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c89da685 | 1 | .\" See section COPYING for copyright and redistribution information. |
3f2d84c7 | 2 | .TH EMACS 1 "2007 April 13" "GNU Emacs 23.0.91" |
cbe77461 GM |
3 | . |
4 | . | |
5 | .SH NAME | |
6 | emacs \- GNU project Emacs | |
7 | . | |
8 | . | |
9 | .SH SYNOPSIS | |
10 | .B emacs | |
11 | [ | |
12 | .I command-line switches | |
13 | ] [ | |
14 | .I files ...\& | |
15 | ] | |
16 | . | |
17 | . | |
18 | .SH DESCRIPTION | |
19 | .I GNU Emacs | |
20 | is a version of | |
21 | .IR Emacs , | |
22 | written by the author of the original (PDP-10) | |
23 | .IR Emacs , | |
24 | Richard Stallman. | |
25 | .br | |
26 | The primary documentation of GNU Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual, | |
27 | which you can read using Info, either from Emacs or as a standalone | |
28 | program. | |
29 | Please look there for complete and up-to-date documentation. | |
30 | This man page is updated only when someone volunteers to do so; the | |
31 | Emacs maintainers' priority goal is to minimize the amount of time | |
32 | this man page takes away from other more useful projects. | |
33 | .br | |
34 | The user functionality of GNU Emacs encompasses | |
35 | everything other | |
36 | .I Emacs | |
37 | editors do, and it is easily extensible since its | |
38 | editing commands are written in Lisp. | |
39 | .PP | |
40 | .I Emacs | |
41 | has an extensive interactive help facility, | |
42 | but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate | |
43 | .I Emacs | |
44 | windows and buffers. | |
45 | CTRL-h or F1 enters the Help facility. | |
46 | Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) starts an interactive tutorial which can | |
47 | teach beginners the fundamentals of | |
48 | .I Emacs | |
49 | in a few minutes. | |
50 | Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you | |
51 | find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c) | |
52 | describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f) | |
53 | describes a given Lisp function specified by name. | |
54 | .PP | |
55 | .IR Emacs 's | |
56 | Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is | |
57 | easy to recover from editing mistakes. | |
58 | .PP | |
59 | .IR "GNU Emacs" 's | |
60 | many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail), | |
61 | outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells | |
62 | within | |
63 | .I Emacs | |
64 | windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop | |
65 | (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), automated psychotherapy (Doctor), and much more. | |
66 | .PP | |
67 | There is an extensive reference manual, but | |
68 | users of other Emacses | |
69 | should have little trouble adapting even | |
70 | without a copy. | |
71 | Users new to | |
72 | .I Emacs | |
73 | will be able | |
74 | to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and | |
75 | using the self-documentation features. | |
76 | . | |
77 | .SS Emacs Options | |
78 | The following options are of general interest: | |
79 | .RS | |
80 | .TP 8 | |
81 | .I file | |
82 | Edit | |
83 | .IR file . | |
84 | .TP | |
85 | .BI \-\-file " file\fR,\fP " \-\-find-file " file\fR,\fP " \-\-visit " file" | |
86 | The same as specifying | |
87 | .I file | |
88 | directly as an argument. | |
89 | .TP | |
90 | .BI + number | |
91 | Go to the line specified by | |
92 | .I number | |
93 | (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and | |
94 | the number). | |
95 | This applies only to the next file specified. | |
96 | .TP | |
97 | .BI + line:column | |
98 | Go to the specified | |
99 | .I line | |
100 | and | |
101 | .IR column . | |
102 | .TP | |
103 | .BR \-q ", " \-\-no\-init\-file | |
104 | Do not load an init file. | |
105 | .TP | |
106 | .B \-\-no\-site\-file | |
