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1 | \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 | @c This file is used for printing the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
3 | @c in two volumes. It is a modified version of elisp.texi. | |
7497ef13 | 4 | @c Copyright (C) 1990-1995, 1998-1999, 2001-2012 |
561c0216 | 5 | @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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6 | @c %**start of header |
7 | @setfilename elisp | |
8 | @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual: Volume 2 | |
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9 | @c %**end of header |
10 | ||
c85c5553 | 11 | @c See two-volume-cross-refs.txt. |
cddd92e8 | 12 | @tex |
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13 | \message{Formatting for two volume edition...Volume 2...} |
14 | % | |
15 | % Read special toc file, set up in two-volume.make. | |
16 | \gdef\tocreadfilename{elisp2-toc-ready.toc} | |
17 | % | |
18 | % Don't make outlines, they're not needed and \readdatafile can't pay | |
19 | % attention to the special definition above. | |
20 | \global\let\pdfmakeoutlines=\relax | |
21 | % | |
22 | % Start volume 2 chapter numbering at 27; this must be listed as chapno26 | |
23 | \global\chapno=26 | |
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24 | @end tex |
25 | ||
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26 | @c Version of the manual and of Emacs. |
27 | @c Please remember to update the edition number in README as well. | |
e45e90b3 | 28 | @set VERSION 3.0 |
f7a31f11 | 29 | @include emacsver.texi |
e45e90b3 | 30 | @set DATE July 2009 |
cddd92e8 | 31 | |
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32 | @dircategory Emacs |
33 | @direntry | |
34 | * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
35 | @end direntry | |
cddd92e8 | 36 | |
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37 | @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a |
38 | @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
39 | @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. | |
40 | @set smallbook | |
cddd92e8 | 41 | |
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42 | @ifset smallbook |
43 | @smallbook | |
44 | @end ifset | |
cddd92e8 | 45 | |
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46 | @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to |
47 | @c save on paper cost. | |
48 | @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain. | |
49 | @tex | |
50 | @ifset smallbook | |
51 | @fonttextsize 10 | |
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52 | \global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale |
53 | \global\let\linkcolor=\Black | |
54 | @end ifset | |
55 | \global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes | |
cddd92e8 | 56 | @end tex |
cddd92e8 | 57 | |
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58 | @c Combine indices. |
59 | @synindex cp fn | |
60 | @syncodeindex vr fn | |
61 | @syncodeindex ky fn | |
62 | @syncodeindex pg fn | |
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63 | @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. |
64 | @c @syncodeindex tp fn | |
65 | ||
66 | @copying | |
67 | This is edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual,@* | |
68 | corresponding to Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. | |
69 | ||
7497ef13 | 70 | Copyright @copyright{} 1990-1996, 1998-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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71 | |
72 | @quotation | |
73 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
204d4665 | 74 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or |
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75 | any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
76 | Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License,'' with the | |
77 | Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover | |
78 | Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the | |
79 | section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.'' | |
80 | ||
1db04e9a GM |
81 | (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and |
82 | modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in | |
8d2ff239 | 83 | developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' |
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84 | @end quotation |
85 | @end copying | |
86 | ||
cddd92e8 | 87 | @titlepage |
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88 | @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual |
89 | @subtitle Volume 2 | |
90 | @subtitle For Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER} | |
e45e90b3 | 91 | @subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, @value{DATE} |
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92 | |
93 | @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman | |
94 | @author and the GNU Manual Group | |
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95 | @page |
96 | @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
c85c5553 | 97 | @insertcopying |
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98 | |
99 | @sp 2 | |
100 | Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
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101 | 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor @* |
102 | Boston, MA 02110-1301 @* | |
103 | USA @* | |
104 | ISBN 1-882114-74-4 | |
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105 | |
106 | @sp 2 | |
107 | Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
108 | @end titlepage | |
cddd92e8 | 109 | |
cddd92e8 | 110 | |
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111 | @c Print the tables of contents |
112 | @summarycontents | |
113 | @contents | |
114 | ||
115 | ||
116 | @ifnottex | |
117 | @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) | |
118 | @top Emacs Lisp | |
119 | ||
120 | This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp | |
121 | Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. | |
122 | @end ifnottex | |
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123 | |
124 | @menu | |
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125 | * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. |
126 | ||
127 | * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. | |
128 | * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. | |
129 | * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
130 | * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
131 | * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
132 | Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
133 | The description of vectors is here as well. | |
c85c5553 | 134 | * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
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135 | * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
136 | ||
137 | * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
138 | * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
139 | * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
140 | * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
141 | that can be invoked from other functions. | |
142 | * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
c85c5553 | 143 | * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
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144 | |
145 | * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
146 | * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
c85c5553 | 147 | * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
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148 | * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
149 | ||
150 | * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. | |
151 | * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. | |
152 | * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
153 | and how you can call its subroutines. | |
154 | * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
155 | * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
156 | * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
157 | ||
158 | * Files:: Accessing files. | |
159 | * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
160 | files are made. | |
161 | * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
162 | * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
d24880de | 163 | * Frames:: Making multiple system-level windows. |
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164 | * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. |
165 | * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
166 | automatically when the text is changed. | |
167 | ||
168 | * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
c85c5553 | 169 | * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
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170 | * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
171 | * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
172 | * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
173 | ||
174 | * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
d24880de | 175 | * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
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176 | * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment |
177 | variables, and other such things. | |
cddd92e8 | 178 | |
fdc76236 TT |
179 | * Packaging:: Preparing Lisp code for distribution. |
180 | ||
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181 | Appendices |
182 | ||
e45e90b3 | 183 | * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 22. |
561c0216 | 184 | * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
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185 | * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. |
186 | * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. | |
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187 | * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
188 | internal data structures. | |
4186e877 GM |
189 | * Standard Errors:: List of some standard error symbols. |
190 | * Standard Keymaps:: List of some standard keymaps. | |
191 | * Standard Hooks:: List of some standard hook variables. | |
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192 | |
193 | * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, | |
194 | and other terms. | |
195 | ||
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196 | @ignore |
197 | * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs @value{EMACSVER}. | |
198 | @end ignore | |
199 | ||
200 | @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to | |
