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802b0ea7 | 1 | @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 | @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997, 2000, 2001 |
3 | @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
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4 | @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 | @node Display, Search, Registers, Top | |
6 | @chapter Controlling the Display | |
7 | ||
8 | Since only part of a large buffer fits in the window, Emacs tries to | |
9 | show a part that is likely to be interesting. Display-control commands | |
10 | allow you to specify which part of the text you want to see, and how to | |
11 | display it. | |
12 | ||
13 | @menu | |
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14 | * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
15 | * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
16 | * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. | |
17 | * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. | |
18 | * Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. | |
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19 | * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. |
20 | * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
21 | * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
22 | * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
23 | * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
24 | * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. | |
e598186c | 25 | * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
099bfef9 | 26 | * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
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27 | @end menu |
28 | ||
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29 | @node Faces |
30 | @section Using Multiple Typefaces | |
31 | @cindex faces | |
32 | ||
33 | When using Emacs with a window system, you can set up multiple | |
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34 | styles of displaying characters. Each style is called a @dfn{face}. |
35 | Each face can specify various attributes, such as the height, weight | |
36 | and slant of the characters, the foreground and background color, and | |
37 | underlining. But it does not have to specify all of them. | |
b8f3a9e3 | 38 | |
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39 | Features which rely on text in multiple faces (such as Font Lock mode) |
40 | will also work on non-windowed terminals that can display more than one | |
41 | face, whether by colors or underlining and emboldening. This includes | |
42 | the console on GNU/Linux, an @code{xterm} which supports colors, the | |
43 | MS-DOS display (@pxref{MS-DOS}), and the MS-Windows version invoked with | |
44 | the @option{-nw} option. Emacs determines automatically whether the | |
45 | terminal has this capability. | |
b8f3a9e3 | 46 | |
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47 | You control the appearance of a part of the text in the buffer by |
48 | specifying the face or faces to use for it. The style of display used | |
49 | for any given character is determined by combining the attributes of | |
50 | all the applicable faces specified for that character. Any attribute | |
0ec1f115 | 51 | that isn't specified by these faces is taken from the @code{default} face, |
04d0b662 | 52 | whose attributes reflect the default settings of the frame itself. |
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53 | |
54 | Enriched mode, the mode for editing formatted text, includes several | |
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55 | commands and menus for specifying faces for text in the buffer. |
56 | @xref{Format Faces}, for how to specify the font for text in the | |
57 | buffer. @xref{Format Colors}, for how to specify the foreground and | |
58 | background color. | |
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59 | |
60 | @cindex face colors, setting | |
61 | @findex set-face-foreground | |
62 | @findex set-face-background | |
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63 | To alter the appearance of a face, use the customization buffer. |
64 | @xref{Face Customization}. You can also use X resources to specify | |
65 | attributes of particular faces (@pxref{Resources X}). Alternatively, | |
66 | you can change the foreground and background colors of a specific face | |
67 | with @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} and @kbd{M-x set-face-background}. | |
68 | These commands prompt in the minibuffer for a face name and a color | |
69 | name, with completion, and then set that face to use the specified | |
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70 | color. Changing the colors of the @code{default} face also changes |
71 | the foreground and background colors on all frames, both existing and | |
72 | those to be created in the future. (You can also set foreground and | |
73 | background colors for the current frame only; see @ref{Frame | |
74 | Parameters}.) | |
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75 | |
76 | Emacs 21 can correctly display variable-width fonts, but Emacs | |
77 | commands that calculate width and indentation do not know how to | |
78 | calculate variable widths. This can sometimes lead to incorrect | |
79 | results when you use variable-width fonts. In particular, indentation | |
80 | commands can give inconsistent results, so we recommend you avoid | |
81 | variable-width fonts for editing program source code. Filling will | |
82 | sometimes make lines too long or too short. We plan to address these | |
83 | issues in future Emacs versions. | |
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84 | |
85 | @findex list-faces-display | |
86 | To see what faces are currently defined, and what they look like, type | |
87 | @kbd{M-x list-faces-display}. It's possible for a given face to look | |
88 | different in different frames; this command shows the appearance in the | |
04d0b662 | 89 | frame in which you type it. Here's a list of the standard defined |
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90 | faces: |
91 | ||
92 | @table @code | |
93 | @item default | |
94 | This face is used for ordinary text that doesn't specify any other face. | |
95 | @item mode-line | |
96 | This face is used for mode lines. By default, it's drawn with shadows | |
97 | for a ``raised'' effect on window systems, and drawn as the inverse of | |
98 | the default face on non-windowed terminals. @xref{Display Custom}. | |
99 | @item header-line | |
100 | Similar to @code{mode-line} for a window's header line. Most modes | |
