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1 | \input texinfo |
2 | ||
92f9b43f | 3 | @setfilename ../../info/emacs |
8cf51b2c GM |
4 | @settitle GNU Emacs Manual |
5 | ||
6 | @c The edition number appears in several places in this file | |
7 | @set EDITION Sixteenth | |
8 | @set EMACSVER 23.0.50 | |
9 | ||
10 | @copying | |
11 | This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},@* | |
12 | updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. | |
13 | ||
14 | Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, | |
15 | 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software | |
16 | Foundation, Inc. | |
17 | ||
18 | @quotation | |
19 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
20 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or | |
21 | any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | |
22 | Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and | |
23 | ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
24 | Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
25 | license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
26 | License.'' | |
27 | ||
28 | (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You are free to copy and modify | |
29 | this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in | |
30 | developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' | |
31 | @end quotation | |
32 | @end copying | |
33 | ||
34 | @dircategory Emacs | |
35 | @direntry | |
36 | * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. | |
37 | @end direntry | |
38 | ||
39 | @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
40 | @c copy of this manual that will be published. The manual should go | |
41 | @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. | |
42 | @c set smallbook | |
43 | ||
44 | @ifset smallbook | |
45 | @smallbook | |
46 | @end ifset | |
47 | ||
48 | @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to | |
49 | @c save on paper cost. | |
50 | @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain. | |
51 | @tex | |
52 | @ifset smallbook | |
53 | @fonttextsize 10 | |
54 | @set EMACSVER 22 | |
55 | \global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale | |
56 | \global\let\linkcolor=\Black | |
57 | @end ifset | |
58 | \global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes | |
59 | @end tex | |
60 | ||
61 | @defcodeindex op | |
62 | @synindex pg cp | |
63 | ||
64 | @iftex | |
65 | @kbdinputstyle code | |
66 | ||
67 | @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
68 | @end iftex | |
69 | ||
70 | @titlepage | |
71 | @sp 6 | |
72 | @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
73 | @sp 4 | |
74 | @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. | |
75 | @sp 5 | |
76 | @center Richard Stallman | |
77 | @page | |
78 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
79 | @insertcopying | |
80 | ||
81 | @sp 2 | |
82 | Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
83 | 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @* | |
84 | Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA @* | |
85 | ISBN 1-882114-86-8 | |
86 | ||
87 | @sp 2 | |
88 | Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
89 | ||
90 | @end titlepage | |
91 | ||
92 | ||
93 | @summarycontents | |
94 | @contents | |
95 | ||
96 | ||
97 | @ifnottex | |
98 | @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) | |
99 | @top The Emacs Editor | |
100 | ||
101 | Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
102 | display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
103 | some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version | |
104 | @value{EMACSVER}. | |
105 | ||
106 | @ifinfo | |
107 | To learn more about the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h}, and | |
108 | Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the Info | |
109 | commands. | |
110 | @end ifinfo | |
111 | ||
112 | For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The | |
113 | Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
114 | @end ifnottex | |
115 | ||
116 | @ignore | |
117 | These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
118 | and to avoid conflicts. | |
119 | Completion | |
120 | Backup Files | |
121 | Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
122 | Snapshots | |
123 | Text Mode | |
124 | Outline Mode | |
125 | @TeX{} Mode | |
126 | Formatted Text | |
127 | Shell Command History | |
128 | ||
129 | The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
130 | to avoid conflicts. | |
131 | Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
132 | and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
133 | @end ignore | |
134 | ||
135 | @menu | |
136 | * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
137 | * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
138 | to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
139 | it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
140 | * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. | |
141 | * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. | |
3420c522 | 142 | * Glossary:: Terms used in this manual. |
8cf51b2c GM |
143 | * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 21. |
144 | * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac. | |
145 | * Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS. | |
146 | * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! | |
147 | * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. | |
148 | ||
149 | Indexes (each index contains a large menu) | |
150 | * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
151 | * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option. | |
152 | * Command Index:: An item for each command name. | |
153 | * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
154 | * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
155 | ||
156 | Important General Concepts | |
157 | * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
158 | * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
159 | function keys). | |
160 | * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
161 | editing action. | |
162 | * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
163 | * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers | |
164 | and strings). | |
165 | * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
166 | * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
167 | * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options. | |
168 | ||
169 | Fundamental Editing Commands | |
170 | * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
171 | * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
172 | * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
173 | * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
174 | ||
175 | Important Text-Changing Commands | |
176 | * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
177 | * Killing:: Killing (cutting) text. | |
178 | * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.) | |
179 | * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. | |
180 | * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
181 | * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
182 | * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
183 | * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
184 | * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
185 | * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of | |
186 | keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. | |
187 | ||
188 | Major Structures of Emacs | |
189 | * Files:: All about handling files. | |
190 | * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
191 | * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
192 | * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
193 | * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets (the MULE features). | |
194 | ||
195 | Advanced Features | |
196 | * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
197 | * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
198 | * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
199 | * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
200 | * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
201 | * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. | |
202 | * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce | |
203 | the number of characters you must type. | |
204 | @ifnottex | |
205 | * Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters using | |
206 | the quarter-plane screen model. | |
207 | @end ifnottex | |
208 | * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. | |
209 | * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