107 | Do not load the site-wide startup file. | |
108 | .TP | |
109 | .B \-\-no\-desktop | |
110 | Do not load a saved desktop. | |
111 | .TP | |
112 | .BR \-nl ", " \-\-no\-shared\-memory | |
113 | Do not use shared memory. | |
114 | .TP | |
115 | .BR \-Q ", " \-\-quick | |
116 | Equivalent to "\-q \-\-no\-site\-file \-\-no\-splash". | |
117 | .TP | |
118 | .B \-\-no\-splash | |
119 | Do not display a splash screen during start-up. | |
120 | .TP | |
121 | .B \-\-debug\-init | |
122 | Enable | |
123 | .I Emacs | |
124 | Lisp debugger during the processing of the user init file | |
125 | .BR ~/.emacs . | |
126 | This is useful for debugging problems in the init file. | |
127 | .TP | |
128 | .BI \-u " user\fR,\fP " \-\-user " user" | |
129 | Load | |
130 | .IR user 's | |
131 | init file. | |
132 | .TP | |
133 | .BI \-t " file\fR,\fP " \-\-terminal " file" | |
134 | Use specified | |
135 | .I file | |
136 | as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout. | |
137 | This must be the first argument specified in the command line. | |
138 | .TP | |
139 | .BR \-\-multibyte ", " \-\-no-unibyte | |
140 | Enable multibyte mode (enabled by default). | |
141 | .TP | |
142 | .BR \-\-unibyte ", " \-\-no-multibyte | |
143 | Enable unibyte mode. | |
144 | .TP | |
145 | .B \-\-version | |
146 | Display | |
147 | .I Emacs | |
148 | version information and exit. | |
149 | .TP | |
150 | .B \-\-help | |
151 | Display this help and exit. | |
152 | .RE | |
153 | .PP | |
154 | The following options are lisp-oriented | |
155 | (these options are processed in the order encountered): | |
156 | .RS | |
157 | .TP 8 | |
158 | .BI \-f " function\fR,\fP " \-\-funcall " function" | |
159 | Execute the lisp function | |
160 | .IR function . | |
161 | .TP | |
162 | .BI \-l " file\fR,\fP " \-\-load " file" | |
163 | Load the lisp code in the file | |
164 | .IR file . | |
165 | .TP | |
166 | .BI \-\-eval " expr\fR,\fP " \-\-execute " expr" | |
167 | Evaluate the Lisp expression | |
168 | .IR expr . | |
169 | .RE | |
170 | .PP | |
171 | The following options are useful when running | |
172 | .I Emacs | |
173 | as a batch editor: | |
174 | .RS | |
175 | .TP 8 | |
176 | .B \-\-batch | |
177 | Edit in batch mode. | |
178 | The editor will send messages to stderr. | |
179 | This option must be the first in the argument list. | |
180 | You must use \-l and \-f options to specify files to execute | |
181 | and functions to call. | |
182 | .TP | |
183 | .BI \-\-script " file" | |
184 | Run | |
185 | .I file | |
186 | as an Emacs Lisp script. | |
187 | .TP | |
188 | .BI \-\-insert " file" | |
189 | Insert contents of | |
190 | .I file | |
191 | into the current buffer. | |
192 | .TP | |
193 | .B \-\-kill | |
194 | Exit | |
195 | .I Emacs | |
196 | while in batch mode. | |
197 | .TP | |
198 | .BI \-L " dir\fR,\fP " \-\-directory " dir" | |
199 | Add | |
200 | .I dir | |
201 | to the list of directories | |
202 | .I Emacs | |
203 | searches for Lisp files. | |
204 | .RE | |
205 | . | |
206 | .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X | |
207 | .SS Using Emacs with X | |
208 | .I Emacs | |
209 | has been tailored to work well with the X window system. | |
210 | If you run | |
211 | .I Emacs | |
212 | from under X windows, it will create its own X window to | |
213 | display in. | |
214 | You will probably want to start the editor as a background | |
215 | process so that you can continue using your original window. | |
216 | .PP | |
217 | .I Emacs | |
218 | can be started with the following X switches: | |
219 | .RS | |
220 | .TP 8 | |
221 | .BI \-\-name " name" | |
222 | Specify the name which should be assigned to the initial | |
223 | .I Emacs | |
224 | window. | |
225 | This controls looking up X resources as well as the window title. | |
226 | .TP | |