101 | don't use the header line, but the Info mode does. | |
102 | @item highlight | |
103 | This face is used for highlighting portions of text, in various modes. | |
104 | For example, mouse-sensitive text is highlighted using this face. | |
105 | @item isearch | |
106 | This face is used for highlighting Isearch matches. | |
107 | @item isearch-lazy-highlight-face | |
108 | This face is used for lazy highlighting of Isearch matches other than | |
109 | the current one. | |
110 | @item region | |
111 | This face is used for displaying a selected region (when Transient Mark | |
112 | mode is enabled---see below). | |
113 | @item secondary-selection | |
114 | This face is used for displaying a secondary X selection (@pxref{Secondary | |
115 | Selection}). | |
116 | @item bold | |
117 | This face uses a bold variant of the default font, if it has one. | |
118 | @item italic | |
119 | This face uses an italic variant of the default font, if it has one. | |
120 | @item bold-italic | |
121 | This face uses a bold italic variant of the default font, if it has one. | |
122 | @item underline | |
123 | This face underlines text. | |
124 | @item fixed-pitch | |
125 | The basic fixed-pitch face. | |
126 | @item fringe | |
127 | @cindex fringe | |
128 | The face for the fringes to the left and right of windows on graphic | |
129 | displays. (The fringes are the narrow portions of the Emacs frame | |
940627fe | 130 | between the text area and the window's right and left borders.) |
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131 | @item scroll-bar |
132 | This face determines the visual appearance of the scroll bar. | |
133 | @item border | |
134 | This face determines the color of the frame border. | |
135 | @item cursor | |
136 | This face determines the color of the cursor. | |
137 | @item mouse | |
138 | This face determines the color of the mouse pointer. | |
139 | @item tool-bar | |
140 | This is the basic tool-bar face. No text appears in the tool bar, but the | |
141 | colors of this face affect the appearance of tool bar icons. | |
142 | @item tooltip | |
143 | This face is used for tooltips. | |
144 | @item menu | |
145 | This face determines the colors and font of Emacs's menus. Setting the | |
146 | font of LessTif/Motif menus is currently not supported; attempts to set | |
147 | the font are ignored in this case. | |
148 | @item trailing-whitespace | |
149 | The face for highlighting trailing whitespace when | |
86354bc0 | 150 | @code{show-trailing-whitespace} is non-nil; see @ref{Trailing Whitespace}. |
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151 | @item variable-pitch |
152 | The basic variable-pitch face. | |
153 | @end table | |
154 | ||
155 | @cindex @code{region} face | |
156 | When Transient Mark mode is enabled, the text of the region is | |
157 | highlighted when the mark is active. This uses the face named | |
158 | @code{region}; you can control the style of highlighting by changing the | |
159 | style of this face (@pxref{Face Customization}). @xref{Transient Mark}, | |
160 | for more information about Transient Mark mode and activation and | |
161 | deactivation of the mark. | |
162 | ||
163 | One easy way to use faces is to turn on Font Lock mode. This minor | |
164 | mode, which is always local to a particular buffer, arranges to | |
165 | choose faces according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It | |
166 | can recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several | |
167 | languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other | |
168 | important constructs. @xref{Font Lock}, for more information about | |
169 | Font Lock mode and syntactic highlighting. | |
170 | ||
171 | You can print out the buffer with the highlighting that appears | |
172 | on your screen using the command @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces}. | |
173 | @xref{PostScript}. | |
174 | ||
175 | @node Font Lock | |
176 | @section Font Lock mode | |
177 | @cindex Font Lock mode | |
178 | @cindex mode, Font Lock | |
179 | @cindex syntax highlighting and coloring | |
180 | ||
181 | Font Lock mode is a minor mode, always local to a particular | |
182 | buffer, which highlights (or ``fontifies'') using various faces | |
183 | according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It can | |
184 | recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several | |
185 | languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other | |
186 | important constructs---for example, names of functions being defined | |
187 | or reserved keywords. | |
188 | ||
189 | @findex font-lock-mode | |
190 | @findex turn-on-font-lock | |
191 | The command @kbd{M-x font-lock-mode} turns Font Lock mode on or off | |
192 | according to the argument, and toggles the mode when it has no argument. | |
193 | The function @code{turn-on-font-lock} unconditionally enables Font Lock | |
194 | mode. This is useful in mode-hook functions. For example, to enable | |
195 | Font Lock mode whenever you edit a C file, you can do this: | |
196 | ||
197 | @example | |
198 | (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) | |
199 | @end example | |
200 | ||
201 | @findex global-font-lock-mode | |
202 | @vindex global-font-lock-mode | |
203 | To turn on Font Lock mode automatically in all modes which support | |
204 | it, customize the user option @code{global-font-lock-mode} or use the | |
205 | function @code{global-font-lock-mode} in your @file{.emacs} file, like | |
206 | this: | |
207 | ||
208 | @example | |
209 | (global-font-lock-mode 1) | |
210 | @end example | |
211 | ||
212 | Font Lock mode uses several specifically named faces to do its job, | |
213 | including @code{font-lock-string-face}, @code{font-lock-comment-face}, | |
214 | and others. The easiest way to find them all is to use completion | |
215 | on the face name in @code{set-face-foreground}. | |
216 | ||
217 | To change the colors or the fonts used by Font Lock mode to fontify | |
218 | different parts of text, just change these faces. There are | |
219 | two ways to do it: | |
220 | ||
221 | @itemize @bullet | |
222 | @item | |
223 | Invoke @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} or @kbd{M-x set-face-background} | |
224 | to change the colors of a particular face used by Font Lock. | |
225 | @xref{Faces}. The command @kbd{M-x list-faces-display} displays all | |
226 | the faces currently known to Emacs, including those used by Font Lock. | |
227 | ||
228 | @item | |
229 | Customize the faces interactively with @kbd{M-x customize-face}, as | |
230 | described in @ref{Face Customization}. | |
231 | @end itemize | |
232 | ||