210 | * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
211 | * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
212 | * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
213 | * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
214 | * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
215 | * Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions. | |
216 | * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. | |
217 | * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
218 | of the buffer. | |
219 | * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
220 | in side-by-side windows. | |
221 | * Editing Binary Files::Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. | |
222 | * Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. | |
223 | * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing | |
224 | "within the command". This is called a | |
225 | "recursive editing level". | |
226 | * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. | |
227 | * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. | |
228 | * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. | |
229 | * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
230 | * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
231 | * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs. | |
232 | ||
233 | Recovery from Problems | |
234 | * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
235 | * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
236 | * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
237 | * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
238 | * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
239 | ||
240 | @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to | |
241 | @c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In | |
242 | @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the | |
243 | @c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el. | |
244 | ||
245 | @detailmenu | |
246 | --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
247 | --------------------------------- | |
248 | ||
249 | Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones | |
250 | already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
251 | ||
252 | The Organization of the Screen | |
253 | ||
254 | * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
255 | * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
256 | * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
257 | * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
258 | ||
259 | Basic Editing Commands | |
260 | ||
261 | * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
262 | * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
263 | change something. | |
264 | * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
265 | * Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. | |
266 | * Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files. | |
267 | * Basic Help:: Asking what a character does. | |
268 | * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. | |
269 | * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
270 | * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
271 | * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
272 | * Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command. | |
273 | ||
274 | The Minibuffer | |
275 | ||
276 | * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
277 | * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
278 | * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
279 | * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
280 | * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
281 | ||
282 | Completion | |
283 | ||
284 | * Example: Completion Example. Examples of using completion. | |
285 | * Commands: Completion Commands. A list of completion commands. | |
286 | * Strict Completion:: Different types of completion. | |
287 | * Options: Completion Options. Options for completion. | |
288 | ||
289 | Help | |
290 | ||
291 | * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
292 | * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
293 | * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
294 | * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
295 | * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers. | |
296 | * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
297 | * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
298 | * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
299 | * Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files. | |
300 | * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help') | |
301 | ||
302 | The Mark and the Region | |
303 | ||
304 | * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
305 | * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
306 | when there is one. | |
307 | * Momentary Mark:: Enabling Transient Mark mode momentarily. | |
308 | * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. | |
309 | * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
310 | * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
311 | * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
312 | ||
313 | Killing and Moving Text | |
314 | ||
315 | * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
316 | blank areas. | |
317 | * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
318 | * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
319 | syntactic units such as words and sentences. | |
320 | * CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} for copy | |
321 | and paste, with enhanced rectangle support. | |
322 | ||
323 | Yanking | |
324 | ||
325 | * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
326 | * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
327 | * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
328 | ||
329 | Registers | |
330 | ||
331 | * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
332 | * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
333 | * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
334 | * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
335 | * RegNumbers:: Numbers in registers. | |
336 | * RegFiles:: File names in registers. | |
337 | * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
338 | ||
339 | Controlling the Display | |
340 | ||
341 | * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. | |
342 | * Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed. | |
343 | * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
344 | * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
345 | * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. | |
346 | * Standard Faces:: Emacs' predefined faces. | |
347 | * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
348 | * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. | |
349 | * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes. | |
350 | * Displaying Boundaries:: Displaying top and bottom of the buffer. | |
351 | * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. | |
352 | * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
353 | * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
354 | * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. | |
355 | * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. | |
356 | * Line Truncation:: Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead | |
357 | of continuing them to multiple screen lines. | |
358 | * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. | |
359 | ||
360 | Searching and Replacement | |
361 | ||
362 | * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
363 | * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
364 | * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
365 | * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
366 | * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
367 | * Regexp Backslash:: Regular expression constructs starting with `\'. | |
368 | * Regexp Example:: A complex regular expression explained. | |
369 | * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
370 | * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
371 | * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
372 | ||
373 | Incremental Search | |
374 | ||
375 | * Basic Isearch:: Basic incremental search commands. | |
376 | * Repeat Isearch:: Searching for the same string again. | |
377 | * Error in Isearch:: When your string is not found. | |
378 | * Special Isearch:: Special input in incremental search. | |
379 | * Non-ASCII Isearch:: How to search for non-ASCII characters. | |
380 | * Isearch Yank:: Commands that grab text into the search string | |
381 | or else edit the search string. | |