201 | @c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In | |
202 | @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the | |
203 | @c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el. | |
204 | ||
205 | @detailmenu | |
206 | --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
207 | --------------------------------- | |
cddd92e8 | 208 | |
91223e54 | 209 | Here are other nodes that are subnodes of those already listed, |
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210 | mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: |
211 | ||
212 | Introduction | |
213 | ||
214 | * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
215 | * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
216 | * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
c85c5553 | 217 | * Version Info:: Which Emacs version is running? |
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218 | * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. |
219 | ||
220 | Conventions | |
221 | ||
222 | * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
223 | * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
224 | * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
561c0216 | 225 | * Printing Notation:: The format we use when examples print text. |
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226 | * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. |
227 | * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
228 | * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
229 | ||
230 | Format of Descriptions | |
231 | ||
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232 | * A Sample Function Description:: A description of an imaginary |
233 | function, @code{foo}. | |
234 | * A Sample Variable Description:: A description of an imaginary | |
235 | variable, @code{electric-future-map}. | |
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236 | |
237 | Lisp Data Types | |
238 | ||
239 | * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
240 | * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
241 | * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
242 | * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
c85c5553 | 243 | * Circular Objects:: Read syntax for circular structure. |
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244 | * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. |
245 | * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
246 | ||
247 | Programming Types | |
248 | ||
249 | * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
250 | * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
251 | * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
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252 | control characters. |
253 | * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, | |
561c0216 | 254 | variable, or property list, and has a unique identity. |
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255 | * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
256 | * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). | |
257 | * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. | |
258 | * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
259 | * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
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260 | * Char-Table Type:: One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters. |
261 | * Bool-Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}. | |
262 | * Hash Table Type:: Super-fast lookup tables. | |
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263 | * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
264 | * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another | |
265 | expression, more fundamental but less pretty. | |
266 | * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
267 | * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
268 | * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
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269 | functions. |
270 | ||
271 | Character Type | |
cddd92e8 | 272 | |
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273 | * Basic Char Syntax:: Syntax for regular characters. |
274 | * General Escape Syntax:: How to specify characters by their codes. | |
275 | * Ctl-Char Syntax:: Syntax for control characters. | |
276 | * Meta-Char Syntax:: Syntax for meta-characters. | |
277 | * Other Char Bits:: Syntax for hyper-, super-, and alt-characters. | |
cddd92e8 | 278 | |
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279 | Cons Cell and List Types |
280 | ||
281 | * Box Diagrams:: Drawing pictures of lists. | |
561c0216 | 282 | * Dotted Pair Notation:: A general syntax for cons cells. |
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283 | * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. |
284 | ||
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285 | String Type |
286 | ||
287 | * Syntax for Strings:: How to specify Lisp strings. | |
288 | * Non-ASCII in Strings:: International characters in strings. | |
289 | * Nonprinting Characters:: Literal unprintable characters in strings. | |
290 | * Text Props and Strings:: Strings with text properties. | |
291 | ||
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292 | Editing Types |
293 | ||
294 | * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
cddd92e8 | 295 | * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. |
561c0216 | 296 | * Window Type:: Buffers are displayed in windows. |
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297 | * Frame Type:: Windows subdivide frames. |
298 | * Terminal Type:: A terminal device displays frames. | |
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299 | * Window Configuration Type:: Recording the way a frame is subdivided. |
300 | * Frame Configuration Type:: Recording the status of all frames. | |
e45e90b3 | 301 | * Process Type:: A subprocess of Emacs running on the underlying OS. |
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302 | * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. |
303 | * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
c85c5553 | 304 | * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
e45e90b3 | 305 | * Font Type:: Fonts for displaying text. |
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306 | |
307 | Numbers | |
308 | ||
c85c5553 | 309 | * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. |
d24880de | 310 | * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. |
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311 | * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. |
312 | * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. | |
d24880de | 313 | * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. |
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314 | * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. |
315 | * Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers. | |
316 | * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. | |
317 | * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. | |
318 | * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. | |
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319 | |
320 | Strings and Characters | |
321 | ||
322 | * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
323 | * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
324 | * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
c85c5553 | 325 | * Modifying Strings:: Altering the contents of an existing string. |
cddd92e8 | 326 | * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. |
561c0216 | 327 | * String Conversion:: Converting to and from characters and strings. |
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328 | * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
329 | * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. | |
d24880de | 330 | * Case Tables:: Customizing case conversion. |
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331 | |
332 | Lists | |
333 | ||
334 | * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
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335 | * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. |
336 | * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
337 | * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
c85c5553 | 338 | * List Variables:: Modifying lists stored in variables. |
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339 | * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. |
340 | * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
341 | * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
c85c5553 | 342 | * Rings:: Managing a fixed-size ring of objects. |
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343 | |
344 | Modifying Existing List Structure | |
345 | ||
346 | * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
347 | * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
348 | This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
349 | * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
350 | ||
351 | Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
352 | ||
353 | * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
354 | * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
355 | * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
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356 | * Vectors:: Special characteristics of Emacs Lisp vectors. |
357 | * Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors. | |
358 | * Char-Tables:: How to work with char-tables. | |
359 | * Bool-Vectors:: How to work with bool-vectors. | |
360 | ||
361 | Hash Tables | |
362 | ||
363 | * Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables. | |
364 | * Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents. | |
561c0216 | 365 | * Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods. |
c85c5553 | 366 | * Other Hash:: Miscellaneous. |
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367 | |
368 | Symbols | |
369 | ||
370 | * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
371 | and property lists. | |
372 | * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
373 | * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
374 | * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
375 | for recording miscellaneous information. | |
376 | ||
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377 | Property Lists |
378 | ||
379 | * Plists and Alists:: Comparison of the advantages of property | |
380 | lists and association lists. | |
381 | * Symbol Plists:: Functions to access symbols' property lists. | |
382 | * Other Plists:: Accessing property lists stored elsewhere. | |
