Standardize possessive apostrophe usage in manuals, docs, and comments

[bpt/emacs.git] / doc / emacs / emacs.texi

\input texinfo  @c -*- coding: iso-latin-1 -*-

@setfilename ../../info/emacs
@settitle GNU Emacs Manual

@c The edition number appears in several places in this file
@set EDITION   Sixteenth
@include emacsver.texi

@copying
This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},@*
updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.

Copyright @copyright{} 1985-1987, 1993-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and
``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU
Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.  A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
License.''

(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
modify this GNU manual.  Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
@end quotation
@end copying

@documentencoding ISO-8859-1

@dircategory Emacs
@direntry
* Emacs: (emacs).       The extensible self-documenting text editor.
@end direntry

@c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
@c copy of this manual that will be published.  The manual should go
@c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
@c @smallbook

@ifset smallbook
@smallbook
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@c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to
@c save on paper cost.
@c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain.
@tex
@ifset smallbook
@fonttextsize 10
\global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale
\global\let\linkcolor=\Black
@end ifset
\global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes
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@defcodeindex op
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@iftex
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@shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual
@end iftex

@titlepage
@sp 6
@center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual}
@sp 4
@center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}.
@sp 5
@center Richard Stallman
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying

@sp 2
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @*
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA @*
ISBN 1-882114-86-8

@sp 2
Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.

@end titlepage


@summarycontents
@contents


@ifnottex
@node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir)
@top The Emacs Editor

Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
display editor.  This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and
some of the ways to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version
@value{EMACSVER}.

@ifinfo
If you are reading this in Emacs, type @kbd{h} to read a basic
introduction to the Info documentation system.
@end ifinfo

For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.

@insertcopying
@end ifnottex

@c Note that the TeX version generates its own TOC, so the ifnottex's
@c here are not really necessary.
@menu
* Distrib::             How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
* Intro::               An introduction to Emacs concepts.
@c Note that in the printed manual, the glossary and indices come last.
* Glossary::            Terms used in this manual.

Indexes (each index contains a large menu)
* Key Index::           An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
* Option Index::        An item for every command-line option.
* Command Index::       An item for each command name.
* Variable Index::      An item for each documented variable.
* Concept Index::       An item for each concept.

* Acknowledgments::     Major contributors to GNU Emacs.

Important General Concepts
* Screen::              How to interpret what you see on the screen.
* User Input::          Kinds of input events (characters, buttons,
                          function keys).
* Keys::                Key sequences: what you type to request one
                          editing action.
* Commands::            Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
* Entering Emacs::      Starting Emacs from the shell.
* Exiting::             Stopping or killing Emacs.

Fundamental Editing Commands
* Basic::               The most basic editing commands.
* Minibuffer::          Entering arguments that are prompted for.
* M-x::                 Invoking commands by their names.
* Help::                Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.

Important Text-Changing Commands
* Mark::                The mark: how to delimit a "region" of text.
* Killing::             Killing (cutting) and yanking (copying) text.
* Registers::           Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
* Display::             Controlling what text is displayed.
* Search::              Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
* Fixit::               Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
* Keyboard Macros::     Recording a sequence of keystrokes to be replayed.

Major Structures of Emacs
* Files::               All about handling files.
* Buffers::             Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
* Windows::             Viewing multiple pieces of text in one frame.
* Frames::              Using multiple ``windows'' on your display.
* International::       Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets.

Advanced Features
* Modes::               Major and minor modes alter Emacs's basic behavior.
* Indentation::         Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
* Text::                Commands and modes for editing human languages.
* Programs::            Commands and modes for editing programs.
* Building::            Compiling, running and debugging programs.
* Maintaining::         Features for maintaining large programs.
* Abbrevs::             Defining text abbreviations to reduce typing.
* Dired::               Directory and file manager.
* Calendar/Diary::      Calendar and diary facilities.
* Sending Mail::        Sending mail in Emacs.
* Rmail::               Reading mail in Emacs.
* Gnus::                A flexible mail and news reader.
* Document View::       Viewing PDF, PS and DVI files.
* Shell::               Executing shell commands from Emacs.
* Emacs Server::        Using Emacs as an editing server.
* Printing::            Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions.
* Sorting::             Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
@ifnottex
* Picture Mode::        Editing pictures made up of text characters.
@end ifnottex
* Editing Binary Files::  Editing binary files with Hexl mode.
* Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
* Recursive Edit::      Performing edits while "within another command".
* Emulation::           Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
* Hyperlinking::        Following links in buffers.
* Amusements::          Various games and hacks.
* Packages::            Installing additional features.
* Customization::       Modifying the behavior of Emacs.

Recovery from Problems
* Quitting::            Quitting and aborting.
* Lossage::             What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
* Bugs::                How and when to report a bug.
* Contributing::        How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
* Service::             How to get help for your own Emacs needs.

Appendices
* Copying::             The GNU General Public License gives you permission
                          to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms;
                          it also explains that there is no warranty.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
* Emacs Invocation::    Hairy startup options.
* X Resources::         X resources for customizing Emacs.
* Antinews::            Information about Emacs version 23.
* Mac OS / GNUstep::    Using Emacs under Mac OS and GNUstep.
* Microsoft Windows::   Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS.
* Manifesto::           What's GNU?  Gnu's Not Unix!

@c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines!  They must have this form to
@c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'.  In
@c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the
@c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'.  See texnfo-upd.el.