382 | * Highlight Isearch:: Isearch highlights the other possible matches. | |
383 | * Isearch Scroll:: Scrolling during an incremental search. | |
384 | * Slow Isearch:: Incremental search features for slow terminals. | |
385 | ||
386 | Replacement Commands | |
387 | ||
388 | * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
389 | * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
390 | * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
391 | * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
392 | ||
393 | Commands for Fixing Typos | |
394 | ||
395 | * Undo:: Full details of Emacs undo commands. | |
396 | * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
397 | * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
398 | * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
399 | * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
400 | ||
401 | Keyboard Macros | |
402 | ||
403 | * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. | |
404 | * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved. | |
405 | * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros. | |
406 | * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. | |
407 | * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. | |
408 | * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros. | |
409 | * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard | |
410 | macro. | |
411 | ||
412 | File Handling | |
413 | ||
414 | * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
415 | * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
416 | * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
417 | * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
418 | * Autorevert:: Auto Reverting non-file buffers. | |
419 | * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
420 | * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
421 | * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
422 | * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
423 | * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
424 | * Diff Mode:: Editing diff output. | |
425 | * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. | |
426 | * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
427 | * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files. | |
428 | * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. | |
429 | * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
430 | * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use. | |
431 | * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files. | |
432 | * Filesets:: Handling sets of files. | |
433 | ||
434 | Saving Files | |
435 | ||
436 | * Save Commands:: Commands for saving files. | |
437 | * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
438 | * Customize Save:: Customizing the saving of files. | |
439 | * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing | |
440 | of one file by two users. | |
441 | * File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically. | |
442 | * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files. | |
443 | ||
444 | Backup Files | |
445 | ||
446 | * One or Many: Numbered Backups. Whether to make one backup file or many. | |
447 | * Names: Backup Names. How backup files are named. | |
448 | * Deletion: Backup Deletion. Emacs deletes excess numbered backups. | |
449 | * Copying: Backup Copying. Backups can be made by copying or renaming. | |
450 | ||
451 | Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
452 | ||
453 | * Files: Auto Save Files. The file where auto-saved changes are | |
454 | actually made until you save the file. | |
455 | * Control: Auto Save Control. Controlling when and how often to auto-save. | |
456 | * Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files. | |
457 | ||
458 | Version Control | |
459 | ||
460 | * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
461 | * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. | |
462 | * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. | |
8a3106d3 | 463 | * Old Revisions:: Examining and comparing old revisions of files. |
8cf51b2c GM |
464 | * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. |
465 | * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. | |
466 | * Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers. | |
467 | * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. | |
468 | * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. | |
469 | * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. | |
470 | ||
471 | Using Multiple Buffers | |
472 | ||
473 | * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
474 | * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
475 | * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text. | |
476 | * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
477 | * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
478 | and operate variously on several of them. | |
479 | * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. | |
480 | * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for | |
481 | buffer handling. | |
482 | ||
483 | Multiple Windows | |
484 | ||
485 | * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
486 | * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
487 | * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
488 | * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
489 | * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
490 | window rather than in another window. | |
491 | * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
492 | * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling. | |
493 | ||
494 | Frames and Graphical Displays | |
495 | ||
496 | * Cut and Paste:: Mouse commands for cut and paste. | |
497 | * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. | |
498 | * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
499 | * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
500 | * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
501 | * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. | |
502 | * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
503 | * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. | |
504 | * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
505 | * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
506 | * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
507 | * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. | |
508 | * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text. | |
509 | * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. | |
510 | * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. | |
511 | * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
512 | * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text. | |
513 | * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. | |
514 | * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. | |
515 | * Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text-only terminals. | |
516 | ||
517 | International Character Set Support | |
518 | ||
519 | * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. | |
520 | * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. | |
521 | * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
522 | * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
523 | * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
524 | * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. | |
525 | * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
526 | write files, and so on. | |
527 | * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
528 | * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly. | |
529 | * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output. | |
530 | * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text. | |
531 | * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication. | |
532 | * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}. | |
533 | * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting | |
534 | terminal input and output. | |
535 | * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
536 | that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
537 | * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
538 | * Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display. | |
539 | * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set | |
540 | to use without multibyte characters. | |
541 | * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. | |
542 | ||
543 | Major Modes | |
544 | ||
545 | * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
546 | ||
547 | Indentation | |
548 | ||
549 | * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