233 | To get the full benefit of Font Lock mode, you need to choose a | |
234 | default font which has bold, italic, and bold-italic variants; or else | |
235 | you need to have a color or gray-scale screen. | |
236 | ||
237 | @vindex font-lock-maximum-decoration | |
238 | The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-decoration} specifies the | |
239 | preferred level of fontification, for modes that provide multiple | |
240 | levels. Level 1 is the least amount of fontification; some modes | |
241 | support levels as high as 3. The normal default is ``as high as | |
242 | possible.'' You can specify an integer, which applies to all modes, or | |
243 | you can specify different numbers for particular major modes; for | |
244 | example, to use level 1 for C/C++ modes, and the default level | |
245 | otherwise, use this: | |
246 | ||
247 | @example | |
248 | (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration | |
249 | '((c-mode . 1) (c++-mode . 1))) | |
250 | @end example | |
251 | ||
252 | @vindex font-lock-maximum-size | |
253 | Fontification can be too slow for large buffers, so you can suppress | |
254 | it. The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-size} specifies a buffer size, | |
255 | beyond which buffer fontification is suppressed. | |
256 | ||
257 | @c @w is used below to prevent a bad page-break. | |
258 | @vindex font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function | |
259 | Comment and string fontification (or ``syntactic'' fontification) | |
260 | relies on analysis of the syntactic structure of the buffer text. For | |
0ec1f115 | 261 | the sake of speed, some modes, including C mode and Lisp mode, |
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262 | rely on a special convention: an open-parenthesis or open-brace in the |
263 | leftmost column always defines the @w{beginning} of a defun, and is | |
ee6038a6 | 264 | thus always outside any string or comment. (@xref{Left Margin |
9048ad82 | 265 | Paren}.) If you don't follow this convention, Font Lock mode can |
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266 | misfontify the text that follows an open-parenthesis or open-brace in |
267 | the leftmost column that is inside a string or comment. | |
b8f3a9e3 | 268 | |
6bb2ed9b | 269 | @cindex slow display during scrolling |
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270 | The variable @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function} (always |
271 | buffer-local) specifies how Font Lock mode can find a position | |
272 | guaranteed to be outside any comment or string. In modes which use the | |
273 | leftmost column parenthesis convention, the default value of the variable | |
274 | is @code{beginning-of-defun}---that tells Font Lock mode to use the | |
275 | convention. If you set this variable to @code{nil}, Font Lock no longer | |
276 | relies on the convention. This avoids incorrect results, but the price | |
277 | is that, in some cases, fontification for a changed text must rescan | |
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278 | buffer text from the beginning of the buffer. This can considerably |
279 | slow down redisplay while scrolling, particularly if you are close to | |
280 | the end of a large buffer. | |
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281 | |
282 | @findex font-lock-add-keywords | |
283 | Font Lock highlighting patterns already exist for many modes, but you | |
284 | may want to fontify additional patterns. You can use the function | |
285 | @code{font-lock-add-keywords}, to add your own highlighting patterns for | |
286 | a particular mode. For example, to highlight @samp{FIXME:} words in C | |
287 | comments, use this: | |
288 | ||
289 | @example | |
290 | (font-lock-add-keywords | |
291 | 'c-mode | |
292 | '(("\\<\\(FIXME\\):" 1 font-lock-warning-face t))) | |
293 | @end example | |
294 | ||
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295 | @findex font-lock-remove-keywords |
296 | To remove keywords from the font-lock highlighting patterns, use the | |
297 | function @code{font-lock-remove-keywords}. | |
298 | ||
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299 | @node Highlight Changes |
300 | @section Highlight Changes Mode | |
301 | ||
302 | @findex highlight-changes-mode | |
303 | Use @kbd{M-x highlight-changes-mode} to enable a minor mode | |
304 | that uses faces (colors, typically) to indicate which parts of | |
305 | the buffer were changed most recently. | |
306 | ||
307 | @node Highlight Interactively | |
308 | @section Interactive Highlighting by Matching | |
309 | @cindex highlighting by matching | |
310 | @cindex interactive highlighting | |
311 | ||
312 | It is sometimes useful to highlight the strings that match a certain | |
313 | regular expression. For example, you might wish to see all the | |
314 | references to a certain variable in a program source file, or highlight | |
315 | certain parts in a voluminous output of some program, or make certain | |
316 | cliches stand out in an article. | |
317 | ||
318 | @findex hi-lock-mode | |
319 | Use the @kbd{M-x hi-lock-mode} command to turn on a minor mode that | |
320 | allows you to specify regular expressions of the text to be | |
321 | highlighted. Hi-lock mode works like Font Lock (@pxref{Font Lock}), | |
322 | except that it lets you specify explicitly what parts of text to | |
323 | highlight. You control Hi-lock mode with these commands: | |
324 | ||
325 | @table @kbd | |
326 | @item C-x w h @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} | |
327 | @kindex C-x w h | |
328 | @findex highlight-regexp | |
329 | Highlight text that matches | |
330 | @var{regexp} using face @var{face} (@code{highlight-regexp}). | |
331 | By using this command more than once, you can highlight various | |
332 | parts of the text in different ways. | |
333 | ||
334 | @item C-x w r @var{regexp} @key{RET} | |
335 | @kindex C-x w r | |
336 | @findex unhighlight-regexp | |
337 | Unhighlight @var{regexp} (@code{unhighlight-regexp}). You must enter | |
338 | one of the regular expressions currently specified for highlighting. | |
04d0b662 | 339 | (You can use completion, or choose from a menu, to enter one of them |
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340 | conveniently.) |
341 | ||
342 | @item C-x w l @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} | |
343 | @kindex C-x w l | |
344 | @findex highlight-lines-matching-regexp | |
345 | @cindex lines, highlighting | |
346 | @cindex highlighting lines of text | |
04d0b662 | 347 | Highlight entire lines containing a match for @var{regexp}, using face |