@detailmenu
 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
 ---------------------------------

Here are some other nodes which are really subnodes of the ones
already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:

The Organization of the Screen

* Point::               The place in the text where editing commands operate.
* Echo Area::           Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
* Mode Line::           Interpreting the mode line.
* Menu Bar::            How to use the menu bar.

Basic Editing Commands

* Inserting Text::      Inserting text by simply typing it.
* Moving Point::        Moving the cursor to the place where you want to
                        change something.
* Erasing::             Deleting and killing text.
* Basic Undo::          Undoing recent changes in the text.
* Basic Files::         Visiting, creating, and saving files.
* Basic Help::          Asking what a character does.
* Blank Lines::         Making and deleting blank lines.
* Continuation Lines::  How Emacs displays lines too wide for the screen.
* Position Info::       What line, row, or column is point on?
* Arguments::           Numeric arguments for repeating a command N times.
* Repeating::           Repeating the previous command quickly.

The Minibuffer

* Minibuffer File::     Entering file names with the minibuffer.
* Minibuffer Edit::     How to edit in the minibuffer.
* Completion::          An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
* Minibuffer History::  Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
* Repetition::          Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.
* Passwords::           Entering passwords in the echo area.

Completion

* Completion Example::  Examples of using completion.
* Completion Commands:: A list of completion commands.
* Completion Exit::     Completion and minibuffer text submission.
* Completion Styles::   How completion matches are chosen.
* Completion Options::  Options for completion.

Help

* Help Summary::        Brief list of all Help commands.
* Key Help::            Asking what a key does in Emacs.
* Name Help::           Asking about a command, variable or function name.
* Apropos::             Asking what pertains to a given topic.
* Help Mode::           Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
* Package Keywords::    Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
* Language Help::       Help relating to international language support.
* Misc Help::           Other help commands.
* Help Files::          Commands to display auxiliary help files.
* Help Echo::           Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help').

The Mark and the Region

* Setting Mark::        Commands to set the mark.
* Marking Objects::     Commands to put region around textual units.
* Using Region::        Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
* Mark Ring::           Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
* Global Mark Ring::    Previous mark positions in various buffers.
* Shift Selection::     Using shifted cursor motion keys.
* Disabled Transient Mark:: Leaving regions unhighlighted by default.

Killing and Moving Text

* Deletion and Killing:: Commands that remove text.
* Yanking::             Recovering killed text.  Moving text. (Pasting.)
* Cut and Paste::       Clipboard and selections on graphical displays.
* Accumulating Text::   Other ways of copying text.
* Rectangles::          Operating on text in rectangular areas.
* CUA Bindings::        Using @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} to kill and yank.

Deletion and Killing

* Deletion::            Commands for deleting small amounts of text and
                          blank areas.
* Killing by Lines::    How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
* Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
                          syntactic units such as words and sentences.
* Kill Options::        Options that affect killing.

Yanking

* Kill Ring::           Where killed text is stored.
* Earlier Kills::       Yanking something killed some time ago.
* Appending Kills::     Several kills in a row all yank together.

Killing and Yanking on Graphical Displays

* Clipboard::           How Emacs interacts with the system clipboard.
* Primary Selection::   The temporarily selected text selection.
* Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark.

Registers

* Position Registers::      Saving positions in registers.
* Text Registers::          Saving text in registers.
* Rectangle Registers::     Saving rectangles in registers.
* Configuration Registers:: Saving window configurations in registers.
* Number Registers::        Numbers in registers.
* File Registers::          File names in registers.
* Bookmarks::               Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.

Controlling the Display

* Scrolling::              Commands to move text up and down in a window.
* Recentering::            A scrolling command that centers the current line.
* Auto Scrolling::         Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed.
* Horizontal Scrolling::   Moving text left and right in a window.
* Narrowing::              Restricting display and editing to a portion
                             of the buffer.
* View Mode::              Viewing read-only buffers.
* Follow Mode::            Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
* Faces::                  How to change the display style using faces.
* Colors::                 Specifying colors for faces.
* Standard Faces::         The main predefined faces.
* Text Scale::             Increasing or decreasing text size in a buffer.
* Font Lock::              Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
* Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
* Fringes::                Enabling or disabling window fringes.
* Displaying Boundaries::  Displaying top and bottom of the buffer.
* Useless Whitespace::     Showing possibly spurious trailing whitespace.
* Selective Display::      Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
* Optional Mode Line::     Optional mode line display features.
* Text Display::           How text characters are normally displayed.
* Cursor Display::         Features for displaying the cursor.
* Line Truncation::        Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead
                             of continuing them to multiple screen lines.
* Visual Line Mode::       Word wrap and screen line-based editing.
* Display Custom::         Information on variables for customizing display.

Searching and Replacement

* Incremental Search::     Search happens as you type the string.
* Nonincremental Search::  Specify entire string and then search.
* Word Search::            Search for sequence of words.
* Regexp Search::          Search for match for a regexp.
* Regexps::                Syntax of regular expressions.
* Regexp Backslash::       Regular expression constructs starting with `\'.
* Regexp Example::         A complex regular expression explained.
* Search Case::            To ignore case while searching, or not.
* Replace::                Search, and replace some or all matches.
* Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.