550 | * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
551 | indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
552 | * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
553 | ||
554 | Commands for Human Languages | |
555 | ||
556 | * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
557 | * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
558 | * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
559 | * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
560 | * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
561 | * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
562 | * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
563 | * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
564 | * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
565 | * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files. | |
566 | * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
567 | * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
568 | * Text Based Tables:: Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
569 | ||
570 | Filling Text | |
571 | ||
572 | * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
573 | * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled. | |
574 | * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. | |
575 | * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
576 | or in a comment, etc. | |
577 | * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
578 | * Longlines:: Editing text with very long lines. | |
579 | ||
580 | Outline Mode | |
581 | ||
582 | * Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like. | |
583 | * Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through | |
584 | outlines. | |
585 | * Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible. | |
586 | * Views: Outline Views. Outlines and multiple views. | |
587 | * Foldout:: Folding means zooming in on outlines. | |
588 | ||
589 | @TeX{} Mode | |
590 | ||
591 | * Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode. | |
592 | * LaTeX: LaTeX Editing. Additional commands for LaTeX input files. | |
593 | * Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. | |
594 | * Misc: TeX Misc. Customization of TeX mode, and related features. | |
595 | ||
596 | Editing Formatted Text | |
597 | ||
598 | * Requesting Formatted Text:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode. | |
599 | * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines. | |
600 | * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties. | |
601 | * Faces: Format Faces. Bold, italic, underline, etc. | |
602 | * Color: Format Colors. Changing the color of text. | |
603 | * Indent: Format Indentation. Changing the left and right margins. | |
604 | * Justification: Format Justification. | |
605 | Centering, setting text flush with the | |
606 | left or right margin, etc. | |
607 | * Other: Format Properties. The "special" text properties submenu. | |
608 | * Forcing Enriched Mode:: How to force use of Enriched mode. | |
609 | ||
610 | Editing Text-based Tables | |
611 | ||
612 | * Table Definition:: What is a text based table. | |
613 | * Table Creation:: How to create a table. | |
614 | * Table Recognition:: How to activate and deactivate tables. | |
615 | * Cell Commands:: Cell-oriented commands in a table. | |
616 | * Cell Justification:: Justifying cell contents. | |
617 | * Row Commands:: Manipulating rows of table cell. | |
618 | * Column Commands:: Manipulating columns of table cell. | |
619 | * Fixed Width Mode:: Fixing cell width. | |
620 | * Table Conversion:: Converting between plain text and tables. | |
621 | * Measuring Tables:: Analyzing table dimension. | |
622 | * Table Misc:: Table miscellany. | |
623 | ||
624 | Editing Programs | |
625 | ||
626 | * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
627 | * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts | |
628 | of a program. | |
629 | * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. | |
630 | * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. | |
631 | * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
632 | * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. | |
633 | * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. | |
634 | * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. | |
635 | * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. | |
636 | * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. | |
637 | * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, | |
638 | Java, and Pike modes. | |
639 | * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. | |
640 | * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. | |
641 | ||
642 | Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns | |
643 | ||
644 | * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter | |
645 | starts a defun if it is at the left margin. | |
646 | * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. | |
647 | * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. | |
648 | * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. | |
649 | ||
650 | Indentation for Programs | |
651 | ||
652 | * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
653 | * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
654 | * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
655 | * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. | |
656 | * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. | |
657 | ||
658 | Commands for Editing with Parentheses | |
659 | ||
660 | * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. | |
661 | * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across | |
662 | in the structure of parentheses. | |
663 | * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. | |
664 | ||
665 | Manipulating Comments | |
666 | ||
667 | * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
668 | * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. | |
669 | * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. | |
670 | ||
671 | Documentation Lookup | |
672 | ||
673 | * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands | |
674 | in Info files. | |
675 | * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. | |
676 | * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. | |
677 | ||
678 | C and Related Modes | |
679 | ||
680 | * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. | |
681 | * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. | |
682 | * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. | |
683 | * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, | |
684 | and other neat features. | |
685 | ||
686 | Compiling and Testing Programs | |
687 | ||
688 | * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
689 | than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
690 | * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
691 | * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
692 | for use in the compilation buffer. | |
693 | * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep. | |
694 | * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly. | |
695 | * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. | |
696 | * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, | |
697 | with different facilities for running | |
698 | the Lisp programs. | |
699 | * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. | |
700 | * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. | |
701 | * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. | |
702 | * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. | |
703 | ||
704 | Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
705 | ||
706 | * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
707 | * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
708 | * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
709 | * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
710 | * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to | |
711 | implement a graphical debugging environment through | |
712 | Emacs. | |
713 | ||
714 | Maintaining Large Programs | |
715 | ||
716 | * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. | |
717 | * Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like. | |
718 | * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one | |
719 | command. Tags remembers which file it is in. | |
720 | * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. | |
721 | ||
722 | Tags Tables | |
723 | ||
724 | * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. | |
725 | * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. | |
726 | * Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions. | |