383 | ||
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384 | Evaluation |
385 | ||
386 | * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
cddd92e8 | 387 | * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. |
177c0ea7 | 388 | * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in |
cddd92e8 | 389 | the program). |
03988c98 | 390 | * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. |
c85c5553 | 391 | * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. |
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392 | |
393 | Kinds of Forms | |
394 | ||
395 | * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
396 | * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
397 | * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
c85c5553 | 398 | * Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list, |
d24880de | 399 | we find the real function via the symbol. |
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400 | * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. |
401 | * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
2b9fa4a7 | 402 | * Special Forms:: "Special forms" are idiosyncratic primitives, |
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403 | most of them extremely important. |
404 | * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
405 | containing their real definitions. | |
406 | ||
407 | Control Structures | |
408 | ||
409 | * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
c85c5553 | 410 | * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}. |
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411 | * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. |
412 | * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
413 | * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
414 | ||
415 | Nonlocal Exits | |
416 | ||
417 | * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
418 | * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
419 | * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
420 | * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
421 | error happens. | |
422 | ||
423 | Errors | |
424 | ||
425 | * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
426 | * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
427 | * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
428 | * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. | |
429 | ||
430 | Variables | |
431 | ||
432 | * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
433 | * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
434 | * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
435 | * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
436 | * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
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437 | * Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you |
438 | define a variable. | |
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439 | * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names |
440 | are known only at run time. | |
441 | * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
442 | * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
443 | * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
c85c5553 | 444 | * File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files. |
561c0216 GM |
445 | * Directory Local Variables:: Local variables common to all files in a |
446 | directory. | |
e45e90b3 | 447 | * Frame-Local Variables:: Frame-local bindings for variables. |
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448 | * Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables. |
449 | * Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can | |
450 | @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object. | |
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451 | |
452 | Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
453 | ||
177c0ea7 | 454 | * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value |
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455 | is visible. Comparison with other languages. |
456 | * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
457 | * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
177c0ea7 | 458 | * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and |
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459 | avoid problems. |
460 | ||
461 | Buffer-Local Variables | |
462 | ||
463 | * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
464 | * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
465 | * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
c85c5553 | 466 | that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
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467 | |
468 | Functions | |
469 | ||
561c0216 | 470 | * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs. primitives; terminology. |
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471 | * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. |
472 | * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
473 | * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
474 | * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
475 | * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
561c0216 | 476 | * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda expressions are functions with no names. |
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477 | * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition |
478 | of a symbol. | |
735cc5ca | 479 | * Closures:: Functions that enclose a lexical environment. |
c85c5553 | 480 | * Obsolete Functions:: Declaring functions obsolete. |
d24880de | 481 | * Inline Functions:: Defining functions that the compiler |
561c0216 | 482 | will open code. |
d24880de | 483 | * Declaring Functions:: Telling the compiler that a function is defined. |
c85c5553 | 484 | * Function Safety:: Determining whether a function is safe to call. |
cddd92e8 | 485 | * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives |
177c0ea7 | 486 | that have a special bearing on how |
cddd92e8 EZ |
487 | functions work. |
488 | ||
489 | Lambda Expressions | |
490 | ||
491 | * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
492 | * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
493 | * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
494 | * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
495 | ||
496 | Macros | |
497 | ||
498 | * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
499 | * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
500 | * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
501 | * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
502 | * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. |
503 | Don't hide the user's variables. | |
c85c5553 KB |
504 | * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls. |
505 | ||
506 | Common Problems Using Macros | |
507 | ||
508 | * Wrong Time:: Do the work in the expansion, not in the macro. | |
509 | * Argument Evaluation:: The expansion should evaluate each macro arg once. | |
510 | * Surprising Local Vars:: Local variable bindings in the expansion | |
511 | require special care. | |
512 | * Eval During Expansion:: Don't evaluate them; put them in the expansion. | |
513 | * Repeated Expansion:: Avoid depending on how many times expansion is done. | |
514 | ||
515 | Writing Customization Definitions | |
516 | ||
517 | * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of | |
518 | customization declarations. | |
519 | * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. | |
520 | * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. | |
521 | * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. | |
522 | ||
523 | Customization Types | |
524 | ||
525 | * Simple Types:: Simple customization types: sexp, integer, number, | |
526 | string, file, directory, alist. | |
527 | * Composite Types:: Build new types from other types or data. | |
528 | * Splicing into Lists:: Splice elements into list with @code{:inline}. | |
529 | * Type Keywords:: Keyword-argument pairs in a customization type. | |
530 | * Defining New Types:: Give your type a name. | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
531 | |
532 | Loading | |
533 | ||
534 | * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
c85c5553 KB |
535 | * Load Suffixes:: Details about the suffixes that @code{load} tries. |
536 | * Library Search:: Finding a library to load. | |
537 | * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files. | |
cddd92e8 | 538 | * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. |
cddd92e8 | 539 | * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
c85c5553 KB |
540 | * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
541 | * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol. | |
d24880de GM |
542 | * Unloading:: How to "unload" a library that was loaded. |
543 | * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when | |
544 | particular libraries are loaded. | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
545 | |
546 | Byte Compilation | |
547 | ||
c85c5553 | 548 | * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation. |
cddd92e8 | 549 | * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. |
c85c5553 KB |
550 | * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings. |
551 | * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions. | |
552 | * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile. | |
553 | * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages. | |
d24880de | 554 | * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
555 | * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. |
556 | ||
c85c5553 KB |
557 | Advising Emacs Lisp Functions |
558 | ||
559 | * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. | |
560 | * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. | |
561 | * Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition. | |
562 | * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. | |
563 | * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. | |
564 | * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. | |
565 | * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the | |
566 | loading of compiled advice. | |
567 | * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. | |
c85c5553 KB |
568 | * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
569 | ||
cddd92e8 EZ |
570 | Debugging Lisp Programs |
571 | ||
355cabc6 | 572 | * Debugger:: A debugger for the Emacs Lisp evaluator. |
c85c5553 | 573 | * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. |
cddd92e8 | 574 | * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. |