Incremental Search

* Basic Isearch::       Basic incremental search commands.
* Repeat Isearch::      Searching for the same string again.
* Error in Isearch::    When your string is not found.
* Special Isearch::     Special input in incremental search.
* Isearch Yank::        Commands that grab text into the search string
                          or else edit the search string.
* Isearch Scroll::      Scrolling during an incremental search.
* Isearch Minibuffer::  Incremental search of the minibuffer history.

Replacement Commands

* Unconditional Replace::  Replacing all matches for a string.
* Regexp Replace::         Replacing all matches for a regexp.
* Replacement and Case::   How replacements preserve case of letters.
* Query Replace::          How to use querying.

Commands for Fixing Typos

* Undo::                The Undo commands.
* Transpose::           Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
* Fixing Case::         Correcting case of last word entered.
* Spelling::            Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file.

Keyboard Macros

* Basic Keyboard Macro::     Defining and running keyboard macros.
* Keyboard Macro Ring::      Where previous keyboard macros are saved.
* Keyboard Macro Counter::   Inserting incrementing numbers in macros.
* Keyboard Macro Query::     Making keyboard macros do different things each
                                time.
* Save Keyboard Macro::      Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in
                                files.
* Edit Keyboard Macro::      Editing keyboard macros.
* Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard
                                macro.

File Handling

* File Names::          How to type and edit file-name arguments.
* Visiting::            Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
* Saving::              Saving makes your changes permanent.
* Reverting::           Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
@ifnottex
* Autorevert::          Auto Reverting non-file buffers.
@end ifnottex
* Auto Save::           Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
* File Aliases::        Handling multiple names for one file.
* Directories::         Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
* Comparing Files::     Finding where two files differ.
* Diff Mode::           Mode for editing file differences.
* Misc File Ops::       Other things you can do on files.
* Compressed Files::    Accessing compressed files.
* File Archives::       Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files.
* Remote Files::        Accessing files on other machines.
* Quoted File Names::   Quoting special characters in file names.
* File Name Cache::     Completion against a list of files you often use.
* File Conveniences::   Convenience Features for Finding Files.
* Filesets::            Handling sets of files.

Saving Files

* Save Commands::       Commands for saving files.
* Backup::              How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
* Customize Save::      Customizing the saving of files.
* Interlocking::        How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
                          of one file by two users.
* File Shadowing::      Copying files to "shadows" automatically.
* Time Stamps::         Emacs can update time stamps on saved files.

Backup Files

* Backup Names::        How backup files are named.
* Backup Deletion::     Emacs deletes excess numbered backups.
* Backup Copying::      Backups can be made by copying or renaming.

@ifnottex
Auto Reverting Non-File Buffers

* Auto Reverting the Buffer Menu:: Auto Revert of the Buffer Menu.
* Auto Reverting Dired::           Auto Revert of Dired buffers.
* Supporting additional buffers::  How to add more Auto Revert support.
@end ifnottex

Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters

* Auto Save Files::     The file where auto-saved changes are
                          actually made until you save the file.
* Auto Save Control::   Controlling when and how often to auto-save.
* Recover::             Recovering text from auto-save files.

Using Multiple Buffers

* Select Buffer::       Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
* List Buffers::        Getting a list of buffers that exist.
* Misc Buffer::         Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text.
* Kill Buffer::         Killing buffers you no longer need.
* Several Buffers::     How to go through the list of all buffers
                          and operate variously on several of them.
* Indirect Buffers::    An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
* Buffer Convenience::  Convenience and customization features for
                          buffer handling.

Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling

* Uniquify::            Making buffer names unique with directory parts.
* Iswitchb::            Switching between buffers with substrings.
* Buffer Menus::        Configurable buffer menu.

Multiple Windows

* Basic Window::        Introduction to Emacs windows.
* Split Window::        New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
* Other Window::        Moving to another window or doing something to it.
* Pop Up Window::       Finding a file or buffer in another window.
* Change Window::       Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
* Displaying Buffers::  How Emacs picks a window for displaying a buffer.
* Window Convenience::  Convenience functions for window handling.

Displaying Buffers

* Window Choice::       How @code{display-buffer} works.

Frames and Graphical Displays

* Mouse Commands::      Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
* Word and Line Mouse:: Mouse commands for selecting whole words or lines.
* Mouse References::    Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
* Menu Mouse Clicks::   Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
* Mode Line Mouse::     Mouse clicks on the mode line.
* Creating Frames::     Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
* Frame Commands::      Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
* Fonts::               Changing the frame font.
* Speedbar::            How to make and use a speedbar frame.
* Multiple Displays::   How one Emacs instance can talk to several displays.
* Frame Parameters::    Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
* Scroll Bars::         How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
* Drag and Drop::       Using drag and drop to open files and insert text.
* Menu Bars::           Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
* Tool Bars::           Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
* Dialog Boxes::        Controlling use of dialog boxes.
* Tooltips::            Displaying information at the current mouse position.
* Mouse Avoidance::     Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
* Non-Window Terminals::  Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
* Text-Only Mouse::     Using the mouse in text-only terminals.

