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1 | @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
2 | @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
3 | @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. | |
4 | @node Buffers, Windows, Files, Top | |
5 | @chapter Using Multiple Buffers | |
6 | ||
7 | @cindex buffers | |
8 | The text you are editing in Emacs resides in an object called a | |
9 | @dfn{buffer}. Each time you visit a file, a buffer is created to hold the | |
10 | file's text. Each time you invoke Dired, a buffer is created to hold the | |
11 | directory listing. If you send a message with @kbd{C-x m}, a buffer named | |
12 | @samp{*mail*} is used to hold the text of the message. When you ask for a | |
13 | command's documentation, that appears in a buffer called @samp{*Help*}. | |
14 | ||
15 | @cindex selected buffer | |
16 | @cindex current buffer | |
17 | At any time, one and only one buffer is @dfn{selected}. It is also | |
18 | called the @dfn{current buffer}. Often we say that a command operates on | |
19 | ``the buffer'' as if there were only one; but really this means that the | |
20 | command operates on the selected buffer (most commands do). | |
21 | ||
22 | When Emacs has multiple windows, each window has a chosen buffer which | |
23 | is displayed there, but at any time only one of the windows is selected and | |
24 | its chosen buffer is the selected buffer. Each window's mode line displays | |
25 | the name of the buffer that the window is displaying (@pxref{Windows}). | |
26 | ||
27 | Each buffer has a name, which can be of any length, and you can select | |
28 | any buffer by giving its name. Most buffers are made by visiting files, | |
29 | and their names are derived from the files' names. But you can also create | |
30 | an empty buffer with any name you want. A newly started Emacs has a buffer | |
31 | named @samp{*scratch*} which can be used for evaluating Lisp expressions in | |
32 | Emacs. The distinction between upper and lower case matters in buffer | |
33 | names. | |
34 | ||
35 | Each buffer records individually what file it is visiting, whether it is | |
36 | modified, and what major mode and minor modes are in effect in it | |
37 | (@pxref{Major Modes}). Any Emacs variable can be made @dfn{local to} a | |
38 | particular buffer, meaning its value in that buffer can be different from | |
39 | the value in other buffers. @xref{Locals}. | |
40 | ||
41 | @menu | |
42 | * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
43 | * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
44 | * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text. | |
45 | * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
46 | * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
47 | and operate variously on several of them. | |
48 | * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. | |
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49 | * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for |
50 | buffer handling. | |
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51 | @end menu |
52 | ||
53 | @node Select Buffer | |
54 | @section Creating and Selecting Buffers | |
55 | @cindex change buffers | |
56 | @cindex switch buffers | |
57 | ||
58 | @table @kbd | |
59 | @item C-x b @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
60 | Select or create a buffer named @var{buffer} (@code{switch-to-buffer}). | |
61 | @item C-x 4 b @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
62 | Similar, but select @var{buffer} in another window | |
63 | (@code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}). | |
64 | @item C-x 5 b @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
65 | Similar, but select @var{buffer} in a separate frame | |
66 | (@code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame}). | |
67 | @end table | |
68 | ||
69 | @kindex C-x 4 b | |
70 | @findex switch-to-buffer-other-window | |
71 | @kindex C-x 5 b | |
72 | @findex switch-to-buffer-other-frame | |
73 | @kindex C-x b | |
74 | @findex switch-to-buffer | |
75 | To select the buffer named @var{bufname}, type @kbd{C-x b @var{bufname} | |
76 | @key{RET}}. This runs the command @code{switch-to-buffer} with argument | |