c85c5553 | 575 | * Test Coverage:: Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code. |
177c0ea7 | 576 | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
577 | The Lisp Debugger |
578 | ||
579 | * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
d24880de | 580 | * Infinite Loops:: Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
581 | * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. |
582 | * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
583 | * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
584 | * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
585 | * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
586 | * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
587 | ||
c85c5553 KB |
588 | Edebug |
589 | ||
d24880de GM |
590 | * Using Edebug:: Introduction to use of Edebug. |
591 | * Instrumenting:: You must instrument your code | |
592 | in order to debug it with Edebug. | |
c85c5553 | 593 | * Edebug Execution Modes:: Execution modes, stopping more or less often. |
d24880de GM |
594 | * Jumping:: Commands to jump to a specified place. |
595 | * Edebug Misc:: Miscellaneous commands. | |
596 | * Breaks:: Setting breakpoints to make the program stop. | |
597 | * Trapping Errors:: Trapping errors with Edebug. | |
598 | * Edebug Views:: Views inside and outside of Edebug. | |
599 | * Edebug Eval:: Evaluating expressions within Edebug. | |
600 | * Eval List:: Expressions whose values are displayed | |
601 | each time you enter Edebug. | |
602 | * Printing in Edebug:: Customization of printing. | |
603 | * Trace Buffer:: How to produce trace output in a buffer. | |
604 | * Coverage Testing:: How to test evaluation coverage. | |
605 | * The Outside Context:: Data that Edebug saves and restores. | |
c85c5553 | 606 | * Edebug and Macros:: Specifying how to handle macro calls. |
d24880de | 607 | * Edebug Options:: Option variables for customizing Edebug. |
c85c5553 | 608 | |
561c0216 GM |
609 | Breaks |
610 | ||
611 | * Breakpoints:: Breakpoints at stop points. | |
612 | * Global Break Condition:: Breaking on an event. | |
613 | * Source Breakpoints:: Embedding breakpoints in source code. | |
614 | ||
615 | The Outside Context | |
616 | ||
617 | * Checking Whether to Stop::When Edebug decides what to do. | |
618 | * Edebug Display Update:: When Edebug updates the display. | |
619 | * Edebug Recursive Edit:: When Edebug stops execution. | |
620 | ||
621 | Edebug and Macros | |
622 | ||
623 | * Instrumenting Macro Calls::The basic problem. | |
d24880de GM |
624 | * Specification List:: How to specify complex patterns of evaluation. |
625 | * Backtracking:: What Edebug does when matching fails. | |
561c0216 GM |
626 | * Specification Examples:: To help understand specifications. |
627 | ||
cddd92e8 EZ |
628 | Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax |
629 | ||
630 | * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
631 | * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
632 | ||
633 | Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
634 | ||
635 | * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
177c0ea7 | 636 | * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
cddd92e8 EZ |
637 | input streams. |
638 | * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
177c0ea7 | 639 | * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
cddd92e8 EZ |
640 | output streams. |
641 | * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
c85c5553 KB |
642 | * Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing |
643 | functions do. | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
644 | |
645 | Minibuffers | |
646 | ||
647 | * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
648 | * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
649 | * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
d24880de GM |
650 | * Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs |
651 | so the user can reuse them. | |
c85c5553 | 652 | * Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
653 | * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. |
654 | * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
d24880de GM |
655 | * Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions. |
656 | * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal. | |
c85c5553 KB |
657 | * Minibuffer Commands:: Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers. |
658 | * Minibuffer Contents:: How such commands access the minibuffer text. | |
659 | * Minibuffer Windows:: Operating on the special minibuffer windows. | |
660 | * Recursive Mini:: Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed. | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
661 | * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. |
662 | ||
663 | Completion | |
664 | ||
665 | * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
666 | (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
667 | * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
668 | * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
669 | * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
a3cb6daa | 670 | (reading buffer name, file name, etc.). |
e45e90b3 GM |
671 | * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names and |
672 | shell commands. | |
673 | * Completion Styles:: Specifying rules for performing completion. | |
561c0216 | 674 | * Programmed Completion:: Writing your own completion-function. |
60236b0d | 675 | * Completion in Buffers:: Completing text in ordinary buffers. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
676 | |
677 | Command Loop | |
678 | ||
679 | * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
680 | * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
681 | * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
e45e90b3 | 682 | * Distinguish Interactive:: Making a command distinguish interactive calls. |
cddd92e8 | 683 | * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. |
c85c5553 | 684 | * Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command. |
d24880de | 685 | * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. |
cddd92e8 | 686 | * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. |
c85c5553 | 687 | * Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
688 | * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. |
689 | * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
690 | * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
691 | * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
692 | and why you usually shouldn't. | |
693 | * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
694 | * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
695 | * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
696 | ||
697 | Defining Commands | |
698 | ||
699 | * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
700 | * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
701 | in various ways. | |
702 | * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
703 | ||
c85c5553 KB |
704 | Input Events |
705 | ||
706 | * Keyboard Events:: Ordinary characters--keys with symbols on them. | |
707 | * Function Keys:: Function keys--keys with names, not symbols. | |
708 | * Mouse Events:: Overview of mouse events. | |
709 | * Click Events:: Pushing and releasing a mouse button. | |
710 | * Drag Events:: Moving the mouse before releasing the button. | |
711 | * Button-Down Events:: A button was pushed and not yet released. | |
712 | * Repeat Events:: Double and triple click (or drag, or down). | |
713 | * Motion Events:: Just moving the mouse, not pushing a button. | |
714 | * Focus Events:: Moving the mouse between frames. | |
715 | * Misc Events:: Other events the system can generate. | |
716 | * Event Examples:: Examples of the lists for mouse events. | |
717 | * Classifying Events:: Finding the modifier keys in an event symbol. | |
561c0216 | 718 | Event types. |
d24880de | 719 | * Accessing Mouse:: Functions to extract info from mouse events. |
e45e90b3 | 720 | * Accessing Scroll:: Functions to get info from scroll bar events. |
c85c5553 KB |
721 | * Strings of Events:: Special considerations for putting |
722 | keyboard character events in a string. | |
723 | ||
724 | Reading Input | |
725 | ||
726 | * Key Sequence Input:: How to read one key sequence. | |
727 | * Reading One Event:: How to read just one event. | |
728 | * Event Mod:: How Emacs modifies events as they are read. | |
729 | * Invoking the Input Method:: How reading an event uses the input method. | |
730 | * Quoted Character Input:: Asking the user to specify a character. | |
731 | * Event Input Misc:: How to reread or throw away input events. | |
732 | ||
cddd92e8 EZ |
733 | Keymaps |
734 | ||
c85c5553 KB |
735 | * Key Sequences:: Key sequences as Lisp objects. |
736 | * Keymap Basics:: Basic concepts of keymaps. | |
737 | * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
738 | * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
739 | * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
740 | of another keymap. | |
741 | * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
742 | * Active Keymaps:: How Emacs searches the active keymaps | |
743 | for a key binding. | |
744 | * Searching Keymaps:: A pseudo-Lisp summary of searching active maps. | |
745 | * Controlling Active Maps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
746 | to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
747 | A minor mode can also override them. | |
561c0216 | 748 | * Key Lookup:: Finding a key's binding in one keymap. |
cddd92e8 | 749 | * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. |
c85c5553 KB |
750 | * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. |
751 | * Remapping Commands:: A keymap can translate one command to another. | |
752 | * Translation Keymaps:: Keymaps for translating sequences of events. | |
753 | * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. | |
754 | * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
561c0216 | 755 | * Menu Keymaps:: Defining a menu as a keymap. |
c85c5553 KB |
756 | |
757 | Menu Keymaps | |
758 | ||
759 | * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu. | |
760 | * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse. | |
761 | * Keyboard Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the keyboard. | |
762 | * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu. | |
763 | * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar. | |
764 | * Tool Bar:: A tool bar is a row of images. | |
765 | * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu. | |
766 | ||
767 | Defining Menus | |
768 | ||