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348 | @var{face} (@code{highlight-lines-matching-regexp}). |
349 | ||
350 | @item C-x w b | |
351 | @kindex C-x w b | |
352 | @findex hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns | |
353 | Insert all the current highlighting regexp/face pairs into the buffer | |
354 | at point, with comment delimiters to prevent them from changing your | |
355 | program. This key binding runs the | |
356 | @code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns} command. | |
357 | ||
358 | These patterns will be read the next time you visit the file while | |
359 | Hi-lock mode is enabled, or whenever you use the @kbd{M-x | |
360 | hi-lock-find-patterns} command. | |
361 | ||
362 | @item C-x w i | |
363 | @kindex C-x w i | |
364 | @findex hi-lock-find-patterns | |
365 | @vindex hi-lock-exclude-modes | |
366 | Re-read regexp/face pairs in the current buffer | |
367 | (@code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns}). The list of pairs is | |
368 | found no matter where in the buffer it may be. | |
369 | ||
370 | This command does nothing if the major mode is a member of the list | |
371 | @code{hi-lock-exclude-modes}. | |
372 | @end table | |
373 | ||
374 | @node Trailing Whitespace | |
375 | @section Trailing Whitespace | |
376 | ||
377 | @cindex trailing whitespace | |
378 | @cindex whitespace, trailing | |
379 | @vindex show-trailing-whitespace | |
380 | It is easy to leave unnecessary spaces at the end of a line without | |
381 | realizing it. In most cases, this @dfn{trailing whitespace} has no | |
382 | effect, but there are special circumstances where it matters. | |
383 | ||
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384 | You can make trailing whitespace visible on the screen by setting the |
385 | buffer-local variable @code{show-trailing-whitespace} to @code{t}. Then | |
386 | Emacs displays trailing whitespace in the face | |
387 | @code{trailing-whitespace}. | |
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388 | |
389 | Trailing whitespace is defined as spaces or tabs at the end of a | |
390 | line. But trailing whitespace is not displayed specially if point is | |
391 | at the end of the line containing the whitespace. (Doing that looks | |
392 | ugly while you are typing in new text, and the location of point is | |
393 | enough in that case to show you that the spaces are present.) | |
394 | ||
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395 | @findex delete-trailing-whitespace |
396 | To delete all trailing whitespace within the current buffer's | |
397 | restriction (@pxref{Narrowing}), type @kbd{M-x | |
398 | delete-trailing-whitespace @key{RET}}. (This command does not remove | |
399 | the form-feed characters.) | |
400 | ||
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401 | @vindex indicate-empty-lines |
402 | @vindex default-indicate-empty-lines | |
403 | @cindex empty lines | |
404 | Emacs can indicate empty lines at the end of the buffer with a | |
405 | special bitmap on the left fringe of the window. To enable this | |
406 | feature, set the buffer-local variable @code{indicate-empty-lines} to | |
407 | a non-@code{nil} value. The default value of this variable is | |
408 | controlled by the variable @code{default-indicate-empty-lines}; | |
409 | by setting that variable, you can enable or disable this feature | |
410 | for all new buffers. | |
411 | ||
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412 | @node Scrolling |
413 | @section Scrolling | |
414 | ||
415 | If a buffer contains text that is too large to fit entirely within a | |
416 | window that is displaying the buffer, Emacs shows a contiguous portion of | |
417 | the text. The portion shown always contains point. | |
418 | ||
419 | @cindex scrolling | |
420 | @dfn{Scrolling} means moving text up or down in the window so that | |
421 | different parts of the text are visible. Scrolling forward means that text | |
422 | moves up, and new text appears at the bottom. Scrolling backward moves | |
423 | text down and new text appears at the top. | |
424 | ||
425 | Scrolling happens automatically if you move point past the bottom or top | |
426 | of the window. You can also explicitly request scrolling with the commands | |
427 | in this section. | |
428 | ||
429 | @table @kbd | |
430 | @item C-l | |
431 | Clear screen and redisplay, scrolling the selected window to center | |
432 | point vertically within it (@code{recenter}). | |
433 | @item C-v | |
434 | Scroll forward (a windowful or a specified number of lines) (@code{scroll-up}). | |
435 | @item @key{NEXT} | |
04d0b662 | 436 | @itemx @key{PAGEDOWN} |
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437 | Likewise, scroll forward. |
438 | @item M-v | |
439 | Scroll backward (@code{scroll-down}). | |
440 | @item @key{PRIOR} | |
04d0b662 | 441 | @itemx @key{PAGEUP} |
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442 | Likewise, scroll backward. |
443 | @item @var{arg} C-l | |
444 | Scroll so point is on line @var{arg} (@code{recenter}). | |
445 | @item C-M-l | |
446 | Scroll heuristically to bring useful information onto the screen | |
447 | (@code{reposition-window}). | |
448 | @end table | |
449 | ||
450 | @kindex C-l | |
451 | @findex recenter | |
452 | The most basic scrolling command is @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}) with | |
453 | no argument. It clears the entire screen and redisplays all windows. | |
454 | In addition, it scrolls the selected window so that point is halfway | |
455 | down from the top of the window. | |
456 | ||
457 | @kindex C-v | |
458 | @kindex M-v | |
459 | @kindex NEXT | |
460 | @kindex PRIOR | |
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461 | @kindex PAGEDOWN |
462 | @kindex PAGEUP | |
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463 | @findex scroll-up |
464 | @findex scroll-down | |
6bf7aab6 | 465 | @vindex next-screen-context-lines |
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466 | To read the buffer a windowful at a time, use @kbd{C-v} |
467 | (@code{scroll-up}) with no argument. This scrolls forward by nearly | |
468 | the whole window height. The effect is to take the two lines at the | |
469 | bottom of the window and put them at the top, followed by nearly a | |
470 | whole windowful of lines that were not previously visible. If point | |
471 | was in the text that scrolled off the top, it ends up at the new top | |
472 | of the window. | |
473 | ||
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474 | @kbd{M-v} (@code{scroll-down}) with no argument scrolls backward in |
475 | a similar way, also with overlap. The number of lines of overlap | |