77 | @var{bufname}. You can use completion on an abbreviation for the buffer | |
78 | name you want (@pxref{Completion}). An empty argument to @kbd{C-x b} | |
79 | specifies the most recently selected buffer that is not displayed in any | |
80 | window.@refill | |
81 | ||
82 | Most buffers are created by visiting files, or by Emacs commands that | |
83 | want to display some text, but you can also create a buffer explicitly | |
84 | by typing @kbd{C-x b @var{bufname} @key{RET}}. This makes a new, empty | |
85 | buffer that is not visiting any file, and selects it for editing. Such | |
86 | buffers are used for making notes to yourself. If you try to save one, | |
87 | you are asked for the file name to use. The new buffer's major mode is | |
88 | determined by the value of @code{default-major-mode} (@pxref{Major | |
89 | Modes}). | |
90 | ||
91 | Note that @kbd{C-x C-f}, and any other command for visiting a file, | |
92 | can also be used to switch to an existing file-visiting buffer. | |
93 | @xref{Visiting}. | |
94 | ||
95 | Emacs uses buffer names that start with a space for internal purposes. | |
96 | It treats these buffers specially in minor ways---for example, by | |
97 | default they do not record undo information. It is best to avoid using | |
98 | such buffer names yourself. | |
99 | ||
100 | @node List Buffers | |
101 | @section Listing Existing Buffers | |
102 | ||
103 | @table @kbd | |
104 | @item C-x C-b | |
105 | List the existing buffers (@code{list-buffers}). | |
106 | @end table | |
107 | ||
108 | @cindex listing current buffers | |
109 | @kindex C-x C-b | |
110 | @findex list-buffers | |
111 | To display a list of all the buffers that exist, type @kbd{C-x C-b}. | |
112 | Each line in the list shows one buffer's name, major mode and visited | |
113 | file. The buffers are listed in the order that they were current; the | |
114 | buffers that were current most recently come first. | |
115 | ||
116 | @samp{*} at the beginning of a line indicates the buffer is ``modified.'' | |
117 | If several buffers are modified, it may be time to save some with @kbd{C-x s} | |
118 | (@pxref{Saving}). @samp{%} indicates a read-only buffer. @samp{.} marks the | |
119 | selected buffer. Here is an example of a buffer list:@refill | |
120 | ||
121 | @smallexample | |
122 | MR Buffer Size Mode File | |
123 | -- ------ ---- ---- ---- | |
124 | .* emacs.tex 383402 Texinfo /u2/emacs/man/emacs.tex | |
125 | *Help* 1287 Fundamental | |
126 | files.el 23076 Emacs-Lisp /u2/emacs/lisp/files.el | |
127 | % RMAIL 64042 RMAIL /u/rms/RMAIL | |
128 | *% man 747 Dired /u2/emacs/man/ | |
129 | net.emacs 343885 Fundamental /u/rms/net.emacs | |
130 | fileio.c 27691 C /u2/emacs/src/fileio.c | |
131 | NEWS 67340 Text /u2/emacs/etc/NEWS | |
132 | *scratch* 0 Lisp Interaction | |
133 | @end smallexample | |
134 | ||
135 | @noindent | |
136 | Note that the buffer @samp{*Help*} was made by a help request; it is not | |
137 | visiting any file. The buffer @code{man} was made by Dired on the | |
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138 | directory @file{/u2/emacs/man/}. You can list buffers visiting files |
139 | only by giving the command a prefix, i.e. type @kbd{C-u C-x C-b}. | |
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140 | |
141 | @need 2000 | |
142 | @node Misc Buffer | |
143 | @section Miscellaneous Buffer Operations | |
144 | ||
145 | @table @kbd | |
146 | @item C-x C-q | |
147 | Toggle read-only status of buffer (@code{vc-toggle-read-only}). | |
148 | @item M-x rename-buffer @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET} | |
149 | Change the name of the current buffer. | |
150 | @item M-x rename-uniquely | |
151 | Rename the current buffer by adding @samp{<@var{number}>} to the end. | |
152 | @item M-x view-buffer @key{RET} @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
153 | Scroll through buffer @var{buffer}. | |
154 | @end table | |
155 | ||
156 | @kindex C-x C-q | |
157 | @findex vc-toggle-read-only | |
158 | @vindex buffer-read-only | |
159 | @cindex read-only buffer | |
160 | A buffer can be @dfn{read-only}, which means that commands to change | |
161 | its contents are not allowed. The mode line indicates read-only buffers | |
162 | with @samp{%%} or @samp{%*} near the left margin. Read-only buffers are | |