International Character Set Support

* International Chars::     Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
* Enabling Multibyte::      Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
* Language Environments::   Setting things up for the language you use.
* Input Methods::           Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
* Select Input Method::     Specifying your choice of input methods.
* Coding Systems::          Character set conversion when you read and
                              write files, and so on.
* Recognize Coding::        How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
* Specify Coding::          Specifying a file's coding system explicitly.
* Output Coding::           Choosing coding systems for output.
* Text Coding::             Choosing conversion to use for file text.
* Communication Coding::    Coding systems for interprocess communication.
* File Name Coding::        Coding systems for file @emph{names}.
* Terminal Coding::         Specifying coding systems for converting
                              terminal input and output.
* Fontsets::                Fontsets are collections of fonts
                              that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
* Defining Fontsets::       Defining a new fontset.
* Modifying Fontsets::      Modifying an existing fontset.
* Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display.
* Unibyte Mode::            You can pick one European character set
                              to use without multibyte characters.
* Charsets::                How Emacs groups its internal character codes.
* Bidirectional Editing::   Support for right-to-left scripts.

Modes

* Major Modes::         Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode...
* Minor Modes::         Each minor mode is a feature you can turn on
                          independently of any others.
* Choosing Modes::      How modes are chosen when visiting files.

Indentation

* Indentation Commands::  More commands for performing indentation.
* Tab Stops::             Stop points for indentation in Text modes.
* Just Spaces::           Using only space characters for indentation.
* Indent Convenience::    Optional indentation features.

Commands for Human Languages

* Words::               Moving over and killing words.
* Sentences::           Moving over and killing sentences.
* Paragraphs::          Moving over paragraphs.
* Pages::               Moving over pages.
* Filling::             Filling or justifying text.
* Case::                Changing the case of text.
* Text Mode::           The major modes for editing text files.
* Outline Mode::        Editing outlines.
* Org Mode::            The Emacs organizer.
* TeX Mode::            Editing TeX and LaTeX files.
* HTML Mode::           Editing HTML and SGML files.
* Nroff Mode::          Editing input to the nroff formatter.
* Enriched Text::       Editing text ``enriched'' with fonts, colors, etc.
* Text Based Tables::   Commands for editing text-based tables.
* Two-Column::          Splitting text columns into separate windows.

Filling Text

* Auto Fill::           Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
* Fill Commands::       Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
* Fill Prefix::         Filling paragraphs that are indented
                          or in a comment, etc.
* Adaptive Fill::       How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.

Outline Mode

* Outline Format::      What the text of an outline looks like.
* Outline Motion::      Special commands for moving through outlines.
* Outline Visibility::  Commands to control what is visible.
* Outline Views::       Outlines and multiple views.
* Foldout::             Folding means zooming in on outlines.

Org Mode

* Org Organizer::       Managing TODO lists and agendas.
* Org Authoring::       Exporting Org buffers to various formats.

@TeX{} Mode

* TeX Editing::         Special commands for editing in TeX mode.
* LaTeX Editing::       Additional commands for LaTeX input files.
* TeX Print::           Commands for printing part of a file with TeX.
* TeX Misc::            Customization of TeX mode, and related features.

Editing Enriched Text

* Enriched Mode::           Entering and exiting Enriched mode.
* Hard and Soft Newlines::  There are two different kinds of newlines.
* Editing Format Info::     How to edit text properties.
* Enriched Faces::          Bold, italic, underline, etc.
* Enriched Indentation::    Changing the left and right margins.
* Enriched Justification::  Centering, setting text flush with the
                              left or right margin, etc.
* Enriched Properties::     The "special" text properties submenu.

@c The automatic texinfo menu update inserts some duplicate items here
@c (faces, colors, indentation, justification, properties), because
@c they are listed in two menus.  But we already have them above, no
@c need to list them twice.

Editing Text-based Tables

* Table Definition::    What is a text based table.
* Table Creation::      How to create a table.
* Table Recognition::   How to activate and deactivate tables.
* Cell Commands::       Cell-oriented commands in a table.
* Cell Justification::  Justifying cell contents.
* Table Rows and Columns:: Inserting and deleting rows and columns.
* Table Conversion::    Converting between plain text and tables.
* Table Misc::          Table miscellany.

Editing Programs

* Program Modes::       Major modes for editing programs.
* Defuns::              Commands to operate on major top-level parts
                          of a program.
* Program Indent::      Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
* Parentheses::         Commands that operate on parentheses.
* Comments::            Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
* Documentation::       Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
* Hideshow::            Displaying blocks selectively.
* Symbol Completion::   Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
* Glasses::             Making identifiersLikeThis more readable.
* Semantic::            Suite of editing tools based on source code parsing.
* Misc for Programs::   Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
* C Modes::             Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C,
                          Java, IDL, Pike and AWK modes.
* Asm Mode::            Asm mode and its special features.
@ifnottex
* Fortran::             Fortran mode and its special features.
@end ifnottex

Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns

* Left Margin Paren::   An open-paren or similar opening delimiter
                          starts a defun if it is at the left margin.
* Moving by Defuns::    Commands to move over or mark a major definition.
* Imenu::               Making buffer indexes as menus.
* Which Function::      Which Function mode shows which function you are in.

Indentation for Programs

* Basic Indent::        Indenting a single line.
* Multi-line Indent::   Commands to reindent many lines at once.
* Lisp Indent::         Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
* C Indent::            Extra features for indenting C and related modes.
* Custom C Indent::     Controlling indentation style for C and related modes.

Commands for Editing with Parentheses

* Expressions::         Expressions with balanced parentheses.
* Moving by Parens::    Commands for moving up, down and across
                          in the structure of parentheses.
* Matching::            Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.

Manipulating Comments

* Comment Commands::    Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
* Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments.
* Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features.

Documentation Lookup

* Info Lookup::        Looking up library functions and commands in Info files.
* Man Page::           Looking up man pages of library functions and commands.
* Lisp Doc::           Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc.