727 | * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. | |
728 | * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. | |
729 | * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. | |
730 | * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. | |
731 | ||
732 | Abbrevs | |
733 | ||
734 | * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
735 | * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
736 | * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
737 | * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
738 | * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
739 | * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
740 | * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. | |
741 | ||
742 | @ifnottex | |
743 | Editing Pictures | |
744 | ||
745 | * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. | |
746 | * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion | |
747 | after "self-inserting" characters. | |
748 | * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. | |
749 | * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. | |
750 | @end ifnottex | |
751 | ||
752 | Sending Mail | |
753 | ||
754 | * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
755 | * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
756 | * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
757 | * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
758 | * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg. | |
759 | * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. | |
760 | ||
761 | Reading Mail with Rmail | |
762 | ||
763 | * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
764 | * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
765 | * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
766 | * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
767 | * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
768 | * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
769 | * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
770 | * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
771 | * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
772 | * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
773 | * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
774 | * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
775 | * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
776 | * Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets. | |
777 | * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. | |
778 | * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
779 | * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
780 | * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
781 | * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
782 | * Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving Mail from Remote Mailboxes. | |
783 | * Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving Mail from Local Mailboxes in | |
784 | Various Formats | |
785 | ||
786 | Dired, the Directory Editor | |
787 | ||
788 | * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
789 | * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer. | |
790 | * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. | |
791 | * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
792 | * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
793 | * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
794 | * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
795 | either one file or several files. | |
796 | * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
797 | * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
798 | * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
799 | * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
800 | * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired. | |
801 | * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
802 | * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
803 | * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
804 | * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
805 | * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. | |
806 | * Image-Dired:: Viewing image thumbnails in Dired | |
807 | * Misc Dired Features:: Various other features. | |
808 | ||
809 | The Calendar and the Diary | |
810 | ||
811 | * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
812 | * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
813 | * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
814 | * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
815 | * Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats. | |
816 | * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. | |
817 | * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
818 | * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
819 | * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
820 | * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
821 | * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
822 | * Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats. | |
823 | * Daylight Saving:: How to specify when daylight saving time is active. | |
824 | * Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals. | |
825 | * Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization. | |
826 | ||
827 | Movement in the Calendar | |
828 | ||
829 | * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
830 | * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
831 | * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
832 | specific date. | |
833 | ||
834 | Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
835 | ||
836 | * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
837 | (aside from Gregorian). | |
838 | * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
839 | * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
840 | * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
841 | ||
842 | The Diary | |
843 | ||
844 | * Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. | |
845 | * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. | |
846 | * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
847 | * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
848 | * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
849 | ||
850 | Gnus | |
851 | ||
852 | * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
853 | * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
854 | * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
855 | ||
856 | Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
857 | ||
858 | * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
859 | * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
860 | * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
861 | * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts. | |
862 | * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
863 | * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. | |
864 | * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. | |
865 | * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. | |
866 | * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. | |
867 | * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator. | |
868 | * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. | |
869 | ||
870 | Using Emacs as a Server | |
871 | ||
872 | * Invoking emacsclient:: Emacs client startup options. | |
873 | ||
874 | Printing Hard Copies | |
875 | ||
876 | * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. | |
877 | * PostScript Variables:: Customizing the PostScript printing commands. | |
878 | * Printing Package:: An optional advanced printing interface. | |
879 | ||
880 | Hyperlinking and Navigation Features | |
881 | ||
882 | * Browse-URL:: Following URLs. | |
883 | * Goto-address:: Activating URLs. | |
884 | * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point. | |
885 | ||
886 | Customization | |
887 | ||
888 | * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
889 | independently of any others. | |
890 | * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change user options. | |
891 | * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables | |
892 | to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
893 | you can control their functioning. | |
894 | * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
895 | By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
896 | * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
897 | expressions are parsed. | |
898 | * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the | |
899 | @file{.emacs} file. | |
900 | ||
901 | Variables | |
902 | ||