163 | usually made by subsystems such as Dired and Rmail that have special | |
164 | commands to operate on the text; also by visiting a file whose access | |
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165 | control says you cannot write it. However, if the variable |
166 | @code{kill-read-only-ok} is set to a non-@code{nil} value, you can kill | |
167 | (a.k.a.@: cut) read-only text, see @ref{Killing}. | |
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168 | |
169 | If you wish to make changes in a read-only buffer, use the command | |
170 | @kbd{C-x C-q} (@code{vc-toggle-read-only}). It makes a read-only buffer | |
171 | writable, and makes a writable buffer read-only. In most cases, this | |
172 | works by setting the variable @code{buffer-read-only}, which has a local | |
173 | value in each buffer and makes the buffer read-only if its value is | |
174 | non-@code{nil}. If the file is maintained with version control, | |
175 | @kbd{C-x C-q} works through the version control system to change the | |
176 | read-only status of the file as well as the buffer. @xref{Version | |
177 | Control}. | |
178 | ||
179 | @findex rename-buffer | |
180 | @kbd{M-x rename-buffer} changes the name of the current buffer. Specify | |
181 | the new name as a minibuffer argument. There is no default. If you | |
182 | specify a name that is in use for some other buffer, an error happens and | |
183 | no renaming is done. | |
184 | ||
185 | @kbd{M-x rename-uniquely} renames the current buffer to a similar name | |
186 | with a numeric suffix added to make it both different and unique. This | |
187 | command does not need an argument. It is useful for creating multiple | |
188 | shell buffers: if you rename the @samp{*Shell*} buffer, then do @kbd{M-x | |
189 | shell} again, it makes a new shell buffer named @samp{*Shell*}; | |
190 | meanwhile, the old shell buffer continues to exist under its new name. | |
191 | This method is also good for mail buffers, compilation buffers, and most | |
192 | Emacs features that create special buffers with particular names. | |
193 | ||
194 | @findex view-buffer | |
195 | @kbd{M-x view-buffer} is much like @kbd{M-x view-file} (@pxref{Misc | |
196 | File Ops}) except that it examines an already existing Emacs buffer. | |
197 | View mode provides commands for scrolling through the buffer | |
198 | conveniently but not for changing it. When you exit View mode with | |
199 | @kbd{q}, that switches back to the buffer (and the position) which was | |
200 | previously displayed in the window. Alternatively, if you exit View | |
201 | mode with @kbd{e}, the buffer and the value of point that resulted from | |
202 | your perusal remain in effect. | |
203 | ||
204 | The commands @kbd{M-x append-to-buffer} and @kbd{M-x insert-buffer} | |
205 | can be used to copy text from one buffer to another. @xref{Accumulating | |
206 | Text}.@refill | |
207 | ||
208 | @node Kill Buffer | |
209 | @section Killing Buffers | |
210 | ||
211 | @cindex killing buffers | |
212 | If you continue an Emacs session for a while, you may accumulate a | |
213 | large number of buffers. You may then find it convenient to @dfn{kill} | |
214 | the buffers you no longer need. On most operating systems, killing a | |
215 | buffer releases its space back to the operating system so that other | |
216 | programs can use it. Here are some commands for killing buffers: | |
217 | ||
218 | @c WideCommands | |
219 | @table @kbd | |
220 | @item C-x k @var{bufname} @key{RET} | |
221 | Kill buffer @var{bufname} (@code{kill-buffer}). | |
222 | @item M-x kill-some-buffers | |
223 | Offer to kill each buffer, one by one. | |
224 | @end table | |
225 | ||
226 | @findex kill-buffer | |
227 | @findex kill-some-buffers | |
228 | @kindex C-x k | |
229 | ||
230 | @kbd{C-x k} (@code{kill-buffer}) kills one buffer, whose name you | |
231 | specify in the minibuffer. The default, used if you type just @key{RET} | |
232 | in the minibuffer, is to kill the current buffer. If you kill the | |
233 | current buffer, another buffer is selected; one that has been selected | |
234 | recently but does not appear in any window now. If you ask to kill a | |
235 | file-visiting buffer that is modified (has unsaved editing), then you | |