C and Related Modes

* Motion in C::         Commands to move by C statements, etc.
* Electric C::          Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
* Hungry Delete::       A more powerful DEL command.
* Other C Commands::    Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
                          and other neat features.

@ifnottex
Fortran Mode

* Fortran Motion::      Moving point by statements or subprograms.
* Fortran Indent::      Indentation commands for Fortran.
* Fortran Comments::    Inserting and aligning comments.
* Fortran Autofill::    Auto fill support for Fortran.
* Fortran Columns::     Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
* Fortran Abbrev::      Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.

Fortran Indentation

* ForIndent Commands::  Commands for indenting and filling Fortran.
* ForIndent Cont::      How continuation lines indent.
* ForIndent Num::       How line numbers auto-indent.
* ForIndent Conv::      Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble.
* ForIndent Vars::      Variables controlling Fortran indent style.
@end ifnottex

Compiling and Testing Programs

* Compilation::         Compiling programs in languages other
                          than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
* Compilation Mode::    The mode for visiting compiler errors.
* Compilation Shell::   Customizing your shell properly
                          for use in the compilation buffer.
* Grep Searching::      Searching with grep.
* Flymake::             Finding syntax errors on the fly.
* Debuggers::           Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
* Executing Lisp::      Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
                          with different facilities for running
                          the Lisp programs.
* Lisp Libraries::      How Lisp programs are loaded into Emacs.
* Lisp Eval::           Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
* Lisp Interaction::    Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
* External Lisp::       Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.

Running Debuggers Under Emacs

* Starting GUD::        How to start a debugger subprocess.
* Debugger Operation::  Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
* Commands of GUD::     Key bindings for common commands.
* GUD Customization::   Defining your own commands for GUD.
* GDB Graphical Interface::  An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to
                          implement a graphical debugging environment.

GDB Graphical Interface

* GDB User Interface Layout::   Control the number of displayed buffers.
* Source Buffers::              Use the mouse in the fringe/margin to
                                control your program.
* Breakpoints Buffer::          A breakpoint control panel.
* Threads Buffer::              Displays your threads.
* Stack Buffer::                Select a frame from the call stack.
* Other GDB Buffers::           Other buffers for controlling the GDB state.
* Watch Expressions::           Monitor variable values in the speedbar.
* Multithreaded Debugging::     Debugging programs with several threads.

Maintaining Large Programs

* Version Control::     Using version control systems.
* Change Log::          Maintaining a change history for your program.
* Tags::                Go directly to any function in your program in one
                          command.  Tags remembers which file it is in.
* EDE::                 An integrated development environment for Emacs.
@ifnottex
* Emerge::              A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
@end ifnottex

Version Control

* Introduction to VC::  How version control works in general.
* VC Mode Line::        How the mode line shows version control status.
* Basic VC Editing::    How to edit a file under version control.
* Log Buffer::          Features available in log entry buffers.
* Registering::         Putting a file under version control.
* Old Revisions::       Examining and comparing old versions.
* VC Change Log::       Viewing the VC Change Log.
* VC Undo::             Canceling changes before or after committing.
* VC Directory Mode::   Listing files managed by version control.
* Branches::            Multiple lines of development.
@ifnottex
* Miscellaneous VC::    Various other commands and features of VC.
* Customizing VC::      Variables that change VC's behavior.
@end ifnottex

Introduction to Version Control

* Why Version Control?::    Understanding the problems it addresses.
* Version Control Systems:: Supported version control back-end systems.
* VCS Concepts::            Words and concepts related to version control.
* VCS Merging::             How file conflicts are handled.
* VCS Changesets::          Changesets in version control.
* VCS Repositories::        Where version control repositories are stored.
* Types of Log File::       The VCS log in contrast to the ChangeLog.

Basic Editing under Version Control

* VC With A Merging VCS::  Without locking: default mode for CVS.
* VC With A Locking VCS::  RCS in its default mode, SCCS, and optionally CVS.
* Advanced C-x v v::       Advanced features available with a prefix argument.

VC Directory Mode

* VC Directory Buffer::   What the buffer looks like and means.
* VC Directory Commands:: Commands to use in a VC directory buffer.

Multiple Branches of a File

* Switching Branches::    How to get to another existing branch.
* VC Pull::               Updating a branch from another branch.
* Merging::               Transferring changes between branches.
* Creating Branches::     How to start a new branch.

@ifnottex
Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC

* Change Logs and VC::    Generating a change log file from log entries.
* VC Delete/Rename::      Deleting and renaming version-controlled files.
* Revision Tags::         Symbolic names for revisions.
* Version Headers::       Inserting version control headers into working files.

Customizing VC

* General VC Options::    Options that apply to multiple back ends.
* RCS and SCCS::          Options for RCS and SCCS.
* CVS Options::           Options for CVS.
@end ifnottex

Change Logs

* Change Log Commands:: Commands for editing change log files.
* Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like.

Tags Tables

* Tag Syntax::          Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
* Create Tags Table::   Creating a tags table with @code{etags}.
* Etags Regexps::       Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions.
* Select Tags Table::   How to visit a tags table.
* Find Tag::            Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
* Tags Search::         Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
* List Tags::           Listing and finding tags defined in a file.