476 | across a @kbd{C-v} or @kbd{M-v} is controlled by the variable | |
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477 | @code{next-screen-context-lines}; by default, it is 2. The function |
478 | keys @key{NEXT} and @key{PRIOR}, or @key{PAGEDOWN} and @key{PAGEUP}, | |
479 | are equivalent to @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v}. | |
480 | ||
481 | The commands @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v} with a numeric argument scroll | |
482 | the text in the selected window up or down a few lines. @kbd{C-v} | |
483 | with an argument moves the text and point up, together, that many | |
484 | lines; it brings the same number of new lines into view at the bottom | |
485 | of the window. @kbd{M-v} with numeric argument scrolls the text | |
486 | downward, bringing that many new lines into view at the top of the | |
487 | window. @kbd{C-v} with a negative argument is like @kbd{M-v} and vice | |
488 | versa. | |
489 | ||
490 | The names of scroll commands are based on the direction that the | |
491 | text moves in the window. Thus, the command to scroll forward is | |
492 | called @code{scroll-up} because it moves the text upward on the | |
493 | screen. The keys @key{PAGEDOWN} and @key{PAGEUP} derive their names | |
494 | and customary meanings from a different convention that developed | |
495 | elsewhere; hence the strange result that @key{PAGEDOWN} runs | |
496 | @code{scroll-up}. | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
497 | |
498 | @vindex scroll-preserve-screen-position | |
499 | Some users like the full-screen scroll commands to keep point at the | |
500 | same screen line. To enable this behavior, set the variable | |
501 | @code{scroll-preserve-screen-position} to a non-@code{nil} value. This | |
502 | mode is convenient for browsing through a file by scrolling by | |
503 | screenfuls; if you come back to the screen where you started, point goes | |
504 | back to the line where it started. However, this mode is inconvenient | |
505 | when you move to the next screen in order to move point to the text | |
506 | there. | |
507 | ||
508 | Another way to do scrolling is with @kbd{C-l} with a numeric argument. | |
509 | @kbd{C-l} does not clear the screen when given an argument; it only scrolls | |
510 | the selected window. With a positive argument @var{n}, it repositions text | |
511 | to put point @var{n} lines down from the top. An argument of zero puts | |
512 | point on the very top line. Point does not move with respect to the text; | |
513 | rather, the text and point move rigidly on the screen. @kbd{C-l} with a | |
514 | negative argument puts point that many lines from the bottom of the window. | |
515 | For example, @kbd{C-u - 1 C-l} puts point on the bottom line, and @kbd{C-u | |
04d0b662 RS |
516 | - 5 C-l} puts it five lines from the bottom. @kbd{C-u C-l} scrolls to put |
517 | point at the center (vertically) of the selected window. | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
518 | |
519 | @kindex C-M-l | |
520 | @findex reposition-window | |
521 | The @kbd{C-M-l} command (@code{reposition-window}) scrolls the current | |
522 | window heuristically in a way designed to get useful information onto | |
523 | the screen. For example, in a Lisp file, this command tries to get the | |
524 | entire current defun onto the screen if possible. | |
525 | ||
526 | @vindex scroll-conservatively | |
04d0b662 RS |
527 | Scrolling happens automatically when point moves out of the visible |
528 | portion of the text. Normally, automatic scrolling centers point | |
529 | vertically within the window. However, if you set | |
530 | @code{scroll-conservatively} to a small number @var{n}, then if you | |
531 | move point just a little off the screen---less than @var{n} | |
532 | lines---then Emacs scrolls the text just far enough to bring point | |
533 | back on screen. By default, @code{scroll-conservatively} is 0. | |
6bf7aab6 | 534 | |
6dd5e8cc EZ |
535 | @cindex aggressive scrolling |
536 | @vindex scroll-up-aggressively | |
537 | @vindex scroll-down-aggressively | |
e598186c RS |
538 | When the window does scroll by a longer distance, you can control |
539 | how aggressively it scrolls, by setting the variables | |
540 | @code{scroll-up-aggressively} and @code{scroll-down-aggressively}. | |
541 | The value of @code{scroll-up-aggressively} should be either | |
542 | @code{nil}, or a fraction @var{f} between 0 and 1. A fraction | |
543 | specifies where on the screen to put point when scrolling upward. | |
544 | More precisely, when a window scrolls up because point is above the | |
545 | window start, the new start position is chosen to put point @var{f} | |
546 | part of the window height from the top. The larger @var{f}, the more | |
547 | aggressive the scrolling. | |
548 | ||
549 | @code{nil}, which is the default, scrolls to put point at the center. | |
550 | So it is equivalent to .5. | |
551 | ||
552 | Likewise, @code{scroll-down-aggressively} is used for scrolling | |
553 | down. The value, @var{f}, specifies how far point should be placed | |
554 | from the bottom of the window; thus, as with | |
555 | @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a larger value is more aggressive. | |
6dd5e8cc | 556 | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
557 | @vindex scroll-margin |
558 | The variable @code{scroll-margin} restricts how close point can come | |
559 | to the top or bottom of a window. Its value is a number of screen | |
560 | lines; if point comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the | |
561 | window, Emacs recenters the window. By default, @code{scroll-margin} is | |
562 | 0. | |
563 | ||
564 | @node Horizontal Scrolling | |
565 | @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
566 | @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
567 | ||
568 | @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting all the lines sideways | |
e598186c | 569 | within a window---so that some of the text near the left margin is not |
04d0b662 | 570 | displayed at all. Emacs does this automatically in any window that |
e598186c RS |
571 | uses line truncation rather than continuation: whenever point moves |
572 | off the left or right edge of the screen, Emacs scrolls the buffer | |
573 | horizontally to make point visible. | |
574 | ||
575 | When a window has been scrolled horizontally, text lines are truncated | |
576 | rather than continued (@pxref{Continuation Lines}), with a @samp{$} | |
577 | appearing in the first column when there is text truncated to the left, | |
578 | and in the last column when there is text truncated to the right. | |