769 | * Simple Menu Items:: A simple kind of menu key binding, | |
770 | limited in capabilities. | |
771 | * Extended Menu Items:: More powerful menu item definitions | |
772 | let you specify keywords to enable | |
773 | various features. | |
774 | * Menu Separators:: Drawing a horizontal line through a menu. | |
775 | * Alias Menu Items:: Using command aliases in menu items. | |
776 | ||
777 | Major and Minor Modes | |
778 | ||
779 | * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks. | |
780 | * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. | |
781 | * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
782 | * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
3fd50d5c | 783 | * Imenu:: Providing a menu of definitions made in a buffer. |
c85c5553 | 784 | * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
4230351b | 785 | * Auto-Indentation:: How to teach Emacs to indent for a major mode. |
c85c5553 KB |
786 | * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between |
787 | Emacs sessions. | |
cddd92e8 | 788 | |
561c0216 GM |
789 | Hooks |
790 | ||
791 | * Running Hooks:: How to run a hook. | |
792 | * Setting Hooks:: How to put functions on a hook, or remove them. | |
793 | ||
cddd92e8 EZ |
794 | Major Modes |
795 | ||
796 | * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
797 | * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. |
798 | * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
c85c5553 KB |
799 | * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major |
800 | mode. | |
3fd50d5c | 801 | * Basic Major Modes:: Modes that other modes are often derived from. |
82233bea CY |
802 | * Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode commands. |
803 | * Tabulated List Mode:: Parent mode for buffers containing tabulated data. | |
c85c5553 KB |
804 | * Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports |
805 | comment syntax and Font Lock mode. | |
561c0216 | 806 | * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
807 | |
808 | Minor Modes | |
809 | ||
810 | * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
811 | * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
c85c5553 | 812 | * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
813 | |
814 | Mode Line Format | |
815 | ||
561c0216 | 816 | * Mode Line Basics:: Basic ideas of mode line control. |
cddd92e8 | 817 | * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. |
561c0216 | 818 | * Mode Line Top:: The top level variable, mode-line-format. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
819 | * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. |
820 | * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
c85c5553 KB |
821 | * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line. |
822 | * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top. | |
823 | * Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would. | |
824 | ||
825 | Font Lock Mode | |
826 | ||
827 | * Font Lock Basics:: Overview of customizing Font Lock. | |
828 | * Search-based Fontification:: Fontification based on regexps. | |
829 | * Customizing Keywords:: Customizing search-based fontification. | |
830 | * Other Font Lock Variables:: Additional customization facilities. | |
831 | * Levels of Font Lock:: Each mode can define alternative levels | |
832 | so that the user can select more or less. | |
833 | * Precalculated Fontification:: How Lisp programs that produce the buffer | |
834 | contents can also specify how to fontify it. | |
835 | * Faces for Font Lock:: Special faces specifically for Font Lock. | |
836 | * Syntactic Font Lock:: Fontification based on syntax tables. | |
c85c5553 KB |
837 | * Multiline Font Lock:: How to coerce Font Lock into properly |
838 | highlighting multiline constructs. | |
839 | ||
840 | Multiline Font Lock Constructs | |
841 | ||
561c0216 | 842 | * Font Lock Multiline:: Marking multiline chunks with a text property. |
bc3bea9c | 843 | * Region to Refontify:: Controlling which region gets refontified |
c85c5553 | 844 | after a buffer change. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
845 | |
846 | Documentation | |
847 | ||
8376d7c2 | 848 | * Documentation Basics:: Where doc strings are defined and stored. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
849 | * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. |
850 | * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
851 | * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
852 | non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
853 | * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
854 | ||
855 | Files | |
856 | ||
857 | * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
858 | * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
561c0216 | 859 | * Reading from Files:: Reading files into buffers without visiting. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
860 | * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. |
861 | * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
c85c5553 KB |
862 | simultaneous editing by two people. |
863 | * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. | |
a59225b1 | 864 | * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing permissions, etc. |
c85c5553 KB |
865 | * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
866 | * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. | |
d24880de | 867 | * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. |
a59225b1 | 868 | * Magic File Names:: Special handling for certain file names. |
c85c5553 | 869 | * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
870 | |
871 | Visiting Files | |
872 | ||
873 | * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
874 | * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
875 | ||
876 | Information about Files | |
877 | ||
878 | * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
c85c5553 | 879 | * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? |
d24880de | 880 | * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. |
cddd92e8 | 881 | * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. |
c85c5553 | 882 | * Locating Files:: How to find a file in standard places. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
883 | |
884 | File Names | |
885 | ||
886 | * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
561c0216 | 887 | * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a current directory. |
c85c5553 KB |
888 | * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
889 | is different from its name as a file. | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
890 | * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. |
891 | * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
892 | * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
c85c5553 KB |
893 | * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
894 | how to handle various operating systems simply. | |
cddd92e8 | 895 | |
561c0216 GM |
896 | File Format Conversion |
897 | ||
a3cb6daa | 898 | * Format Conversion Overview:: @code{insert-file-contents} and @code{write-region}. |
561c0216 GM |
899 | * Format Conversion Round-Trip:: Using @code{format-alist}. |
900 | * Format Conversion Piecemeal:: Specifying non-paired conversion. | |
901 | ||
cddd92e8 EZ |
902 | Backups and Auto-Saving |
903 | ||
177c0ea7 | 904 | * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names |
cddd92e8 EZ |
905 | are chosen. |
906 | * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
907 | names are chosen. | |
177c0ea7 | 908 | * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize |
cddd92e8 EZ |
909 | what it does. |
910 | ||
911 | Backup Files | |
912 | ||
913 | * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
177c0ea7 | 914 | * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file |
cddd92e8 EZ |
915 | or copying it. |
916 | * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
917 | * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
918 | ||
919 | Buffers | |
920 | ||
921 | * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
c85c5553 | 922 | * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current |
561c0216 | 923 | so that primitives will access its contents. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
924 | * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. |
925 | * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
926 | is visited. | |
927 | * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
928 | * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
775b55af | 929 | "behind Emacs's back". |
cddd92e8 EZ |
930 | * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a |
931 | read-only buffer. | |
932 | * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
933 | * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
934 | * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
c85c5553 KB |
935 | * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some |
936 | other buffer. | |
e45e90b3 | 937 | * Swapping Text:: Swapping text between two buffers. |
c85c5553 | 938 | * Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
939 | |
940 | Windows | |
941 | ||
942 | * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
943 | * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
944 | * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
945 | * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
946 | * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
947 | * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
0e406a72 | 948 | * Switching Buffers:: Higher-level functions for switching to a buffer. |
d24880de | 949 | * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
9ec20d36 CY |
950 | * Display Action Functions:: Subroutines for @code{display-buffer}. |
951 | * Choosing Window Options:: Extra options affecting how buffers are displayed. | |
0e406a72 | 952 | * Window History:: Each window remembers the buffers displayed in it. |
d24880de | 953 | * Dedicated Windows:: How to avoid displaying another buffer in |
0e406a72 | 954 | a specific window. |
cddd92e8 | 955 | * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
e45e90b3 GM |
956 | * Window Start and End:: Buffer positions indicating which text is |
957 | on-screen in a window. | |
c85c5553 KB |
958 | * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
959 | * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. | |
960 | * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
961 | * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
962 | * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
c85c5553 KB |
963 | * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