@ifnottex
Merging Files with Emerge

* Overview of Emerge::  How to start Emerge.  Basic concepts.
* Submodes of Emerge::  Fast mode vs. Edit mode.
                          Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
* State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B
                          for each difference.
* Merge Commands::      Commands for selecting a difference,
                          changing states of differences, etc.
* Exiting Emerge::      What to do when you've finished the merge.
* Combining in Emerge::     How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
* Fine Points of Emerge::   Miscellaneous issues.
@end ifnottex

Abbrevs

* Abbrev Concepts::     Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
* Defining Abbrevs::    Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
* Expanding Abbrevs::   Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
* Editing Abbrevs::     Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
* Saving Abbrevs::      Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
* Dynamic Abbrevs::     Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
* Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs.  Case handling.

@ifnottex
Editing Pictures

* Basic Picture::         Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
* Insert in Picture::     Controlling direction of cursor motion
                            after "self-inserting" characters.
* Tabs in Picture::       Various features for tab stops and indentation.
* Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
@end ifnottex

Dired, the Directory Editor

* Dired Enter::              How to invoke Dired.
* Dired Navigation::         Special motion commands in the Dired buffer.
* Dired Deletion::           Deleting files with Dired.
* Flagging Many Files::      Flagging files based on their names.
* Dired Visiting::           Other file operations through Dired.
* Marks vs Flags::           Flagging for deletion vs marking.
* Operating on Files::       How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
                               either one file or several files.
* Shell Commands in Dired::  Running a shell command on the marked files.
* Transforming File Names::  Using patterns to rename multiple files.
* Comparison in Dired::      Running `diff' by way of Dired.
* Subdirectories in Dired::  Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
@ifnottex
* Subdir Switches::          Subdirectory switches in Dired.
@end ifnottex
* Subdirectory Motion::      Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
* Hiding Subdirectories::    Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
* Dired Updating::           Discarding lines for files of no interest.
* Dired and Find::           Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
* Wdired::                   Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer.
* Image-Dired::              Viewing image thumbnails in Dired.
* Misc Dired Features::      Various other features.

The Calendar and the Diary

* Calendar Motion::     Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
* Scroll Calendar::     Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
* Counting Days::       How many days are there between two dates?
* General Calendar::    Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
* Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats.
* Holidays::            Displaying dates of holidays.
* Sunrise/Sunset::      Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
* Lunar Phases::        Displaying phases of the moon.
* Other Calendars::     Converting dates to other calendar systems.
* Diary::               Displaying events from your diary.
* Appointments::        Reminders when it's time to do something.
* Importing Diary::     Converting diary events to/from other formats.
* Daylight Saving::     How to specify when daylight saving time is active.
* Time Intervals::      Keeping track of time intervals.
@ifnottex
* Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization.
@end ifnottex

Movement in the Calendar

* Calendar Unit Motion::      Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
* Move to Beginning or End::  Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
* Specified Dates::           Moving to the current date or another
                                specific date.

Conversion To and From Other Calendars

* Calendar Systems::       The calendars Emacs understands
                             (aside from Gregorian).
* To Other Calendar::      Converting the selected date to various calendars.
* From Other Calendar::    Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
* Mayan Calendar::         Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.

The Diary

* Displaying the Diary::   Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
* Format of Diary File::   Entering events in your diary.
* Date Formats::           Various ways you can specify dates.
* Adding to Diary::        Commands to create diary entries.
* Special Diary Entries::  Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.

@ifnottex
Customizing the Calendar and Diary

* Calendar Customizing::   Calendar layout and hooks.
* Holiday Customizing::    Defining your own holidays.
* Date Display Format::    Changing the format.
* Time Display Format::    Changing the format.
* Diary Customizing::      Defaults you can set.
* Non-Gregorian Diary::    Diary entries based on other calendars.
* Diary Display::          A choice of ways to display the diary.
* Fancy Diary Display::    Sorting diary entries, using included diary files.
* Sexp Diary Entries::     More flexible diary entries.
@end ifnottex

Document Viewing

* DocView Navigation::  Navigating DocView buffers.
* DocView Searching::   Searching inside documents.
* DocView Slicing::     Specifying which part of a page is displayed.
* DocView Conversion::  Influencing and triggering conversion.

Sending Mail

* Mail Format::         Format of the mail being composed.
* Mail Headers::        Details of some standard mail header fields.
* Mail Aliases::        Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
* Mail Commands::       Special commands for editing mail being composed.
* Mail Signature::      Adding a signature to every message.
* Mail Amusements::     Distracting the NSA; adding fortune messages.
* Mail Methods::        Using alternative mail-composition methods.

Mail Commands

* Mail Sending::        Commands to send the message.
* Header Editing::      Commands to move to header fields and edit them.
* Citing Mail::         Quoting a message you are replying to.
* Mail Misc::           Attachments, spell checking, etc.

Reading Mail with Rmail

* Rmail Basics::        Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
* Rmail Scrolling::     Scrolling through a message.
* Rmail Motion::        Moving to another message.
* Rmail Deletion::      Deleting and expunging messages.
* Rmail Inbox::         How mail gets into the Rmail file.
* Rmail Files::         Using multiple Rmail files.
* Rmail Output::        Copying message out to files.
* Rmail Labels::        Classifying messages by labeling them.
* Rmail Attributes::    Certain standard labels, called attributes.
* Rmail Reply::         Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
* Rmail Summary::       Summaries show brief info on many messages.
* Rmail Sorting::       Sorting messages in Rmail.
* Rmail Display::       How Rmail displays a message; customization.
* Rmail Coding::        How Rmail handles decoding character sets.
* Rmail Editing::       Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
* Rmail Digest::        Extracting the messages from a digest message.
* Rmail Rot13::         Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
* Movemail::            More details of fetching new mail.
* Remote Mailboxes::    Retrieving mail from remote mailboxes.
* Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving mail from local mailboxes in
                          various formats.