227 | .BI \-T " name\fR,\fP " \-\-title " name" | |
228 | Specify the title for the initial X window. | |
229 | .TP | |
230 | .BR \-r ", " \-rv ", " \-\-reverse\-video | |
231 | Display the | |
232 | .I Emacs | |
233 | window in reverse video. | |
234 | .TP | |
235 | .BI \-fn " font\fR,\fP " \-\-font " font" | |
236 | Set the | |
237 | .I Emacs | |
238 | window's font to that specified by | |
239 | .IR font . | |
240 | You will find the various | |
241 | .I X | |
242 | fonts in the | |
243 | .I /usr/lib/X11/fonts | |
244 | directory. | |
245 | Note that | |
246 | .I Emacs | |
247 | will only accept fixed width fonts. | |
248 | Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the | |
249 | value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed | |
250 | width font. | |
251 | Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form | |
252 | .IR width x height | |
253 | are generally fixed width, as is the font | |
254 | .IR fixed . | |
255 | See | |
256 | .BR xlsfonts (1) | |
257 | for more information. | |
258 | ||
259 | When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the | |
260 | switch and the font name. | |
261 | .TP | |
262 | .BI \-\-xrm " resources" | |
263 | Set additional X resources. | |
264 | .TP | |
265 | .BI "\-\-color\fR,\fP \-\-color=" mode | |
266 | Override color mode for character terminals; | |
267 | .I mode | |
268 | defaults to `auto', and can also be `never', `auto', `always', | |
269 | or a mode name like `ansi8'. | |
270 | .TP | |
271 | .BI \-bw " pixels\fR,\fP " \-\-border\-width " pixels" | |
272 | Set the | |
273 | .I Emacs | |
274 | window's border width to the number of pixels specified by | |
275 | .IR pixels . | |
276 | Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window. | |
277 | .TP | |
278 | .BI \-ib " pixels\fR,\fP " \-\-internal\-border " pixels" | |
279 | Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified | |
280 | by | |
281 | .IR pixels . | |
282 | Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window. | |
283 | .TP | |
284 | .BI \-g " geometry\fR,\fP " \-\-geometry " geometry" | |
285 | Set the | |
286 | .I Emacs | |
287 | window's width, height, and position as specified. | |
288 | The geometry specification is in the standard X format; see | |
289 | .BR X (7) | |
290 | for more information. | |
291 | The width and height are specified in characters; the default is | |
292 | 80 by 24. | |
293 | See the Emacs manual, section "Options for Window Size and Position", | |
294 | for information on how window sizes interact | |
295 | with selecting or deselecting the tool bar and menu bar. | |
296 | .TP | |
297 | .BI \-lsp " pixels\fR,\fP " \-\-line\-spacing " pixels" | |
298 | Additional space to put between lines. | |
299 | .TP | |
300 | .BR \-vb ", " \-\-vertical\-scroll\-bars | |
301 | Enable vertical scrollbars. | |
302 | .TP | |
303 | .BR \-fh ", " \-\-fullheight | |
304 | Make the first frame as high as the screen. | |
305 | .TP | |
306 | .BR \-fs ", " \-\-fullscreen | |
307 | Make the first frame fullscreen. | |
308 | .TP | |
309 | .BR \-fw ", " \-\-fullwidth | |
310 | Make the first frame as wide as the screen. | |
311 | .TP | |
312 | .BI \-fg " color\fR,\fP " \-\-foreground\-color " color" | |
313 | On color displays, set the color of the text. | |
314 | ||
315 | Use the command | |
316 | .I M\-x list\-colors\-display | |
317 | for a list of valid color names. | |
318 | .TP | |
319 | .BI \-bg " color\fR,\fP " \-\-background\-color " color" | |
320 | On color displays, set the color of the window's background. | |
321 | .TP | |
322 | .BI \-bd " color\fR,\fP " \-\-border\-color " color" | |
323 | On color displays, set the color of the window's border. | |
324 | .TP | |
325 | .BI \-cr " color\fR,\fP " \-\-cursor\-color " color" | |
326 | On color displays, set the color of the window's text cursor. | |
