062 | |
| 1063 | * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. |
| 1064 | * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts |
| 1065 | of Emacs to run on particular occasions. |
| 1066 | * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. |
| 1067 | * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. |
| 1068 | * Directory Variables:: How variable values can be specified by directory. |
| 1069 | |
| 1070 | Local Variables in Files |
| 1071 | |
| 1072 | * Specifying File Variables:: Specifying file local variables. |
| 1073 | * Safe File Variables:: Making sure file local variables are safe. |
| 1074 | |
| 1075 | Customizing Key Bindings |
| 1076 | |
| 1077 | * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. |
| 1078 | * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. |
| 1079 | * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. |
| 1080 | * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. |
| 1081 | * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. |
| 1082 | * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. |
| 1083 | * Modifier Keys:: Using modifier keys in key bindings. |
| 1084 | * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. |
| 1085 | * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. |
| 1086 | * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. |
| 1087 | * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required |
| 1088 | before it can be executed. This is done to protect |
| 1089 | beginners from surprises. |
| 1090 | |
| 1091 | The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} |
| 1092 | |
| 1093 | * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. |
| 1094 | * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. |
| 1095 | * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. |
| 1096 | * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. |
| 1097 | * Init Non-ASCII:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in an init file. |
| 1098 | |
| 1099 | Dealing with Emacs Trouble |
| 1100 | |
| 1101 | * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. |
| 1102 | * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. |
| 1103 | * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. |
| 1104 | * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. |
| 1105 | * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. |
| 1106 | * After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed. |
| 1107 | * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- |
| 1108 | What to do if Emacs stops responding. |
| 1109 | * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. |
| 1110 | |
| 1111 | Reporting Bugs |
| 1112 | |
| 1113 | * Known Problems:: How to read about known problems and bugs. |
| 1114 | * Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug? |
| 1115 | * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. |
| 1116 | * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. |
| 1117 | * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. |
| 1118 | |
| 1119 | Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation |
| 1120 | |
| 1121 | * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, |
| 1122 | and call functions. |
| 1123 | * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. |
| 1124 | * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. |
| 1125 | * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. |
| 1126 | * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. |
| 1127 | * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. |
| 1128 | * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. |
| 1129 | * Colors X:: Choosing display colors. |
| 1130 | * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. |
| 1131 | * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. |
| 1132 | * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. |
| 1133 | * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. |
| 1134 | * Misc X:: Other display options. |
| 1135 | |
| 1136 | Environment Variables |
| 1137 | |
| 1138 | * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. |
| 1139 | * Misc Variables:: Certain system-specific variables. |
| 1140 | * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows. |
| 1141 | |
| 1142 | X Options and Resources |
| 1143 | |
| 1144 | * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general). |
| 1145 | * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs. |
| 1146 | * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces. |
| 1147 | * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. |
| 1148 | * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. |
| 1149 | * GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets. |
| 1150 | |
| 1151 | GTK resources |
| 1152 | |
| 1153 | * GTK widget names:: How widgets in GTK are named in general. |
| 1154 | * GTK Names in Emacs:: GTK widget names in Emacs. |
| 1155 | * GTK styles:: What can be customized in a GTK widget. |
| 1156 | |
| 1157 | Emacs and Mac OS / GNUstep |
| 1158 | |
| 1159 | * Mac / GNUstep Basics:: Basic Emacs usage under GNUstep or Mac OS. |
| 1160 | * Mac / GNUstep Customization:: Customizations under GNUstep or Mac OS. |
| 1161 | * Mac / GNUstep Events:: How window system events are handled. |
| 1162 | * GNUstep Support:: Details on status of GNUstep support. |
| 1163 | |
| 1164 | Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS |
| 1165 | |
| 1166 | * Windows Startup:: How to start Emacs on Windows. |
| 1167 | * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines. |
| 1168 | * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows. |
| 1169 | * ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired. |
| 1170 | * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}. |
| 1171 | * Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features. |
| 1172 | * Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features. |
| 1173 | * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. |
| 1174 | * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows. |
| 1175 | * Windows Fonts:: Specifying fonts on MS-Windows. |
| 1176 | * Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features. |
| 1177 | * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as @dfn{MS-DOG}). |
| 1178 | |
| 1179 | Emacs and MS-DOS |
| 1180 | |
| 1181 | * MS-DOS Keyboard:: Keyboard conventions on MS-DOS. |
| 1182 | * MS-DOS Mouse:: Mouse conventions on MS-DOS. |
| 1183 | * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. |
| 1184 | * MS-DOS File Names:: File name conventions on MS-DOS. |
| 1185 | * MS-DOS Printing:: Printing specifics on MS-DOS. |
| 1186 | * MS-DOS and MULE:: Support for internationalization on MS-DOS. |
| 1187 | * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. |
| 1188 | |
| 1189 | @end detailmenu |
| 1190 | @end menu |
| 1191 | |
| 1192 | @iftex |
| 1193 | @unnumbered Preface |
| 1194 | |
| 1195 | This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs |
| 1196 | editor. Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a |
| 1197 | programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can |
| 1198 | ignore the customization hints. |
| 1199 | |
| 1200 | This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a |
| 1201 | primer. If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with |