964 | * Window Tree:: The layout and sizes of all windows in a frame. | |
cddd92e8 | 965 | * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
e45e90b3 | 966 | * Window Parameters:: Associating additional information with windows. |
c85c5553 KB |
967 | * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
968 | redisplay going past a certain point, | |
969 | or window configuration changes. | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
970 | |
971 | Frames | |
972 | ||
d24880de | 973 | * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. |
e45e90b3 | 974 | * Multiple Terminals:: Displaying on several different devices. |
d24880de | 975 | * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. |
e45e90b3 | 976 | * Terminal Parameters:: Parameters common for all frames on terminal. |
cddd92e8 | 977 | * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. |
d24880de GM |
978 | * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. |
979 | * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
980 | * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
981 | display of text always works through windows. | |
cddd92e8 | 982 | * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. |
d24880de | 983 | * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. |
cddd92e8 | 984 | * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. |
c85c5553 | 985 | * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other windows; |
d24880de | 986 | lowering it makes the others hide it. |
cddd92e8 | 987 | * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
d24880de GM |
988 | * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. |
989 | * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
990 | * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
cddd92e8 | 991 | * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. |
c85c5553 | 992 | * Pointer Shape:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. |
561c0216 | 993 | * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other X clients. |
c85c5553 | 994 | * Drag and Drop:: Internals of Drag-and-Drop implementation. |
d24880de | 995 | * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
a08a07e3 | 996 | * Text Terminal Colors:: Defining colors for text terminals. |
d24880de | 997 | * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. |
c85c5553 KB |
998 | * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal. |
999 | ||
1000 | Frame Parameters | |
1001 | ||
1002 | * Parameter Access:: How to change a frame's parameters. | |
d24880de | 1003 | * Initial Parameters:: Specifying frame parameters when you make a frame. |
c85c5553 KB |
1004 | * Window Frame Parameters:: List of frame parameters for window systems. |
1005 | * Size and Position:: Changing the size and position of a frame. | |
1006 | * Geometry:: Parsing geometry specifications. | |
1007 | ||
1008 | Window Frame Parameters | |
1009 | ||
1010 | * Basic Parameters:: Parameters that are fundamental. | |
1011 | * Position Parameters:: The position of the frame on the screen. | |
1012 | * Size Parameters:: Frame's size. | |
1013 | * Layout Parameters:: Size of parts of the frame, and | |
1014 | enabling or disabling some parts. | |
1015 | * Buffer Parameters:: Which buffers have been or should be shown. | |
1016 | * Management Parameters:: Communicating with the window manager. | |
1017 | * Cursor Parameters:: Controlling the cursor appearance. | |
561c0216 | 1018 | * Font and Color Parameters:: Fonts and colors for the frame text. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1019 | |
1020 | Positions | |
1021 | ||
1022 | * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
1023 | * Motion:: Changing point. | |
1024 | * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
1025 | * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
1026 | ||
1027 | Motion | |
1028 | ||
1029 | * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
1030 | * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
1031 | * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
1032 | * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
1033 | * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
1034 | * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
1035 | * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
1036 | ||
1037 | Markers | |
1038 | ||
1039 | * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
1040 | * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
1041 | * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
561c0216 | 1042 | * Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character position. |
c85c5553 KB |
1043 | * Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you |
1044 | insert where it points. | |
1045 | * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. | |
2b9fa4a7 RS |
1046 | * The Mark:: How "the mark" is implemented with a marker. |
1047 | * The Region:: How to access "the region". | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1048 | |
1049 | Text | |
1050 | ||
1051 | * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
1052 | * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
c85c5553 | 1053 | * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1054 | * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. |
1055 | * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
1056 | * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
1057 | * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
1058 | * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
1059 | later use. | |
1060 | * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
c85c5553 | 1061 | * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. |
d24880de | 1062 | How to control how much information is kept. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1063 | * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. |
1064 | * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1065 | * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix |
1066 | from context. | |
1067 | * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. | |
cddd92e8 | 1068 | * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
cddd92e8 | 1069 | * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. |
c85c5553 | 1070 | * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. |
cddd92e8 | 1071 | * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. |
c85c5553 | 1072 | * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
cddd92e8 | 1073 | * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
c85c5553 | 1074 | * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1075 | * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
1076 | the text or position stored in a register. | |
c85c5553 | 1077 | * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
483ab230 CY |
1078 | * Checksum/Hash:: Computing cryptographic hashes. |
1079 | * Parsing HTML/XML:: Parsing HTML and XML. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1080 | * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes "atomically". |
1081 | * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. | |
177c0ea7 | 1082 | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1083 | The Kill Ring |
1084 | ||
1085 | * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
1086 | * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
c85c5553 | 1087 | * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
cddd92e8 | 1088 | * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
d24880de | 1089 | * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
561c0216 | 1090 | * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill ring data. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1091 | |
1092 | Indentation | |
1093 | ||
1094 | * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
1095 | * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
1096 | * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
1097 | * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
1098 | * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
1099 | * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
1100 | ||
c85c5553 KB |
1101 | Text Properties |
1102 | ||
1103 | * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
d24880de GM |
1104 | * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. |
1105 | * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
1106 | * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1107 | * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. |
1108 | * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from | |
1109 | neighboring text. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1110 | * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion |
1111 | only when text is examined. | |
1112 | * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text | |
1113 | do something when you click on them. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1114 | * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines |
1115 | fields within the buffer. | |
d24880de GM |
1116 | * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
1117 | Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
c85c5553 | 1118 | |
561c0216 | 1119 | Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters |
c85c5553 | 1120 | |
561c0216 | 1121 | * Text Representations:: How Emacs represents text. |
c85c5553 KB |
1122 | * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
1123 | * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. | |
1124 | * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to | |
1125 | codes of individual characters. | |
e45e90b3 GM |
1126 | * Character Properties:: Character attributes that define their |
1127 | behavior and handling. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1128 | * Character Sets:: The space of possible character codes |
1129 | is divided into various character sets. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1130 | * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
1131 | * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. | |
1132 | * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. | |
1133 | * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various | |
1134 | non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. | |
1135 | * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. | |
1136 | ||
1137 | Coding Systems | |
1138 | ||
1139 | * Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts. | |
1140 | * Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems. | |
1141 | * Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names. | |
1142 | * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system. | |