236 | must confirm with @kbd{yes} before the buffer is killed. | |
237 | ||
238 | The command @kbd{M-x kill-some-buffers} asks about each buffer, one by | |
239 | one. An answer of @kbd{y} means to kill the buffer. Killing the current | |
240 | buffer or a buffer containing unsaved changes selects a new buffer or asks | |
241 | for confirmation just like @code{kill-buffer}. | |
242 | ||
243 | The buffer menu feature (@pxref{Several Buffers}) is also convenient | |
244 | for killing various buffers. | |
245 | ||
246 | @vindex kill-buffer-hook | |
247 | If you want to do something special every time a buffer is killed, you | |
248 | can add hook functions to the hook @code{kill-buffer-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
249 | ||
250 | @findex clean-buffer-list | |
251 | If you run one Emacs session for a period of days, as many people do, | |
252 | it can fill up with buffers that you used several days ago. The command | |
253 | @kbd{M-x clean-buffer-list} is a convenient way to purge them; it kills | |
254 | all the unmodified buffers that you have not used for a long time. An | |
255 | ordinary buffer is killed if it has not been displayed for three days; | |
256 | however, you can specify certain buffers that should never be killed | |
257 | automatically, and others that should be killed if they have been unused | |
258 | for a mere hour. | |
259 | ||
260 | @cindex Midnight mode | |
261 | @vindex midnight-mode | |
262 | @vindex midnight-hook | |
263 | You can also have this buffer purging done for you, every day at | |
264 | midnight, by enabling Midnight mode. Midnight mode operates each day at | |
265 | midnight; at that time, it runs @code{clean-buffer-list}, or whichever | |
266 | functions you have placed in the normal hook @code{midnight-hook} | |
267 | (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
268 | ||
269 | To enable Midnight mode, use the Customization buffer to set the | |
270 | variable @code{midnight-mode} to @code{t}. @xref{Easy Customization}. | |
271 | ||
272 | @node Several Buffers | |
273 | @section Operating on Several Buffers | |
274 | @cindex buffer menu | |
275 | ||
276 | The @dfn{buffer-menu} facility is like a ``Dired for buffers''; it allows | |
277 | you to request operations on various Emacs buffers by editing an Emacs | |
278 | buffer containing a list of them. You can save buffers, kill them | |
279 | (here called @dfn{deleting} them, for consistency with Dired), or display | |
280 | them. | |
281 | ||
282 | @table @kbd | |
283 | @item M-x buffer-menu | |
284 | Begin editing a buffer listing all Emacs buffers. | |
285 | @end table | |
286 | ||
287 | @findex buffer-menu | |
288 | The command @code{buffer-menu} writes a list of all Emacs buffers into | |
289 | the buffer @samp{*Buffer List*}, and selects that buffer in Buffer Menu | |
290 | mode. The buffer is read-only, and can be changed only through the | |
291 | special commands described in this section. The usual Emacs cursor | |
292 | motion commands can be used in the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer. The | |
293 | following commands apply to the buffer described on the current line. | |
294 | ||
295 | @table @kbd | |
296 | @item d | |
297 | Request to delete (kill) the buffer, then move down. The request | |
298 | shows as a @samp{D} on the line, before the buffer name. Requested | |
299 | deletions take place when you type the @kbd{x} command. | |
300 | @item C-d | |
301 | Like @kbd{d} but move up afterwards instead of down. | |
302 | @item s | |
303 | Request to save the buffer. The request shows as an @samp{S} on the | |
304 | line. Requested saves take place when you type the @kbd{x} command. | |
305 | You may request both saving and deletion for the same buffer. | |
306 | @item x | |
307 | Perform previously requested deletions and saves. | |
308 | @item u | |
309 | Remove any request made for the current line, and move down. | |
310 | @item @key{DEL} | |
311 | Move to previous line and remove any request made for that line. | |
312 | @end table | |
313 | ||
314 | The @kbd{d}, @kbd{C-d}, @kbd{s} and @kbd{u} commands to add or remove | |
315 | flags also move down (or up) one line. They accept a numeric argument | |
316 | as a repeat count. | |
317 | ||
318 | These commands operate immediately on the buffer listed on the current | |