327 | .TP | |
328 | .BI \-ms " color\fR,\fP " \-\-mouse\-color " color" | |
329 | On color displays, set the color of the window's mouse cursor. | |
330 | .TP | |
331 | .BI \-d " displayname\fR,\fP " \-\-display " displayname" | |
332 | Create the | |
333 | .I Emacs | |
334 | window on the display specified by | |
335 | .IR displayname . | |
336 | Must be the first option specified in the command line. | |
337 | .TP | |
338 | .BR \-nbi ", " \-\-no\-bitmap\-icon | |
339 | Do not use picture of gnu for Emacs icon. | |
340 | .TP | |
341 | .B \-\-iconic | |
342 | Start | |
343 | .I Emacs | |
344 | in iconified state. | |
345 | .TP | |
346 | .BR \-nbc ", " \-\-no\-blinking\-cursor | |
347 | Disable blinking cursor. | |
348 | .TP | |
349 | .BR \-nw ", " \-\-no\-window\-system | |
350 | Tell | |
351 | .I Emacs | |
352 | not to use its special interface to X. | |
353 | If you use this switch when invoking | |
354 | .I Emacs | |
355 | from an | |
356 | .BR xterm (1) | |
357 | window, display is done in that window. | |
358 | .TP | |
359 | .BR \-D ", " \-\-basic\-display | |
360 | This option disables many display features; use it for | |
361 | debugging Emacs. | |
362 | .RE | |
363 | .PP | |
364 | You can set | |
365 | .I X | |
366 | default values for your | |
367 | .I Emacs | |
368 | windows in your | |
369 | .I \.Xresources | |
370 | file (see | |
371 | .BR xrdb (1)). | |
372 | Use the following format: | |
373 | .IP | |
374 | .RI emacs. keyword : value | |
375 | .PP | |
376 | where | |
377 | .I value | |
378 | specifies the default value of | |
379 | .IR keyword . | |
380 | .I Emacs | |
381 | lets you set default values for the following keywords: | |
382 | .RS | |
383 | .TP 8 | |
384 | .BR background " (class " Background ) | |
385 | For color displays, | |
386 | sets the window's background color. | |
387 | .TP | |
388 | .BR bitmapIcon " (class " BitmapIcon ) | |
389 | If | |
390 | .BR bitmapIcon 's | |
391 | value is set to | |
392 | .IR on , | |
393 | the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink." | |
394 | .TP | |
395 | .BR borderColor " (class " BorderColor ) | |
396 | For color displays, | |
397 | sets the color of the window's border. | |
398 | .TP | |
399 | .BR borderWidth " (class " BorderWidth ) | |
400 | Sets the window's border width in pixels. | |
401 | .TP | |
402 | .BR cursorColor " (class " Foreground ) | |
403 | For color displays, | |
404 | sets the color of the window's text cursor. | |
405 | .TP | |
406 | .BR cursorBlink " (class " CursorBlink ) | |
407 | Specifies whether to make the cursor blink. | |
408 | The default is | |
409 | .IR on . | |
410 | Use | |
411 | .I off | |
412 | or | |
413 | .I false | |
414 | to turn cursor blinking off. | |
415 | .TP | |
416 | .BR font " (class " Font ) | |
417 | Sets the window's text font. | |
418 | .TP | |
419 | .BR foreground " (class " Foreground ) | |
420 | For color displays, | |
421 | sets the window's text color. | |
422 | .TP | |
423 | .BR fullscreen " (class " Fullscreen ) | |
424 | The desired fullscreen size. | |
425 | The value can be one of | |
426 | .IR fullboth , | |
427 | .IR fullwidth , | |
428 | or | |
429 | .IR fullheight , | |
430 | which correspond to the command-line options `\-fs', `\-fw', and | |
431 | `\-fh', respectively. | |
432 | Note that this applies to the initial frame only. | |
433 | .TP | |
434 | .BR geometry " (class " Geometry ) | |
435 | Sets the geometry of the | |
436 | .I Emacs | |
437 | window (as described above). | |
438 | .TP | |
439 | .BR iconName " (class " Title ) | |
440 | Sets the icon name for the | |
441 | .I Emacs | |
442 | window icon. | |
443 | .TP | |
444 | .BR internalBorder " (class " BorderWidth ) | |
445 | Sets the window's internal border width in pixels. | |
446 | .TP | |
447 | .BR lineSpacing " (class " LineSpacing ) | |