| 1202 | the integrated, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To |
| 1203 | run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. The tutorial |
| 1204 | describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the |
| 1205 | results. |
| 1206 | |
| 1207 | On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the |
| 1208 | notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the |
| 1209 | Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these |
| 1210 | chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you |
| 1211 | should practice the commands shown there. The next few chapters |
| 1212 | describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. |
| 1213 | You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them |
| 1214 | until you are fluent. |
| 1215 | |
| 1216 | Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are |
| 1217 | useful for many kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters |
| 1218 | describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you |
| 1219 | need them. |
| 1220 | |
| 1221 | Read the Common Problems chapter if Emacs does not seem to be |
| 1222 | working properly. It explains how to cope with several common |
| 1223 | problems (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs |
| 1224 | bugs (@pxref{Bugs}). |
| 1225 | |
| 1226 | To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index. |
| 1227 | Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. |
| 1228 | There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. |
| 1229 | |
| 1230 | This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. |
| 1231 | The Info file is for use with the Info program, which is the principal |
| 1232 | means of accessing on-line documentation in the GNU system. Both the |
| 1233 | Emacs Info file and an Info reader are included with GNU Emacs. The |
| 1234 | Info file and the printed book contain substantially the same text and |
| 1235 | are generated from the same source files, which are also distributed |
| 1236 | with GNU Emacs. |
| 1237 | |
| 1238 | GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many |
| 1239 | Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For |
| 1240 | information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons |
| 1241 | learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible, |
| 1242 | Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from |
| 1243 | @url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}. |
| 1244 | |
| 1245 | This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs |
| 1246 | installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on |
| 1247 | MS-DOS (also called MS-DOG), Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems. |
| 1248 | Those systems use different file name syntax; in addition |
| 1249 | MS-DOS does not support all GNU Emacs features. @xref{Microsoft |
| 1250 | Windows}, for information about using Emacs on Windows. |
| 1251 | @xref{Mac OS / GNUstep}, for information about using Emacs on |
| 1252 | Macintosh (and GNUstep). |
| 1253 | @end iftex |
| 1254 | |
| 1255 | @node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top |
| 1256 | @unnumbered Distribution |
| 1257 | |
| 1258 | GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to |
| 1259 | use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs |
| 1260 | is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are |
| 1261 | restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed |
| 1262 | to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. |
| 1263 | What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing |
| 1264 | any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise |
| 1265 | conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with |
| 1266 | Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself |
| 1267 | covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (see the reverse title |
| 1268 | page in the printed manual or view the full source for online formats |
| 1269 | to see the precise conditions). This license is similar in spirit to |
| 1270 | the General Public License, but is more suitable for documentation. |
| 1271 | @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}. @xref{Copying}. |
| 1272 | |
| 1273 | One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. |
| 1274 | You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; |
| 1275 | just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the |
| 1276 | latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see |
| 1277 | @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more |
| 1278 | information. |
| 1279 | |
| 1280 | You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer |
| 1281 | manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to |
| 1282 | everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, |
| 1283 | including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to |
| 1284 | redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the |
| 1285 | General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you |
| 1286 | when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. |
| 1287 | |
| 1288 | @c FIXME no longer true? |
| 1289 | You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software |
| 1290 | Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is |
| 1291 | also a good way to help fund our work. We also sell hardcopy versions |
| 1292 | of this manual and @cite{An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, |
| 1293 | by Robert J. Chassell. You can visit our online store at |
| 1294 | @url{http://shop.fsf.org/}. For further information, |
| 1295 | write to |
| 1296 | |
| 1297 | @display |
| 1298 | Free Software Foundation |
| 1299 | 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor |
| 1300 | Boston, MA 02110-1301 |
| 1301 | USA |
| 1302 | @end display |
| 1303 | |
| 1304 | The income from sales goes to support the foundation's purpose: the |
| 1305 | development of new free software, and improvements to our existing |
| 1306 | programs including GNU Emacs. |
| 1307 | |
| 1308 | @c FIXME you can't order a CD any more. |
| 1309 | If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the |
| 1310 | Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free |
| 1311 | Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs |
| 1312 | at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If |
| 1313 | company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you |
| 1314 | might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation |
| 1315 | occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. |
| 1316 | |
| 1317 | @iftex |
| 1318 | @node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top |
| 1319 | @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments |
| 1320 | |
| 1321 | Contributors to GNU Emacs include Jari Aalto, Per Abrahamsen, Tomas |
| 1322 | Abrahamsson, Jay K.@: Adams, Michael Albinus, Nagy Andras, Ralf Angeli, |
| 1323 | Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Juanma Barranquero, Eli |
| 1324 | Barzilay, Thomas Baumann, Steven L.@: Baur, Jay Belanger, Alexander L.@: |
| 1325 | Belikoff, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Karl Berry, Anna M.@: Bigatti, Ray Blaak, Jim |
| 1326 |