319 | line: | |
320 | ||
321 | @table @kbd | |
322 | @item ~ | |
323 | Mark the buffer ``unmodified.'' The command @kbd{~} does this | |
324 | immediately when you type it. | |
325 | @item % | |
326 | Toggle the buffer's read-only flag. The command @kbd{%} does | |
327 | this immediately when you type it. | |
328 | @item t | |
329 | Visit the buffer as a tags table. @xref{Select Tags Table}. | |
330 | @end table | |
331 | ||
332 | There are also commands to select another buffer or buffers: | |
333 | ||
334 | @table @kbd | |
335 | @item q | |
336 | Quit the buffer menu---immediately display the most recent formerly | |
337 | visible buffer in its place. | |
338 | @item @key{RET} | |
339 | @itemx f | |
340 | Immediately select this line's buffer in place of the @samp{*Buffer | |
341 | List*} buffer. | |
342 | @item o | |
343 | Immediately select this line's buffer in another window as if by | |
344 | @kbd{C-x 4 b}, leaving @samp{*Buffer List*} visible. | |
345 | @item C-o | |
346 | Immediately display this line's buffer in another window, but don't | |
347 | select the window. | |
348 | @item 1 | |
349 | Immediately select this line's buffer in a full-screen window. | |
350 | @item 2 | |
351 | Immediately set up two windows, with this line's buffer in one, and the | |
352 | previously selected buffer (aside from the buffer @samp{*Buffer List*}) | |
353 | in the other. | |
354 | @item b | |
355 | Bury the buffer listed on this line. | |
356 | @item m | |
357 | Mark this line's buffer to be displayed in another window if you exit | |
358 | with the @kbd{v} command. The request shows as a @samp{>} at the | |
359 | beginning of the line. (A single buffer may not have both a delete | |
360 | request and a display request.) | |
361 | @item v | |
362 | Immediately select this line's buffer, and also display in other windows | |
363 | any buffers previously marked with the @kbd{m} command. If you have not | |
364 | marked any buffers, this command is equivalent to @kbd{1}. | |
365 | @end table | |
366 | ||
367 | All that @code{buffer-menu} does directly is create and switch to a | |
368 | suitable buffer, and turn on Buffer Menu mode. Everything else | |
369 | described above is implemented by the special commands provided in | |
370 | Buffer Menu mode. One consequence of this is that you can switch from | |
371 | the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer to another Emacs buffer, and edit there. | |
372 | You can reselect the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer later, to perform the | |
373 | operations already requested, or you can kill it, or pay no further | |
374 | attention to it. | |
375 | ||
376 | The only difference between @code{buffer-menu} and @code{list-buffers} | |
377 | is that @code{buffer-menu} switches to the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer | |
378 | in the selected window; @code{list-buffers} displays it in another | |
379 | window. If you run @code{list-buffers} (that is, type @kbd{C-x C-b}) | |
380 | and select the buffer list manually, you can use all of the commands | |
381 | described here. | |
382 | ||
383 | The buffer @samp{*Buffer List*} is not updated automatically when | |
384 | buffers are created and killed; its contents are just text. If you have | |
385 | created, deleted or renamed buffers, the way to update @samp{*Buffer | |
386 | List*} to show what you have done is to type @kbd{g} | |
387 | (@code{revert-buffer}) or repeat the @code{buffer-menu} command. | |
388 | ||
389 | @node Indirect Buffers | |
390 | @section Indirect Buffers | |
391 | @cindex indirect buffer | |
392 | @cindex base buffer | |
393 | ||
394 | An @dfn{indirect buffer} shares the text of some other buffer, which | |
395 | is called the @dfn{base buffer} of the indirect buffer. In some ways it | |
396 | is the analogue, for buffers, of a symbolic link between files. | |
397 | ||
398 | @table @kbd | |
399 | @findex make-indirect-buffer | |
400 | @item M-x make-indirect-buffer @var{base-buffer} @key{RET} @var{indirect-name} @key{RET} | |
401 | Create an indirect buffer named @var{indirect-name} whose base buffer | |
402 | is @var{base-buffer}. | |
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403 | @findex clone-indirect-buffer |