448 | Additional space ("leading") between lines, in pixels. | |
449 | .TP | |
450 | .BR menuBar " (class " MenuBar ) | |
451 | Gives frames menu bars if | |
452 | .IR on ; | |
453 | don't have menu bars if | |
454 | .IR off . | |
455 | See the Emacs manual, sections "Lucid Resources" and "LessTif | |
456 | Resources", for how to control the appearance of the menu bar | |
457 | if you have one. | |
458 | .TP | |
459 | .BR minibuffer " (class " Minibuffer ) | |
460 | If | |
461 | .IR none , | |
462 | don't make a minibuffer in this frame. | |
463 | It will use a separate minibuffer frame instead. | |
464 | .TP | |
465 | .BR paneFont " (class " Font ) | |
466 | Font name for menu pane titles, in non-toolkit versions of | |
467 | .IR Emacs . | |
468 | .TP | |
469 | .BR pointerColor " (class " Foreground ) | |
470 | For color displays, | |
471 | sets the color of the window's mouse cursor. | |
472 | .TP | |
473 | .BR privateColormap " (class " PrivateColormap ) | |
474 | If | |
475 | .IR on , | |
476 | use a private color map, in the case where the "default | |
477 | visual" of class | |
478 | .B PseudoColor | |
479 | and | |
480 | .B Emacs | |
481 | is using it. | |
482 | .TP | |
483 | .BR reverseVideo " (class " ReverseVideo ) | |
484 | If | |
485 | .BR reverseVideo 's | |
486 | value is set to | |
487 | .IR on , | |
488 | the window will be displayed in reverse video. | |
489 | .TP | |
490 | .BR screenGamma " (class "ScreenGamma ) | |
491 | Gamma correction for colors, equivalent to the frame parameter | |
492 | `screen\-gamma'. | |
493 | .TP | |
494 | .BR scrollBarWidth " (class "ScrollBarWidth ) | |
495 | The scroll bar width in pixels, equivalent to the frame parameter | |
496 | `scroll\-bar\-width'. | |
497 | .TP | |
498 | .BR selectionFont " (class " SelectionFont ) | |
499 | Font name for pop-up menu items, in non-toolkit versions of | |
500 | .IR Emacs . | |
501 | (For toolkit versions, see the Emacs manual, sections | |
502 | "Lucid Resources" and "LessTif Resources".) | |
503 | .TP | |
504 | .BR selectionTimeout " (class " SelectionTimeout ) | |
505 | Number of milliseconds to wait for a selection reply. | |
506 | A value of 0 means wait as long as necessary. | |
507 | .TP | |
508 | .BR synchronous " (class " Synchronous ) | |
509 | Run Emacs in synchronous mode if | |
510 | .IR on . | |
511 | Synchronous mode is useful for debugging X problems. | |
512 | .TP | |
513 | .BR title " (class " Title ) | |
514 | Sets the title of the | |
515 | .I Emacs | |
516 | window. | |
517 | .TP | |
518 | .BR toolBar " (class " ToolBar ) | |
519 | Number of lines to reserve for the tool bar. | |
520 | .TP | |
521 | .BR useXIM " (class " UseXIM ) | |
522 | Turns off use of X input methods (XIM) if | |
523 | .I false | |
524 | or | |
525 | .IR off . | |
526 | .TP | |
527 | .BR verticalScrollBars " (class " ScrollBars ) | |
528 | Gives frames scroll bars if | |
529 | .IR on ; | |
530 | suppresses scroll bars if | |
531 | .IR off . | |
532 | .TP | |
533 | .BR visualClass " (class " VisualClass ) | |
534 | Specify the "visual" that X should use. | |
535 | This tells X how to handle colors. | |
536 | The value should start with one of | |
537 | .IR TrueColor , | |
538 | .IR PseudoColor , | |
539 | .IR DirectColor , | |
540 | .IR StaticColor , | |
541 | .IR GrayScale , | |
542 | and | |
543 | .IR StaticGray , | |
544 | followed by | |
545 | .BI \- depth\fR,\fP | |
546 | where | |
547 | .I depth | |
548 | is the number of color planes. | |
549 | .RE | |
550 | .PP | |
551 | If you try to set color values while using a black and white display, | |
552 | the window's characteristics will default as follows: | |
553 | the foreground color will be set to black, | |
554 | the background color will be set to white, | |
555 | the border color will be set to grey, | |