1143 | * Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices. | |
1144 | * Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system | |
1145 | for a single file operation. | |
1146 | * Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O. | |
1147 | * Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O. | |
1148 | * MS-DOS File Types:: How DOS "text" and "binary" files | |
1149 | relate to coding systems. | |
1150 | ||
cddd92e8 EZ |
1151 | Searching and Matching |
1152 | ||
1153 | * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
c85c5553 | 1154 | * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1155 | * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. |
1156 | * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1157 | * POSIX Regexps:: Searching POSIX-style for the longest match. |
1158 | * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched, | |
1159 | after a string or regexp search. | |
d24880de | 1160 | * Search and Replace:: Commands that loop, searching and replacing. |
cddd92e8 | 1161 | * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1162 | |
1163 | Regular Expressions | |
1164 | ||
1165 | * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
1166 | * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1167 | * Regexp Functions:: Functions for operating on regular expressions. |
1168 | ||
1169 | Syntax of Regular Expressions | |
1170 | ||
1171 | * Regexp Special:: Special characters in regular expressions. | |
1172 | * Char Classes:: Character classes used in regular expressions. | |
1173 | * Regexp Backslash:: Backslash-sequences in regular expressions. | |
1174 | ||
1175 | The Match Data | |
1176 | ||
d24880de | 1177 | * Replacing Match:: Replacing a substring that was matched. |
c85c5553 | 1178 | * Simple Match Data:: Accessing single items of match data, |
d24880de | 1179 | such as where a particular subexpression started. |
c85c5553 KB |
1180 | * Entire Match Data:: Accessing the entire match data at once, as a list. |
1181 | * Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring the match data. | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1182 | |
1183 | Syntax Tables | |
1184 | ||
c85c5553 | 1185 | * Syntax Basics:: Basic concepts of syntax tables. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1186 | * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. |
1187 | * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
c85c5553 | 1188 | * Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties. |
d24880de | 1189 | * Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1190 | * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions |
1191 | using the syntax table. | |
1192 | * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
1193 | * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
c85c5553 | 1194 | * Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1195 | |
1196 | Syntax Descriptors | |
1197 | ||
1198 | * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
1199 | * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
1200 | ||
c85c5553 KB |
1201 | Parsing Expressions |
1202 | ||
1203 | * Motion via Parsing:: Motion functions that work by parsing. | |
1204 | * Position Parse:: Determining the syntactic state of a position. | |
1205 | * Parser State:: How Emacs represents a syntactic state. | |
1206 | * Low-Level Parsing:: Parsing across a specified region. | |
1207 | * Control Parsing:: Parameters that affect parsing. | |
1208 | ||
561c0216 | 1209 | Abbrevs and Abbrev Expansion |
cddd92e8 | 1210 | |
c85c5553 | 1211 | * Abbrev Tables:: Creating and working with abbrev tables. |
cddd92e8 | 1212 | * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. |
c85c5553 KB |
1213 | * Abbrev Files:: Saving abbrevs in files. |
1214 | * Abbrev Expansion:: Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. | |
cddd92e8 | 1215 | * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. |
561c0216 GM |
1216 | * Abbrev Properties:: How to read and set abbrev properties. |
1217 | Which properties have which effect. | |
1218 | * Abbrev Table Properties:: How to read and set abbrev table properties. | |
1219 | Which properties have which effect. | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1220 | |
1221 | Processes | |
1222 | ||
1223 | * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
c85c5553 | 1224 | * Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1225 | * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. |
1226 | * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1227 | * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1228 | * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
1229 | * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1230 | * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
1231 | an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1232 | * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1233 | * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
c85c5553 | 1234 | * Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process. |
e45e90b3 | 1235 | * System Processes:: Accessing other processes running on your system. |
c85c5553 | 1236 | * Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses. |
cddd92e8 | 1237 | * Network:: Opening network connections. |
c85c5553 KB |
1238 | * Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections. |
1239 | * Datagrams:: UDP network connections. | |
1240 | * Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function | |
1241 | to create connections and servers. | |
561c0216 GM |
1242 | * Misc Network:: Additional relevant functions for |
1243 | network connections. | |
e45e90b3 | 1244 | * Serial Ports:: Communicating with serial ports. |
c85c5553 | 1245 | * Byte Packing:: Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1246 | |
1247 | Receiving Output from Processes | |
1248 | ||
1249 | * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
1250 | * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
c85c5553 | 1251 | * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1252 | * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. |
1253 | ||
c85c5553 KB |
1254 | Low-Level Network Access |
1255 | ||
561c0216 GM |
1256 | * Network Processes:: Using @code{make-network-process}. |
1257 | * Network Options:: Further control over network connections. | |
1258 | * Network Feature Testing:: Determining which network features work on | |
c85c5553 KB |
1259 | the machine you are using. |
1260 | ||
1261 | Packing and Unpacking Byte Arrays | |
1262 | ||
1263 | * Bindat Spec:: Describing data layout. | |
1264 | * Bindat Functions:: Doing the unpacking and packing. | |
1265 | * Bindat Examples:: Samples of what bindat.el can do for you! | |
1266 | ||
1267 | Emacs Display | |
1268 | ||
1269 | * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
1270 | * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. | |
1271 | * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. | |
1272 | * The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen. | |
1273 | * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. | |
1274 | * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. | |
1275 | * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). | |
1276 | * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. | |
d24880de | 1277 | * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. |
c85c5553 KB |
1278 | * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. |
1279 | * Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines. | |
d24880de | 1280 | * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style |
c85c5553 KB |
1281 | for text characters: font, colors, etc. |
1282 | * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. | |
1283 | * Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars. | |
1284 | * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. | |
1285 | * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. | |
1286 | * Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers. | |
44e97401 | 1287 | * Abstract Display:: Emacs's Widget for Object Collections. |
c85c5553 | 1288 | * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. |
9a69676a | 1289 | * Character Display:: How Emacs displays individual characters. |
c85c5553 KB |
1290 | * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. |
1291 | * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
d366bd53 CY |
1292 | * Bidirectional Display:: Display of bidirectional scripts, such as |
1293 | Arabic and Farsi. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1294 | |
1295 | The Echo Area | |
1296 | ||
1297 | * Displaying Messages:: Explicitly displaying text in the echo area. | |
1298 | * Progress:: Informing user about progress of a long operation. | |
1299 | * Logging Messages:: Echo area messages are logged for the user. | |
1300 | * Echo Area Customization:: Controlling the echo area. | |
1301 | ||
1302 | Reporting Warnings | |
1303 | ||
1304 | * Warning Basics:: Warnings concepts and functions to report them. | |
561c0216 GM |
1305 | * Warning Variables:: Variables programs bind to customize |
1306 | their warnings. | |
c85c5553 | 1307 | * Warning Options:: Variables users set to control display of warnings. |
3d439cd1 | 1308 | * Delayed Warnings:: Deferring a warning until the end of a command. |
c85c5553 KB |
1309 | |
1310 | Overlays | |
1311 | ||
1312 | * Managing Overlays:: Creating and moving overlays. | |
1313 | * Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties. | |
d24880de | 1314 | What properties do to the screen display. |
c85c5553 KB |
1315 | * Finding Overlays:: Searching for overlays. |
1316 | ||
1317 | Faces | |
1318 | ||
1319 | * Defining Faces:: How to define a face with @code{defface}. | |
1320 | * Face Attributes:: What is in a face? | |
1321 | * Attribute Functions:: Functions to examine and set face attributes. | |
1322 | * Displaying Faces:: How Emacs combines the faces specified for | |
1323 | a character. | |
e45e90b3 | 1324 | * Face Remapping:: Remapping faces to alternative definitions. |
c85c5553 KB |
1325 | * Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces. |
1326 | * Auto Faces:: Hook for automatic face assignment. | |
35137ed3 | 1327 | * Basic Faces:: Faces that are defined by default. |
e45e90b3 | 1328 | * Font Selection:: Finding the best available font for a face. |
c85c5553 KB |
1329 | * Font Lookup:: Looking up the names of available fonts |
1330 | and information about them. | |
1331 | * Fontsets:: A fontset is a collection of fonts | |
1332 | that handle a range of character sets. | |
561c0216 | 1333 | * Low-Level Font:: Lisp representation for character display fonts. |
c85c5553 KB |