579 | ||
580 | You can use these commands to do explicit horizontal scrolling. | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
581 | |
582 | @table @kbd | |
583 | @item C-x < | |
584 | Scroll text in current window to the left (@code{scroll-left}). | |
585 | @item C-x > | |
586 | Scroll to the right (@code{scroll-right}). | |
587 | @end table | |
588 | ||
6bf7aab6 DL |
589 | @kindex C-x < |
590 | @kindex C-x > | |
591 | @findex scroll-left | |
592 | @findex scroll-right | |
593 | The command @kbd{C-x <} (@code{scroll-left}) scrolls the selected | |
594 | window to the left by @var{n} columns with argument @var{n}. This moves | |
595 | part of the beginning of each line off the left edge of the window. | |
596 | With no argument, it scrolls by almost the full width of the window (two | |
597 | columns less, to be precise). | |
598 | ||
599 | @kbd{C-x >} (@code{scroll-right}) scrolls similarly to the right. The | |
600 | window cannot be scrolled any farther to the right once it is displayed | |
601 | normally (with each line starting at the window's left margin); | |
602 | attempting to do so has no effect. This means that you don't have to | |
603 | calculate the argument precisely for @w{@kbd{C-x >}}; any sufficiently large | |
604 | argument will restore the normal display. | |
605 | ||
e598186c RS |
606 | If you scroll a window horizontally by hand, that sets a lower bound |
607 | for automatic horizontal scrolling. Automatic scrolling will continue | |
97357fc9 | 608 | to scroll the window, but never farther to the right than the amount |
e598186c | 609 | you previously set by @code{scroll-left}. |
6bf7aab6 | 610 | |
e598186c RS |
611 | @vindex automatic-hscrolling |
612 | To disable automatic horizontal scrolling, set the variable | |
613 | @code{automatic-hscrolling} to @code{nil}. | |
03ff8aab | 614 | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
615 | @node Follow Mode |
616 | @section Follow Mode | |
617 | @cindex Follow mode | |
618 | @cindex mode, Follow | |
fd3d3075 RS |
619 | @findex follow-mode |
620 | @cindex windows, synchronizing | |
621 | @cindex synchronizing windows | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
622 | |
623 | @dfn{Follow mode} is a minor mode that makes two windows showing the | |
624 | same buffer scroll as one tall ``virtual window.'' To use Follow mode, | |
625 | go to a frame with just one window, split it into two side-by-side | |
626 | windows using @kbd{C-x 3}, and then type @kbd{M-x follow-mode}. From | |
627 | then on, you can edit the buffer in either of the two windows, or scroll | |
628 | either one; the other window follows it. | |
629 | ||
8f399c9b RS |
630 | In Follow mode, if you move point outside the portion visible in one |
631 | window and into the portion visible in the other window, that selects | |
632 | the other window---again, treating the two as if they were parts of | |
633 | one large window. | |
634 | ||
6bf7aab6 DL |
635 | To turn off Follow mode, type @kbd{M-x follow-mode} a second time. |
636 | ||
637 | @node Selective Display | |
638 | @section Selective Display | |
4946337d | 639 | @cindex selective display |
6bf7aab6 DL |
640 | @findex set-selective-display |
641 | @kindex C-x $ | |
642 | ||
643 | Emacs has the ability to hide lines indented more than a certain number | |
644 | of columns (you specify how many columns). You can use this to get an | |
645 | overview of a part of a program. | |
646 | ||
647 | To hide lines, type @kbd{C-x $} (@code{set-selective-display}) with a | |
648 | numeric argument @var{n}. Then lines with at least @var{n} columns of | |
649 | indentation disappear from the screen. The only indication of their | |
650 | presence is that three dots (@samp{@dots{}}) appear at the end of each | |
651 | visible line that is followed by one or more hidden ones. | |
652 | ||
653 | The commands @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} move across the hidden lines as | |
654 | if they were not there. | |
655 | ||
656 | The hidden lines are still present in the buffer, and most editing | |
657 | commands see them as usual, so you may find point in the middle of the | |
658 | hidden text. When this happens, the cursor appears at the end of the | |
659 | previous line, after the three dots. If point is at the end of the | |
660 | visible line, before the newline that ends it, the cursor appears before | |
661 | the three dots. | |
662 | ||
663 | To make all lines visible again, type @kbd{C-x $} with no argument. | |
664 | ||
665 | @vindex selective-display-ellipses | |
666 | If you set the variable @code{selective-display-ellipses} to | |
667 | @code{nil}, the three dots do not appear at the end of a line that | |
668 | precedes hidden lines. Then there is no visible indication of the | |
669 | hidden lines. This variable becomes local automatically when set. | |
670 | ||
671 | @node Optional Mode Line | |
672 | @section Optional Mode Line Features | |
673 | ||
e598186c RS |
674 | @cindex line number display |
675 | @cindex display of line number | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
676 | @findex line-number-mode |
677 | The current line number of point appears in the mode line when Line | |
678 | Number mode is enabled. Use the command @kbd{M-x line-number-mode} to | |
679 | turn this mode on and off; normally it is on. The line number appears | |
680 | before the buffer percentage @var{pos}, with the letter @samp{L} to | |
681 | indicate what it is. @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information about | |
682 | minor modes and about how to use this command. | |
683 | ||
43f971ab EZ |
684 | @cindex narrowing, and line number display |
685 | If you have narrowed the buffer (@pxref{Narrowing}), the displayed | |
686 | line number is relative to the accessible portion of the buffer. | |
687 | ||
6bf7aab6 DL |
688 | @vindex line-number-display-limit |
689 | If the buffer is very large (larger than the value of | |
690 | @code{line-number-display-limit}), then the line number doesn't appear. | |
691 | Emacs doesn't compute the line number when the buffer is large, because | |
43f971ab EZ |
692 | that would be too slow. Set it to @code{nil} to remove the limit. |
693 | ||
694 | @vindex line-number-display-limit-width | |
695 | Line-number computation can also be slow if the lines in the buffer | |
696 | are too long. For this reason, Emacs normally doesn't display line | |
697 | numbers if the average width, in characters, of lines near point is | |
698 | larger than the value of the variable | |
699 | @code{line-number-display-limit-width}. The default value is 200 | |