404 | @item M-x clone-indirect-buffer @key{RET} | |
405 | Create an indirect buffer that is a twin copy of the current buffer. | |
406 | @kindex C-x 4 c | |
407 | @findex clone-indirect-buffer-other-window | |
408 | Create an indirect buffer that is a twin copy of the current buffer, and | |
409 | select it in another window (@code{clone-indirect-buffer-other-window}). | |
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410 | @end table |
411 | ||
412 | The text of the indirect buffer is always identical to the text of its | |
413 | base buffer; changes made by editing either one are visible immediately | |
414 | in the other. But in all other respects, the indirect buffer and its | |
415 | base buffer are completely separate. They have different names, | |
416 | different values of point, different narrowing, different markers, | |
417 | different major modes, and different local variables. | |
418 | ||
419 | An indirect buffer cannot visit a file, but its base buffer can. If | |
420 | you try to save the indirect buffer, that actually works by saving the | |
421 | base buffer. Killing the base buffer effectively kills the indirect | |
422 | buffer, but killing an indirect buffer has no effect on its base buffer. | |
423 | ||
424 | One way to use indirect buffers is to display multiple views of an | |
425 | outline. @xref{Outline Views}. | |
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427 | The command @kbd{M-x make-indirect-buffer} creates an indirect buffer |
428 | whose name is @var{indirect-name} and whose text is identical to that of | |
429 | the buffer @var{base-buffer}. It prompts for both @var{base-buffer} and | |
430 | @var{indirect-name}. | |
431 | ||
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433 | The command @kbd{M-x clone-indirect-buffer} creates an indirect buffer |
434 | whose base buffer is the current buffer, and also selects the | |
435 | newly-created indirect buffer. With a numeric argument, it prompts for | |
436 | the name of the indirect buffer; otherwise it defaults to the name of | |
437 | the current buffer, modifying it by adding a @samp{<@var{n}>} prefix if | |
438 | required. @kbd{C-x 4 c} (@code{clone-indirect-buffer-other-window}) | |
439 | works like @kbd{M-x clone-indirect-buffer}, but it selects the cloned | |
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440 | buffer in another window. These commands come in handy if you want to |
441 | create new @samp{*info*} or @samp{*Help*} buffers, for example. | |
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443 | @node Buffer Convenience |
444 | @section Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling | |
445 | ||
446 | @menu | |
447 | * Uniquify:: | |
448 | * BS:: | |
449 | * Iswitchb:: | |
450 | * MSB:: | |
451 | @end menu | |
452 | ||
453 | @node Uniquify | |
454 | @subsection Directory Names in Buffer Names | |
455 | ||
456 | @findex toggle-uniquify-buffer-names | |
457 | @vindex uniquify-buffer-name-style | |
458 | @cindex unique buffer names | |
459 | @cindex directories in buffer names | |
460 | Emacs's standard method for making buffer names unique adds @samp{<2>}, | |
461 | @samp{<3>}, etc. to the end of (all but one of) the buffers. The | |
462 | Uniquify package replaces that behavior, for buffers visiting files and | |
463 | dired buffers. It implements a uniquification that adds parts of the | |
464 | file name until the buffer names are unique. For instance, buffers | |
465 | visiting @file{/u/mernst/tmp/Makefile} and | |
466 | @file{/usr/projects/zaphod/Makefile} would be named @samp{tmp/Makefile} | |
467 | and @samp{zaphod/Makefile}, respectively (instead of @samp{Makefile} | |
468 | and @samp{Makefile<2>}). You can turn on this mode and select other | |
469 | buffer name styles by customizing the user option | |
470 | @code{uniquify-buffer-name-style}. The command @kbd{M-x | |
471 | toggle-uniquify-buffer-names} can also be used to toggle the mode. | |
472 | ||
473 | @node BS | |
474 | @subsection BS Mode: Configurable Buffer Menus | |
475 | ||
476 | @node Iswitchb | |
477 | @subsection Iswitchb Mode: Switching Between Buffers using Substrings | |
478 | ||
479 | @node MSB | |
480 | @subsection MSB Mode: Customizable Buffer Selection with Multiple Menus |