556 | and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black. | |
557 | . | |
558 | .SS Using the Mouse | |
559 | .PP | |
560 | The following lists some of the mouse button bindings for the | |
561 | .I Emacs | |
562 | window under X11. | |
563 | . | |
564 | .RS | |
565 | .TS | |
566 | l l | |
567 | - - | |
568 | l l. | |
569 | MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION | |
570 | left Set point. | |
571 | middle Paste text. | |
572 | right Cut text into X cut buffer. | |
573 | SHIFT-middle Cut text into X cut buffer. | |
574 | SHIFT-right Paste text. | |
575 | CTRL-middle Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it. | |
576 | CTRL-right T{ | |
577 | Select this window, then split it into two windows. | |
578 | Same as typing CTRL\-x 2. | |
579 | T} | |
580 | .\" START DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS | |
581 | CTRL-SHIFT-left T{ | |
582 | X buffer menu \(em hold the buttons and keys | |
583 | down, wait for menu to appear, select buffer, and release. | |
584 | Move mouse out of menu and release to cancel. | |
585 | T} | |
586 | CTRL-SHIFT-middle T{ | |
587 | X help menu \(em pop up index card menu for Emacs help. | |
588 | T} | |
589 | .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X MENUS | |
590 | CTRL-SHIFT-right T{ | |
591 | Select window with mouse, and delete all other windows. | |
592 | Same as typing CTRL\-x 1. | |
593 | T} | |
594 | .\" STOP DELETING HERE IF YOU'RE NOT USING X | |
595 | .TE | |
596 | .RE | |
597 | . | |
598 | . | |
599 | .SH MANUALS | |
600 | You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free | |
601 | Software Foundation, which develops GNU software. | |
602 | See the file ORDERS for ordering information. | |
603 | .br | |
604 | Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available. | |
605 | As with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted | |
606 | to make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual. | |
607 | The TeX source to the manual is also included in the Emacs source | |
608 | distribution. | |
609 | . | |
610 | . | |
611 | .SH FILES | |
612 | /usr/local/share/info \(em files for the Info documentation browser. | |
613 | The complete text of the Emacs reference manual is included in a | |
614 | convenient tree structured form. | |
615 | Also includes the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, useful to anyone | |
616 | wishing to write programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language. | |
617 | ||
618 | /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp \(em Lisp source files and | |
619 | compiled files that define most editing commands. | |
620 | Some are preloaded; others are autoloaded from this directory when | |
621 | used. | |
622 | ||
623 | /usr/local/libexec/emacs/$VERSION/$ARCH \(em various programs that are | |
624 | used with GNU Emacs. | |
625 | ||
626 | /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc \(em various files of information. | |
627 | ||
628 | /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* \(em contains the documentation | |
629 | strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions | |
630 | of GNU Emacs. | |
631 | They are stored here to reduce the size of Emacs proper. | |
632 | ||
633 | /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering | |
634 | various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education, | |
635 | troubleshooting, porting and customization. | |
636 | . | |
637 | . | |
638 | .SH BUGS | |
639 | There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org, for reporting Emacs | |
640 | bugs and fixes. | |
641 | But before reporting something as a bug, please try to be sure that | |
642 | it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a deliberate feature. | |