700 | characters. | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
701 | |
702 | @cindex Column Number mode | |
703 | @cindex mode, Column Number | |
704 | @findex column-number-mode | |
705 | You can also display the current column number by turning on Column | |
706 | Number mode. It displays the current column number preceded by the | |
707 | letter @samp{C}. Type @kbd{M-x column-number-mode} to toggle this mode. | |
708 | ||
709 | @findex display-time | |
710 | @cindex time (on mode line) | |
711 | Emacs can optionally display the time and system load in all mode | |
4f00b8c1 DL |
712 | lines. To enable this feature, type @kbd{M-x display-time} or customize |
713 | the option @code{display-time-mode}. The information added to the mode | |
714 | line usually appears after the buffer name, before the mode names and | |
715 | their parentheses. It looks like this: | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
716 | |
717 | @example | |
718 | @var{hh}:@var{mm}pm @var{l.ll} | |
719 | @end example | |
720 | ||
721 | @noindent | |
722 | @vindex display-time-24hr-format | |
723 | Here @var{hh} and @var{mm} are the hour and minute, followed always by | |
724 | @samp{am} or @samp{pm}. @var{l.ll} is the average number of running | |
725 | processes in the whole system recently. (Some fields may be missing if | |
726 | your operating system cannot support them.) If you prefer time display | |
727 | in 24-hour format, set the variable @code{display-time-24hr-format} | |
728 | to @code{t}. | |
729 | ||
730 | @cindex mail (on mode line) | |
72bd7b7b DL |
731 | @vindex display-time-use-mail-icon |
732 | @vindex display-time-mail-face | |
6bf7aab6 | 733 | The word @samp{Mail} appears after the load level if there is mail |
72bd7b7b DL |
734 | for you that you have not read yet. On a graphical display you can use |
735 | an icon instead of @samp{Mail} by customizing | |
736 | @code{display-time-use-mail-icon}; this may save some space on the mode | |
737 | line. You can customize @code{display-time-mail-face} to make the mail | |
738 | indicator prominent. | |
6bf7aab6 | 739 | |
bd3ead08 EZ |
740 | @cindex mode line, 3D appearence |
741 | @cindex attributes of mode line, changing | |
742 | @cindex non-integral number of lines in a window | |
04d0b662 RS |
743 | By default, the mode line is drawn on graphics displays with |
744 | 3D-style highlighting, like that of a button when it is not being | |
745 | pressed. If you don't like this effect, you can disable the 3D | |
746 | highlighting of the mode line, by customizing the attributes of the | |
747 | @code{mode-line} face in your @file{.emacs} init file, like this: | |
bd3ead08 EZ |
748 | |
749 | @example | |
04d0b662 | 750 | (set-face-attribute 'mode-line nil :box nil) |
bd3ead08 EZ |
751 | @end example |
752 | ||
753 | @noindent | |
04d0b662 | 754 | Alternatively, you can turn off the box attribute in your |
bd3ead08 EZ |
755 | @file{.Xdefaults} file: |
756 | ||
757 | @example | |
04d0b662 | 758 | Emacs.mode-line.AttributeBox: off |
bd3ead08 EZ |
759 | @end example |
760 | ||
6bf7aab6 DL |
761 | @node Text Display |
762 | @section How Text Is Displayed | |
763 | @cindex characters (in text) | |
764 | ||
765 | ASCII printing characters (octal codes 040 through 0176) in Emacs | |
13b9ee95 | 766 | buffers are displayed with their graphics, as are non-ASCII multibyte |
6bf7aab6 DL |
767 | printing characters (octal codes above 0400). |
768 | ||
769 | Some ASCII control characters are displayed in special ways. The | |
770 | newline character (octal code 012) is displayed by starting a new line. | |
771 | The tab character (octal code 011) is displayed by moving to the next | |
772 | tab stop column (normally every 8 columns). | |
773 | ||
774 | Other ASCII control characters are normally displayed as a caret | |
775 | (@samp{^}) followed by the non-control version of the character; thus, | |
776 | control-A is displayed as @samp{^A}. | |
777 | ||
7c9960d7 DL |
778 | Non-ASCII characters 0200 through 0237 (octal) are displayed with |
779 | octal escape sequences; thus, character code 0230 (octal) is displayed | |
780 | as @samp{\230}. The display of character codes 0240 through 0377 | |
781 | (octal) may be either as escape sequences or as graphics. They do not | |
04d0b662 | 782 | normally occur in multibyte buffers, but if they do, they are displayed |
7c9960d7 DL |
783 | as Latin-1 graphics. In unibyte mode, if you enable European display |
784 | they are displayed using their graphics (assuming your terminal supports | |
785 | them), otherwise as escape sequences. @xref{Single-Byte Character | |
786 | Support}. | |
6bf7aab6 | 787 | |
e598186c RS |
788 | @node Display Custom |
789 | @section Customization of Display | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
790 | |
791 | This section contains information for customization only. Beginning | |
792 | users should skip it. | |
793 | ||
794 | @vindex mode-line-inverse-video | |
dddbaa16 MB |
795 | The variable @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is an obsolete way of |
796 | controlling whether the mode line is displayed in inverse video; the | |
797 | preferred way of doing this is to change the @code{mode-line} face. | |
46ff99c0 MB |
798 | @xref{Mode Line}. However, if @code{mode-line-inverse-video} has a |
799 | value of @code{nil}, then the @code{mode-line} face will be ignored, | |
800 | and mode-lines will be drawn using the default text face. | |
801 | @xref{Faces}. | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
802 | |
803 | @vindex inverse-video | |
804 | If the variable @code{inverse-video} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
805 | to invert all the lines of the display from what they normally are. | |
806 | ||
807 | @vindex visible-bell | |
808 | If the variable @code{visible-bell} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
809 | to make the whole screen blink when it would normally make an audible bell | |
810 | sound. This variable has no effect if your terminal does not have a way | |
811 | to make the screen blink.@refill | |
812 | ||
813 | @vindex no-redraw-on-reenter | |
814 | When you reenter Emacs after suspending, Emacs normally clears the | |
815 | screen and redraws the entire display. On some terminals with more than | |
816 | one page of memory, it is possible to arrange the termcap entry so that | |
817 | the @samp{ti} and @samp{te} strings (output to the terminal when Emacs | |
818 | is entered and exited, respectively) switch between pages of memory so | |
819 | as to use one page for Emacs and another page for other output. Then | |
820 | you might want to set the variable @code{no-redraw-on-reenter} | |