Rmail Summaries

* Rmail Make Summary::  Making various sorts of summaries.
* Rmail Summary Edit::  Manipulating messages from the summary.

Gnus

* Buffers of Gnus::     The group, summary, and article buffers.
* Gnus Startup::        What you should know about starting Gnus.
* Gnus Group Buffer::   A short description of Gnus group commands.
* Gnus Summary Buffer:: A short description of Gnus summary commands.

Running Shell Commands from Emacs

* Single Shell::        How to run one shell command and return.
* Interactive Shell::   Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
* Shell Mode::          Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
* Shell Prompts::       Two ways to recognize shell prompts.
* Shell History::       Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
* Directory Tracking::  Keeping track when the subshell changes directory.
* Shell Options::       Options for customizing Shell mode.
* Terminal emulator::   An Emacs window as a terminal emulator.
* Term Mode::           Special Emacs commands used in Term mode.
* Remote Host::         Connecting to another computer.
* Serial Terminal::     Connecting to a serial port.

Shell Command History

* Shell Ring::           Fetching commands from the history list.
* Shell History Copying::Moving to a command and then copying it.
* History References::   Expanding @samp{!}-style history references.

Using Emacs as a Server

* Invoking emacsclient:: Connecting to the Emacs server.
* emacsclient Options::  Emacs client startup options.

Printing Hard Copies

* PostScript::           Printing buffers or regions as PostScript.
* PostScript Variables:: Customizing the PostScript printing commands.
* Printing Package::     An optional advanced printing interface.

Hyperlinking and Navigation Features

* Browse-URL::          Following URLs.
* Goto Address mode::   Activating URLs.
* FFAP::                Finding files etc. at point.

Emacs Lisp Packages

* Package Menu::         Buffer for viewing and managing packages.
* Package Installation:: Options for package installation.
* Package Files::        Where packages are installed.

Customization

* Easy Customization::  Convenient way to browse and change settings.
* Variables::           Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
                          to decide what to do; by setting variables,
                          you can control their functioning.
* Key Bindings::        Keymaps say what command each key runs.
                          By changing them, you can "redefine" keys.
* Init File::           How to write common customizations in the
                          @file{.emacs} file.

Easy Customization Interface

* Customization Groups::     How settings are classified.
* Browsing Custom::          Browsing and searching for settings.
* Changing a Variable::      How to edit an option's value and set the option.
* Saving Customizations::    Saving customizations for future Emacs sessions.
* Face Customization::       How to edit the attributes of a face.
* Specific Customization::   Customizing specific settings or groups.
* Custom Themes::            Collections of customization settings.
* Creating Custom Themes::   How to create a new custom theme.

Variables

* Examining::           Examining or setting one variable's value.
* Hooks::               Hook variables let you specify programs for parts
                          of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
* Locals::              Per-buffer values of variables.
* File Variables::      How files can specify variable values.
* Directory Variables:: How variable values can be specified by directory.

Local Variables in Files

* Specifying File Variables:: Specifying file local variables.
* Safe File Variables::       Making sure file local variables are safe.

Customizing Key Bindings

* Keymaps::             Generalities.  The global keymap.
* Prefix Keymaps::      Keymaps for prefix keys.
* Local Keymaps::       Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
* Minibuffer Maps::     The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
* Rebinding::           How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
* Init Rebinding::      Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}.
* Modifier Keys::       Using modifier keys in key bindings.
* Function Keys::       Rebinding terminal function keys.
* Named ASCII Chars::   Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on.
* Mouse Buttons::       Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
* Disabling::           Disabling a command means confirmation is required
                          before it can be executed.  This is done to protect
                          beginners from surprises.

The Init File, @file{~/.emacs}

* Init Syntax::         Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
* Init Examples::       How to do some things with an init file.
* Terminal Init::       Each terminal type can have an init file.
* Find Init::           How Emacs finds the init file.
* Init Non-ASCII::      Using non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in an init file.

Dealing with Emacs Trouble

* DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete.
* Stuck Recursive::     `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
* Screen Garbled::      Garbage on the screen.
* Text Garbled::        Garbage in the text.
* Memory Full::         How to cope when you run out of memory.
* After a Crash::       Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed.
* Emergency Escape::    What to do if Emacs stops responding.

Reporting Bugs

* Known Problems::      How to read about known problems and bugs.
* Bug Criteria::        Have you really found a bug?
* Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively.
* Checklist::           Steps to follow for a good bug report.
* Sending Patches::     How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.

Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation

* Action Arguments::    Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
                          and call functions.
* Initial Options::     Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
* Command Example::     Examples of using command line arguments.
* Environment::         Environment variables that Emacs uses.
* Display X::           Changing the default display and using remote login.
* Font X::              Choosing a font for text, under X.
* Colors X::            Choosing display colors.
* Window Size X::       Start-up window size, under X.
* Borders X::           Internal and external borders, under X.
* Title X::             Specifying the initial frame's title.
* Icons X::             Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
* Misc X::              Other display options.