903 | * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
904 | * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
905 | of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
906 | * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
907 | * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
908 | ||
909 | Customizing Key Bindings | |
910 | ||
911 | * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
912 | * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
913 | * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
914 | * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
915 | * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
916 | * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
917 | * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
918 | * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
919 | * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
920 | * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
921 | before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
922 | beginners from surprises. | |
923 | ||
924 | The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
925 | ||
926 | * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
927 | * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
928 | * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
929 | * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
930 | * Init Non-ASCII:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in an init file. | |
931 | ||
932 | Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
933 | ||
934 | * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. | |
935 | * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. | |
936 | * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
937 | * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
938 | * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
939 | * After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed. | |
940 | * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- | |
941 | What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
942 | * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
943 | ||
944 | Reporting Bugs | |
945 | ||
946 | * Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug? | |
947 | * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. | |
948 | * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. | |
949 | * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. | |
950 | ||
951 | Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation | |
952 | ||
953 | * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
954 | and call functions. | |
955 | * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
956 | * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
957 | * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
958 | * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
959 | * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
960 | * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
961 | * Colors:: Choosing display colors. | |
962 | * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. | |
963 | * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
964 | * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
965 | * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
966 | * Misc X:: Other display options. | |
967 | ||
968 | Environment Variables | |
969 | ||
970 | * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
971 | * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. | |
972 | * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows. | |
973 | ||
974 | X Options and Resources | |
975 | ||
976 | * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general). | |
977 | * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs. | |
978 | * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces. | |
979 | * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. | |
980 | * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. | |
981 | * GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets. | |
982 | ||
983 | Emacs and Mac OS | |
984 | ||
985 | * Mac Input:: Keyboard and mouse input on Mac. | |
986 | * Mac International:: International character sets on Mac. | |
987 | * Mac Environment Variables:: Setting environment variables for Emacs. | |
988 | * Mac Directories:: Volumes and directories on Mac. | |
989 | * Mac Font Specs:: Specifying fonts on Mac. | |
990 | * Mac Functions:: Mac-specific Lisp functions. | |
991 | ||
992 | Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS | |
993 | ||
994 | * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines. | |
995 | * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows. | |
996 | * ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired. | |
997 | * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}. | |
998 | * Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features. | |
999 | * Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features. | |
1000 | * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
1001 | * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows. | |
1002 | * Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features. | |
1003 | * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as @dfn{MS-DOG}). | |
1004 | @end detailmenu | |
1005 | @end menu | |
1006 | ||
1007 | @iftex | |
1008 | @unnumbered Preface | |
1009 | ||
1010 | This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
1011 | editor. Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a | |
1012 | programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can | |
1013 | ignore the customization hints. | |
1014 | ||
1015 | This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
1016 | primer. If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with | |
1017 | the on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To | |
1018 | run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. The tutorial | |
1019 | describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the | |
1020 | results. | |
1021 | ||
1022 | On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
1023 | notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
1024 | Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
1025 | chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
1026 | should practice the commands shown there. The next few chapters | |
1027 | describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. | |
1028 | You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them | |
1029 | until you are fluent. | |
1030 | ||
1031 | Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
1032 | useful for many kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters | |
1033 | describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you | |
1034 | need them. | |
1035 | ||
1036 | Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
1037 | properly. It explains how to cope with several common problems | |
1038 | (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs | |
1039 | (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
1040 | ||
1041 | To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index. | |
1042 | Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. | |
1043 | There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. | |
1044 | ||
1045 | This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
1046 | The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which is | |
1047 | the principal means of accessing on-line documentation in the GNU | |
1048 | system. Both the Emacs Info file and an Info reader are included with | |
1049 | GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain substantially | |
1050 | the same text and are generated from the same source files, which are | |
1051 | also distributed with GNU Emacs. | |
1052 | ||
1053 | GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many | |
1054 | Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For | |
1055 | information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons | |
1056 | learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible, | |
1057 | Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from | |
1058 | @url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}. | |
1059 | ||
1060 | This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs | |
1061 | installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, | |
1062 | MS-DOS (also called MS-DOG), Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems. | |
1063 | Those systems use different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and | |
1064 | MS-DOS do not support all GNU Emacs features. @xref{Microsoft | |