643 | We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs Bugs'' near the | |
644 | end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints on how and | |
645 | when to report bugs. | |
646 | Also, include the version number of the Emacs you are running in | |
647 | \fIevery\fR bug report that you send in. | |
bdd8da91 GM |
648 | Bugs tend actually to be fixed if they can be isolated, so it is |
649 | in your interest to report them in such a way that they can be | |
650 | easily reproduced. | |
cbe77461 GM |
651 | |
652 | Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. | |
653 | The purpose of reporting bugs is to get them fixed for everyone | |
654 | in the next release, if possible. | |
655 | For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for | |
656 | a list of people who offer it. | |
657 | ||
658 | Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list. | |
659 | For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the | |
bdd8da91 | 660 | file /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/MAILINGLISTS. |
cbe77461 GM |
661 | . |
662 | . | |
663 | .SH UNRESTRICTIONS | |
664 | .I Emacs | |
665 | is free; anyone may redistribute copies of | |
666 | .I Emacs | |
667 | to | |
668 | anyone under the terms stated in the | |
669 | .I Emacs | |
670 | General Public License, | |
671 | a copy of which accompanies each copy of | |
672 | .I Emacs | |
673 | and which also | |
674 | appears in the reference manual. | |
675 | .PP | |
676 | Copies of | |
677 | .I Emacs | |
678 | may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems, | |
679 | but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those | |
680 | systems. | |
681 | Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution is permitted. | |
682 | In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public License is to | |
683 | prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions to | |
684 | redistribution of | |
685 | .IR Emacs . | |
686 | .PP | |
687 | Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend | |
688 | .IR Emacs , | |
689 | and urges that | |
690 | you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. | |
691 | Eventually GNU (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement | |
692 | for Unix. | |
693 | Everyone will be free to use, copy, study and change the GNU system. | |
694 | . | |
695 | . | |
696 | .SH SEE ALSO | |
697 | .BR emacsclient (1), | |
698 | .BR etags (1), | |
699 | .BR X (7), | |
700 | .BR xlsfonts (1), | |
701 | .BR xterm (1), | |
702 | .BR xrdb (1) | |
703 | . | |
704 | . | |
705 | .SH AUTHORS | |
706 | .I Emacs | |
707 | was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. | |
708 | Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features. | |
709 | . | |
710 | . | |
711 | .SH COPYING | |
712 | Copyright | |
713 | .if t \(co | |
714 | .if n (C) | |
715 | 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, | |
6ed161e1 | 716 | 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
cbe77461 GM |
717 | .PP |
718 | Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this | |
719 | document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are | |
720 | preserved on all copies. | |
721 | .PP | |
722 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of | |
723 | this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that | |
724 | the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of | |
725 | a permission notice identical to this one. | |
726 | .PP | |
727 | Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this | |
728 | document into another language, under the above conditions for | |
729 | modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated | |
730 | in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. | |
731 | . | |
732 | .\" arch-tag: 04dfd376-b46e-4924-919a-cecc3b257eaa |