Environment Variables

* General Variables::   Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
* Misc Variables::      Certain system-specific variables.
* MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows.

X Options and Resources

* Resources::           Using X resources with Emacs (in general).
* Table of Resources::  Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs.
* Lucid Resources::     X resources for Lucid menus.
* LessTif Resources::   X resources for LessTif and Motif menus.
* GTK resources::       Resources for GTK widgets.

GTK resources

* GTK Resource Basics::   Basic usage of GTK+ resources.
* GTK Widget Names::      How GTK+ widgets are named.
* GTK Names in Emacs::    GTK+ widgets used by Emacs.
* GTK styles::            What can be customized in a GTK widget.

Emacs and Mac OS / GNUstep

* Mac / GNUstep Basics::        Basic Emacs usage under GNUstep or Mac OS.
* Mac / GNUstep Customization:: Customizations under GNUstep or Mac OS.
* Mac / GNUstep Events::        How window system events are handled.
* GNUstep Support::             Details on status of GNUstep support.

Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS

* Windows Startup::     How to start Emacs on Windows.
* Text and Binary::     Text files use CRLF to terminate lines.
* Windows Files::       File-name conventions on Windows.
* ls in Lisp::          Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired.
* Windows HOME::        Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}.
* Windows Keyboard::    Windows-specific keyboard features.
* Windows Mouse::       Windows-specific mouse features.
* Windows Processes::   Running subprocesses on Windows.
* Windows Printing::    How to specify the printer on MS-Windows.
* Windows Fonts::       Specifying fonts on MS-Windows.
* Windows Misc::        Miscellaneous Windows features.
@ifnottex
* MS-DOS::              Using Emacs on MS-DOS.

Emacs and MS-DOS

* MS-DOS Keyboard::     Keyboard conventions on MS-DOS.
* MS-DOS Mouse::        Mouse conventions on MS-DOS.
* MS-DOS Display::      Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS.
* MS-DOS File Names::   File name conventions on MS-DOS.
* MS-DOS Printing::     Printing specifics on MS-DOS.
* MS-DOS and MULE::     Support for internationalization on MS-DOS.
* MS-DOS Processes::    Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
@end ifnottex

@end detailmenu
@end menu

@iftex
@unnumbered Preface

  This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs
editor.  Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a
programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can
ignore the customization hints.

  This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a
primer.  If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with
the integrated, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual.  To
run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}.  The tutorial
describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the
results.  The tutorial is available in several languages.

  On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the
notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the
Emacs display screen.  Note which questions are answered in these
chapters, so you can refer back later.  After reading chapter 4, you
should practice the commands shown there.  The next few chapters
describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly.
You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them
until you are fluent.

  Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are
useful for many kinds of editing.  Chapter 20 and following chapters
describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you
need them.

  Read the Common Problems chapter if Emacs does not seem to be
working properly.  It explains how to cope with several common
problems (@pxref{Lossage,, Dealing with Emacs Trouble}), as well as
when and how to report Emacs bugs (@pxref{Bugs}).

  To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index.
Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes.
There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.

  This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file.
The Info file is for reading from Emacs itself, or with the Info program.
Info is the principal format for documentation in the GNU system.
The Info file and the printed book contain substantially the same text
and are generated from the same source files, which are also
distributed with GNU Emacs.

  GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family.  There are many
Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization.  For
information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons
learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible,
Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from
@url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}.

This version of the manual is mainly intended for use with GNU Emacs
installed on GNU and Unix systems.  GNU Emacs can also be used on
MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems.  The Info file
version of this manual contains some more information about using
Emacs on those systems.  Those systems use different file name syntax;
in addition MS-DOS does not support all GNU Emacs features.
@xref{Microsoft Windows}, for information about using Emacs on
Windows.  @xref{Mac OS / GNUstep}, for information about using Emacs
on Macintosh (and GNUstep).
@end iftex

@node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top
@unnumbered Distribution

GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to
use it and free to redistribute it under certain conditions.  GNU Emacs
is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are
restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed
to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do.
What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing
any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you.  The precise
conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with
Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself
covered by the GNU Free Documentation License.  This license is
similar in spirit to the General Public License, but is more suitable
for documentation.  @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}.
@xref{Copying}.

One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it.
You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else;
just copy it.  If you have access to the Internet, you can get the
latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see
@url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more
information.

You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer.  Computer
manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to
everyone else.  These terms require them to give you the full sources,
including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to
redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the
General Public License.  In other words, the program must be free for you
when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.

If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the
Free Software Foundation to support our work.  Donations to the Free
Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US.  If you use GNU Emacs
at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. 
For more information on how you can help, see
@url{http://www.gnu.org/help/help.html}.

We also sell hardcopy versions of this manual and @cite{An
Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, by Robert J.@: Chassell.
You can visit our online store at @url{http://shop.fsf.org/}.
The income from sales goes to support the foundation's purpose: the
development of new free software, and improvements to our existing
programs including GNU Emacs.

If you need to contact the Free Software Foundation, see
@url{http://www.fsf.org/about/contact/}, or write to

@display
Free Software Foundation
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
Boston, MA 02110-1301
USA
@end display

@iftex
@node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top
@unnumberedsec Acknowledgments

Contributors to GNU Emacs include Jari Aalto, Per Abrahamsen, Tomas
Abrahamsson, Jay K.@: Adams, Alon Albert, Michael Albinus, Nagy