1065 | Windows}, for information about using Emacs on Windows. | |
1066 | @xref{Mac OS}, for information about using Emacs on Macintosh. We | |
1067 | don't try to describe VMS usage in this manual. | |
1068 | @end iftex | |
1069 | ||
1070 | @node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top | |
1071 | @unnumbered Distribution | |
1072 | ||
1073 | GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
1074 | use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs | |
1075 | is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are | |
1076 | restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed | |
1077 | to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. | |
1078 | What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing | |
1079 | any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise | |
1080 | conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with | |
1081 | Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself | |
1082 | covered by the GNU Free Documentation License. This license is | |
1083 | similar in spirit to the General Public License, but is more suitable | |
1084 | for documentation. @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}. | |
1085 | @xref{Copying}. | |
1086 | ||
1087 | One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. | |
1088 | You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; | |
1089 | just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the | |
1090 | latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see | |
1091 | @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more | |
1092 | information. | |
1093 | ||
1094 | You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
1095 | manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
1096 | everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
1097 | including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
1098 | redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
1099 | General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
1100 | when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
1101 | ||
1102 | You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software | |
1103 | Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is | |
1104 | also a good way to help fund our work. We also sell hardcopy versions | |
1105 | of this manual and @cite{An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, | |
1106 | by Robert J. Chassell. You can find an order form on our web site at | |
1107 | @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further information, | |
1108 | write to | |
1109 | ||
1110 | @display | |
1111 | Free Software Foundation | |
1112 | 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor | |
1113 | Boston, MA 02110-1301 | |
1114 | USA | |
1115 | @end display | |
1116 | ||
1117 | The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
1118 | purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
1119 | existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
1120 | ||
1121 | If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
1122 | Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
1123 | Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
1124 | at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
1125 | company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
1126 | might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
1127 | occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
1128 | ||
1129 | @iftex | |
1130 | @node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top | |
1131 | @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments | |
1132 | ||
1133 | Contributors to GNU Emacs include Jari Aalto, Per Abrahamsen, Tomas | |
1134 | Abrahamsson, Jay K.@: Adams, Michael Albinus, Nagy Andras, Ralf | |
1135 | Angeli, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Juanma Barranquero, | |
1136 | Eli Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Jay Belanger, Alexander L.@: Belikoff, | |
1137 | Boaz Ben-Zvi, Karl Berry, Anna M.@: Bigatti, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy, Johan Bockg@aa{}rd, | |
1138 | Per Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel | |
1139 | Briot, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@: Brown, Georges | |
1140 | Brun-Cottan, Joe Buehler, W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill Carpenter, Per | |
1141 | Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chris Chase, Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi, | |
1142 | Sacha Chua, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, Glynn Clements, Andrew | |
1143 | Csillag, Doug Cutting, Mathias Dahl, Satyaki Das, Michael DeCorte, | |
1144 | Gary Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik, | |
1145 | Scott Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, | |
1146 | Paul Eggert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, | |
1147 | Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach, | |
1148 | Oscar Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Romain | |
1149 | Francoise, Noah Friedman, Andreas Fuchs, Hallvard Furuseth, Keith | |
1150 | Gabryelski, Peter S.@: Galbraith, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Juan | |
1151 | Le@'{o}n Lahoz Garc@'{@dotless{i}}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien | |
1152 | Gilles, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Deepak Goel, Boris Goldowsky, | |
1153 | Michelangelo Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael | |
1154 | Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Lars Hansen, | |
1155 | Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan, | |
1156 | Jesper Harder, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders | |
1157 | Holst, Jeffrey C.@: Honig, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Joakim Hove, | |
1158 | Denis Howe, Lars Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Pavel | |
1159 | Janik, Paul Jarc, Ulf Jasper, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry | |
1160 | Jones, Simon Josefsson, Arne J@o{}rgensen, Tomoji Kagatani, Brewster | |
1161 | Kahle, Lute Kamstra, David Kastrup, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi | |
1162 | Kawabata, Howard Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg, | |
1163 | Shuhei Kobayashi, Pavel Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@: | |
1164 | Koppelman, Koseki Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard | |
1165 | Kubiak, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Mario | |
1166 | Lang, Aaron Larson, James R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Werner | |
1167 | Lemberg, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg, Lars Lindberg, Chris | |
1168 | Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link, Juri Linkov, Francis Litterio, | |
1169 | Emilio C. Lopes, Dave Love, Sascha L@"{u}decke, Eric Ludlam,Alan | |
1170 | Mackenzie, Christopher J.@: Madsen, Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer, | |
1171 | Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie | |
1172 | Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, Will Mengarini, David Megginson, | |
1173 | Ben A. Mesander, Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Lawrence Mitchell, Richard | |
1174 | Mlynarik, Gerd Moellmann, Stefan Monnier, Morioka Tomohiko, Keith | |
1175 | Moore, Glenn Morris, Diane Murray, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas | |
1176 | Neumann, Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan | |
1177 | Nicolaescu, Hrvoje Niksic, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman, Alexandre | |
1178 | Oliva, Bob Olson, Michael Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit, | |
1179 | David Pearson, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William | |
1180 | M.@: Perry, Per Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard L.@: | |
1181 | Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco | |
1182 | A.@: Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Ken Raeburn, Marko | |
1183 | Rahamaa, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, | |
1184 | Alex Rezinsky, Rob Riepel, David Reitter, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@: | |
1185 | Roberts, John Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, | |
1186 | Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Martin Rudalics, Ivar Rummelhoff, Jason Rumney, | |
1187 | Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, Jorgen | |
1188 | Schaefer, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor | |
1189 | Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Jan | |