821 | non-@code{nil}; this tells Emacs to assume, when resumed, that the | |
822 | screen page it is using still contains what Emacs last wrote there. | |
823 | ||
824 | @vindex echo-keystrokes | |
825 | The variable @code{echo-keystrokes} controls the echoing of multi-character | |
826 | keys; its value is the number of seconds of pause required to cause echoing | |
827 | to start, or zero meaning don't echo at all. @xref{Echo Area}. | |
828 | ||
829 | @vindex ctl-arrow | |
13b9ee95 | 830 | If the variable @code{ctl-arrow} is @code{nil}, all control characters in |
6bf7aab6 DL |
831 | the buffer are displayed with octal escape sequences, except for newline |
832 | and tab. Altering the value of @code{ctl-arrow} makes it local to the | |
833 | current buffer; until that time, the default value is in effect. The | |
834 | default is initially @code{t}. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
835 | elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
836 | ||
837 | @vindex tab-width | |
838 | Normally, a tab character in the buffer is displayed as whitespace which | |
839 | extends to the next display tab stop position, and display tab stops come | |
840 | at intervals equal to eight spaces. The number of spaces per tab is | |
841 | controlled by the variable @code{tab-width}, which is made local by | |
842 | changing it, just like @code{ctl-arrow}. Note that how the tab character | |
843 | in the buffer is displayed has nothing to do with the definition of | |
844 | @key{TAB} as a command. The variable @code{tab-width} must have an | |
845 | integer value between 1 and 1000, inclusive. | |
846 | ||
847 | @c @vindex truncate-lines @c No index entry here, because we have one | |
848 | @c in the continuation section. | |
849 | If the variable @code{truncate-lines} is non-@code{nil}, then each | |
850 | line of text gets just one screen line for display; if the text line is | |
851 | too long, display shows only the part that fits. If | |
852 | @code{truncate-lines} is @code{nil}, then long text lines display as | |
853 | more than one screen line, enough to show the whole text of the line. | |
854 | @xref{Continuation Lines}. Altering the value of @code{truncate-lines} | |
855 | makes it local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value | |
856 | is in effect. The default is initially @code{nil}. | |
857 | ||
858 | @c @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows @c Idx entry is in Split Windows. | |
859 | If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is | |
860 | non-@code{nil}, it forces truncation rather than continuation in any | |
861 | window less than the full width of the screen or frame, regardless of | |
862 | the value of @code{truncate-lines}. For information about side-by-side | |
863 | windows, see @ref{Split Window}. See also @ref{Display,, Display, | |
864 | elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
865 | ||
866 | @vindex baud-rate | |
87c8b5fd RS |
867 | The variable @code{baud-rate} holds the output speed of the |
868 | terminal, as far as Emacs knows. Setting this variable does not | |
869 | change the speed of actual data transmission, but the value is used | |
870 | for calculations. On terminals, it affects padding, and decisions | |
871 | about whether to scroll part of the screen or redraw it instead. | |
c39937ea | 872 | It also affects the behavior of incremental search. |
860dab78 | 873 | |
e598186c RS |
874 | On window-systems, @code{baud-rate} is only used to determine how |
875 | frequently to look for pending input during display updating. A | |
876 | higher value of @code{baud-rate} means that check for pending input | |
877 | will be done less frequently. | |
6bf7aab6 DL |
878 | |
879 | You can customize the way any particular character code is displayed | |
880 | by means of a display table. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
881 | elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
e598186c | 882 | |
62095f01 GM |
883 | @cindex hourglass pointer display |
884 | @vindex hourglass-delay | |
099bfef9 RS |
885 | On a window system, Emacs can optionally display the mouse pointer |
886 | in a special shape to say that Emacs is busy. To turn this feature on | |
887 | or off, customize the group @code{cursor}. You can also control the | |
888 | amount of time Emacs must remain busy before the busy indicator is | |
62095f01 | 889 | displayed, by setting the variable @code{hourglass-delay}. |
099bfef9 | 890 | |
a66b12be RS |
891 | @findex tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors |
892 | On some text-only terminals, bold face and inverse video together | |
893 | result in text that is hard to read. Call the function | |
894 | @code{tty-suppress-bold-inverse-default-colors} with a non-@code{nil} | |
895 | argument to suppress the effect of bold-face in this case. | |
896 | ||
099bfef9 RS |
897 | @node Cursor Display |
898 | @section Displaying the Cursor | |
899 | ||
e598186c | 900 | @findex hl-line-mode |
843c16a5 | 901 | @cindex highlight current line |
e598186c RS |
902 | @findex blink-cursor-mode |
903 | @cindex cursor, locating visually | |
904 | @cindex cursor, blinking | |
905 | There are a number of ways to customize the display of the cursor. | |
777fcecf | 906 | @kbd{M-x hl-line-mode} enables or disables a minor mode which |
099bfef9 | 907 | highlights the line containing point. On window systems, the command |
e598186c RS |
908 | @kbd{M-x blink-cursor-mode} turns on or off the blinking of the |
909 | cursor. (On terminals, the terminal itself blinks the cursor, and | |
87c8b5fd | 910 | Emacs has no control over it.) |
e598186c RS |
911 | |
912 | You can customize the cursor's color, and whether it blinks, using | |
913 | the @code{cursor} Custom group (@pxref{Easy Customization}). | |
099bfef9 RS |
914 | |
915 | @vindex x-stretch-cursor | |
916 | @cindex wide block cursor | |
917 | When displaying on a window system, Emacs can optionally draw the | |
918 | block cursor as wide as the character under the cursor---for example, | |
919 | if the cursor is on a tab character, it would cover the full width | |
920 | occupied by that tab character. To enable this feature, set the | |
921 | variable @code{x-stretch-cursor} to a non-@code{nil} value. | |
0f613b80 RS |
922 | |
923 | @cindex cursor in non-selected windows | |
924 | @vindex cursor-in-non-selected-windows | |
4946337d EZ |
925 | Normally, the cursor in non-selected windows is shown as a hollow box. |
926 | To turn off cursor display in non-selected windows, customize the option | |
5359ed91 | 927 | @code{cursor-in-non-selected-windows} to assign it a @code{nil} value. |