1334 | |
1335 | Fringes | |
1336 | ||
1337 | * Fringe Size/Pos:: Specifying where to put the window fringes. | |
1338 | * Fringe Indicators:: Displaying indicator icons in the window fringes. | |
1339 | * Fringe Cursors:: Displaying cursors in the right fringe. | |
1340 | * Fringe Bitmaps:: Specifying bitmaps for fringe indicators. | |
1341 | * Customizing Bitmaps:: Specifying your own bitmaps to use in the fringes. | |
1342 | * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. | |
1343 | ||
1344 | The @code{display} Property | |
1345 | ||
561c0216 | 1346 | * Replacing Specs:: Display specs that replace the text. |
c85c5553 KB |
1347 | * Specified Space:: Displaying one space with a specified width. |
1348 | * Pixel Specification:: Specifying space width or height in pixels. | |
61db307f CY |
1349 | * Other Display Specs:: Displaying an image; adjusting the height, |
1350 | spacing, and other properties of text. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1351 | * Display Margins:: Displaying text or images to the side of |
1352 | the main text. | |
1353 | ||
1354 | Images | |
1355 | ||
561c0216 | 1356 | * Image Formats:: Supported image formats. |
c85c5553 KB |
1357 | * Image Descriptors:: How to specify an image for use in @code{:display}. |
1358 | * XBM Images:: Special features for XBM format. | |
1359 | * XPM Images:: Special features for XPM format. | |
1360 | * GIF Images:: Special features for GIF format. | |
561c0216 | 1361 | * TIFF Images:: Special features for TIFF format. |
c85c5553 KB |
1362 | * PostScript Images:: Special features for PostScript format. |
1363 | * Other Image Types:: Various other formats are supported. | |
1364 | * Defining Images:: Convenient ways to define an image for later use. | |
1365 | * Showing Images:: Convenient ways to display an image once | |
1366 | it is defined. | |
eea14f31 | 1367 | * Animated Images:: Some image formats can be animated. |
c85c5553 KB |
1368 | * Image Cache:: Internal mechanisms of image display. |
1369 | ||
1370 | Buttons | |
1371 | ||
1372 | * Button Properties:: Button properties with special meanings. | |
1373 | * Button Types:: Defining common properties for classes of buttons. | |
1374 | * Making Buttons:: Adding buttons to Emacs buffers. | |
1375 | * Manipulating Buttons:: Getting and setting properties of buttons. | |
1376 | * Button Buffer Commands:: Buffer-wide commands and bindings for buttons. | |
1377 | ||
1378 | Abstract Display | |
1379 | ||
1380 | * Abstract Display Functions:: Functions in the Ewoc package. | |
1381 | * Abstract Display Example:: Example of using Ewoc. | |
1382 | ||
9a69676a | 1383 | Character Display |
c85c5553 | 1384 | |
9a69676a CY |
1385 | * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying characters. |
1386 | * Display Tables:: What a display table consists of. | |
1387 | * Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use. | |
1388 | * Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean. | |
1389 | * Glyphless Chars:: How glyphless characters are drawn. | |
c85c5553 | 1390 | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1391 | Operating System Interface |
1392 | ||
561c0216 | 1393 | * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs startup processing. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1394 | * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). |
1395 | * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
c85c5553 | 1396 | * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user. |
d24880de | 1397 | * Time of Day:: Getting the current time. |
333f9019 | 1398 | * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to |
561c0216 | 1399 | calendrical data and vice versa. |
c85c5553 KB |
1400 | * Time Parsing:: Converting a time from numeric form to text |
1401 | and vice versa. | |
1402 | * Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs. | |
1403 | * Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc. | |
d24880de | 1404 | * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a |
561c0216 | 1405 | certain time. |
c85c5553 KB |
1406 | * Idle Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function when Emacs has |
1407 | been idle for a certain length of time. | |
1408 | * Terminal Input:: Accessing and recording terminal input. | |
1409 | * Terminal Output:: Controlling and recording terminal output. | |
1410 | * Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker. | |
a3cb6daa | 1411 | * X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows. |
cddd92e8 | 1412 | * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. |
561c0216 GM |
1413 | * Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with |
1414 | X Session Management. | |
9ff687e1 MA |
1415 | * Notifications:: Desktop notifications. |
1416 | * Dynamic Libraries:: On-demand loading of support libraries. | |
cddd92e8 | 1417 | |
fdc76236 TT |
1418 | Preparing Lisp code for distribution |
1419 | ||
1420 | * Packaging Basics:: The basic concepts of Emacs Lisp packages. | |
1421 | * Simple Packages:: How to package a single .el file. | |
1422 | * Multi-file Packages:: How to package multiple files. | |
1423 | ||
cddd92e8 EZ |
1424 | Starting Up Emacs |
1425 | ||
561c0216 GM |
1426 | * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at startup. |
1427 | * Init File:: Details on reading the init file. | |
cddd92e8 | 1428 | * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. |
c85c5553 | 1429 | * Command-Line Arguments:: How command-line arguments are processed, |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1430 | and how you can customize them. |
1431 | ||
c85c5553 | 1432 | Getting Out of Emacs |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1433 | |
1434 | * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
1435 | * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
1436 | ||
c85c5553 | 1437 | Terminal Input |
cddd92e8 | 1438 | |
d24880de GM |
1439 | * Input Modes:: Options for how input is processed. |
1440 | * Recording Input:: Saving histories of recent or all input events. | |
c85c5553 KB |
1441 | |
1442 | Tips and Conventions | |
1443 | ||
1444 | * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. | |
1445 | * Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs. | |
1446 | * Programming Tips:: Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs. | |
1447 | * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. | |
1448 | * Warning Tips:: Turning off compiler warnings. | |
1449 | * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. | |
d24880de | 1450 | * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
c85c5553 | 1451 | * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1452 | |
1453 | GNU Emacs Internals | |
1454 | ||
c85c5553 | 1455 | * Building Emacs:: How the dumped Emacs is made. |
333f9019 | 1456 | * Pure Storage:: Kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions shareable. |
cddd92e8 | 1457 | * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. |
c85c5553 | 1458 | * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far. |
cddd92e8 | 1459 | * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. |
c85c5553 | 1460 | * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1461 | |
1462 | Object Internals | |
1463 | ||
1464 | * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
1465 | * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
1466 | * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
c85c5553 | 1467 | @end detailmenu |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1468 | @end menu |
1469 | ||
cddd92e8 EZ |
1470 | @c include intro.texi |
1471 | @c include objects.texi | |
1472 | @c include numbers.texi | |
1473 | @c include strings.texi | |
1474 | ||
1475 | @c include lists.texi | |
1476 | @c include sequences.texi | |
c85c5553 | 1477 | @c include hash.texi |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1478 | @c include symbols.texi |
1479 | @c include eval.texi | |
1480 | ||
1481 | @c include control.texi | |
1482 | @c include variables.texi | |
1483 | @c include functions.texi | |
1484 | @c include macros.texi | |
1485 | ||
c85c5553 | 1486 | @c include customize.texi |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1487 | @c include loading.texi |
1488 | @c include compile.texi | |
c85c5553 KB |
1489 | @c include advice.texi |
1490 | ||
561c0216 | 1491 | @c This includes edebug.texi. |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1492 | @c include debugging.texi |
1493 | @c include streams.texi | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1494 | @c include minibuf.texi |
1495 | @c include commands.texi | |
c85c5553 | 1496 | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1497 | @c include keymaps.texi |
1498 | @c include modes.texi | |
c85c5553 KB |
1499 | @c include help.texi |
1500 | @c include files.texi | |
cddd92e8 | 1501 | |
c85c5553 | 1502 | @c include backups.texi |
cddd92e8 | 1503 | |
c85c5553 | 1504 | @c ================ Beginning of Volume 2 ================ |
cddd92e8 | 1505 | @include buffers.texi |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1506 | @include windows.texi |
1507 | @include frames.texi | |
c85c5553 | 1508 | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1509 | @include positions.texi |
1510 | @include markers.texi | |
1511 | @include text.texi | |
c85c5553 | 1512 | @include nonascii.texi |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1513 | |
1514 | @include searching.texi | |
1515 | @include syntax.texi | |
1516 | @include abbrevs.texi | |
cddd92e8 | 1517 | @include processes.texi |
c85c5553 | 1518 | |
cddd92e8 | 1519 | @include display.texi |
c85c5553 | 1520 | @include os.texi |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1521 | |
1522 | @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
1523 | ||
1524 | @c appendices | |
1525 | ||
1526 | @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
1527 | ||
c85c5553 KB |
1528 | @include anti.texi |
1529 | @include doclicense.texi | |
1530 | @include gpl.texi | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1531 | @include tips.texi |
1532 | @include internals.texi | |
1533 | @include errors.texi | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1534 | @include maps.texi |
1535 | @include hooks.texi | |
1536 | ||
c85c5553 | 1537 | @include index.texi |
cddd92e8 | 1538 | |
c85c5553 KB |
1539 | @ignore |
1540 | @node New Symbols, , Index, Top | |
1541 | @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition | |
1542 | ||
1543 | @printindex tp | |
1544 | @end ignore | |
cddd92e8 EZ |
1545 | |
1546 | @bye | |
1547 | ||
1548 | \f | |
1549 | These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. |