1190 | Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Raymond Scholz, Randal | |
1191 | Schwartz, Oliver Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, Stanislav | |
1192 | Shalunov, Marc Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen Skoglund, | |
1193 | Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul D.@: Smith, | |
1194 | Andre Spiegel, Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, | |
1195 | Reiner Steib, Sam Steingold, Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken | |
1196 | Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, Steve | |
1197 | Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto Takahashi, Steven Tamm, Jean-Philippe | |
1198 | Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, | |
1199 | Luc Teirlinck, Tom Tromey, Enami Tsugutomo, Eli Tziperman, Daiki Ueno, | |
1200 | Masanobu Umeda, Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil W.@: Van Dyke, Didier | |
1201 | Verna, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, John | |
1202 | Paul Wallington, Colin Walters, Barry Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph | |
1203 | Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams, | |
1204 | Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood, Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright, | |
1205 | Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Katsumi Yamaoka, Masatake Yamato, | |
1206 | Jonathan Yavner, Ryan Yeske, Chong Yidong, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan | |
1207 | Zamazal, Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu, | |
1208 | Ian T.@: Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, Teodor Zlatanov, | |
1209 | and Detlev Zundel. | |
1210 | @end iftex | |
1211 | ||
1212 | @node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top | |
1213 | @unnumbered Introduction | |
1214 | ||
1215 | You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the | |
1216 | advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible editor Emacs. | |
1217 | (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) | |
1218 | ||
1219 | We call Emacs advanced because it provides much more than simple | |
1220 | insertion and deletion. It can control subprocesses, indent programs | |
1221 | automatically, show two or more files at once, and edit formatted | |
1222 | text. Emacs editing commands operate in terms of characters, words, | |
1223 | lines, sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and | |
1224 | comments in various programming languages. | |
1225 | ||
1226 | @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special | |
1227 | character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can | |
1228 | also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands | |
1229 | that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. | |
1230 | ||
1231 | @dfn{Customizable} means that you can alter Emacs commands' behavior | |
1232 | in simple ways. For example, if you use a programming language in | |
1233 | which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can | |
1234 | tell the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings | |
1235 | (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of | |
1236 | the command set. For example, you can rebind the basic cursor motion | |
1237 | commands (up, down, left and right) to any keys on the keyboard that | |
1238 | you find comfortable. @xref{Customization}. | |
1239 | ||
1240 | @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization | |
1241 | and write entirely new commands---programs in the Lisp language to be | |
1242 | run by Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line | |
1243 | extensible'' system, which means that it is divided into many | |
1244 | functions that call each other, any of which can be redefined in the | |
1245 | middle of an editing session. Almost any part of Emacs can be | |
1246 | replaced without making a separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the | |
1247 | editing commands of Emacs are written in Lisp; the few exceptions | |
1248 | could have been written in Lisp but use C instead for efficiency. | |
1249 | Writing an extension is programming, but non-programmers can use it | |
1250 | afterwards. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An | |
1251 | Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs | |
1252 | Lisp programming. | |
1253 | ||
1254 | When running on a graphical display, Emacs provides its own menus | |
1255 | and convenient handling of mouse buttons. In addition, Emacs provides | |
1256 | many of the benefits of a graphical display even on a text-only | |
1257 | terminal. For instance, it can highlight parts of a file, display and | |
1258 | edit several files at once, move text between files, and edit files | |
1259 | while running shell commands. | |
1260 | ||
1261 | @include screen.texi | |
1262 | @include commands.texi | |
1263 | @include entering.texi | |
1264 | @include basic.texi | |
1265 | @include mini.texi | |
1266 | @include m-x.texi | |
1267 | @include help.texi | |
1268 | @include mark.texi | |
1269 | @include killing.texi | |
1270 | @include regs.texi | |
1271 | @include display.texi | |
1272 | @include search.texi | |
1273 | @include fixit.texi | |
1274 | @include kmacro.texi | |
1275 | @include files.texi | |
1276 | @include buffers.texi | |
1277 | @include windows.texi | |
1278 | @include frames.texi | |
1279 | @include mule.texi | |
1280 | @include major.texi | |
1281 | @include indent.texi | |
1282 | @include text.texi | |
1283 | @include programs.texi | |
1284 | @include building.texi | |
1285 | @include maintaining.texi | |
1286 | @include abbrevs.texi | |
1287 | @ifnottex | |
1288 | @include picture-xtra.texi | |
1289 | @end ifnottex | |
1290 | @include sending.texi | |
1291 | @include rmail.texi | |
1292 | @include dired.texi | |
1293 | @include calendar.texi | |
1294 | @include misc.texi | |
1295 | @include custom.texi | |
1296 | @include trouble.texi | |
1297 | ||
1298 | @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top | |
1299 | @appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE | |
1300 | @include gpl.texi | |
1301 | ||
1302 | @node GNU Free Documentation License, Emacs Invocation, Copying, Top | |
1303 | @appendix GNU Free Documentation License | |
1304 | @include doclicense.texi | |
1305 | ||
1306 | @include cmdargs.texi | |
1307 | @include xresources.texi | |
1308 | ||
1309 | @include anti.texi | |
1310 | @include macos.texi | |
1311 | @include msdog.texi | |
1312 | @include gnu.texi | |
1313 | @include glossary.texi | |
1314 | @ifnottex | |
1315 | @include ack.texi | |
1316 | @end ifnottex | |
1317 | ||
1318 | @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version, | |
1319 | @c because the index entries related to command-line options | |
1320 | @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash. | |
1321 | @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are | |
1322 | @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below. | |
1323 | @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that | |
1324 | @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line. | |
1325 | @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons. | |
1326 | ||
1327 | @iftex | |
1328 | @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top | |
1329 | @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1330 | @printindex ky | |
1331 | @end iftex | |
1332 | ||
1333 | @ifnottex | |
1334 | @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top | |
1335 | @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1336 | @printindex ky | |
1337 | ||
1338 | @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top | |
1339 | @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index | |
1340 | @printindex op | |
1341 | ||
1342 | @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top | |
1343 | @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1344 | @printindex fn | |
1345 | @end ifnottex | |
1346 | ||
1347 | @iftex | |
1348 | @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top | |
1349 | @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1350 | @printindex fn | |
1351 | @end iftex | |
1352 | ||
1353 | @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1354 | @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1355 | @printindex vr | |
1356 | ||
1357 | @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1358 | @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1359 | @printindex cp | |
1360 | ||
1361 | @bye | |
1362 | ||
1363 | @ignore | |
1364 | arch-tag: ed48740a-410b-46ea-9387-c9a9252a3392 | |
1365 | @end ignore |