;;;; "format.scm" Common LISP text output formatter for SLIB
;;; 	Copyright (C) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
;;;
;;; This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
;;; modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
;;; License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
;;; version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
;;; 
;;; This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
;;; Lesser General Public License for more details.
;;; 
;;; You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
;;; License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
;;; Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
;;;

;;; This code was orignally in the public domain.
;;;
;;; Written 1992-1994 by Dirk Lutzebaeck (lutzeb@cs.tu-berlin.de).
;;;
;;; Authors of the version from SLIB (< 1.4) were Ken Dickey and Aubrey
;;; Jaffer.
;;;
;;; Assimilated into Guile May 1999.
;;;
;;; Please don't bother the original authors with bug reports, though;
;;; send them to bug-guile@gnu.org.
;;;

(define-module (ice-9 format)
  #:autoload (ice-9 pretty-print) (pretty-print truncated-print)
  #:autoload (ice-9 i18n)         (%global-locale number->locale-string)
  #:replace (format))

(define format:version "3.0")

(define (format destination format-string . format-args)
  (if (not (string? format-string))
      (error "format: expected a string for format string" format-string))

  (let* ((port
          (cond
           ((not destination) (open-output-string))
           ((boolean? destination) (current-output-port)) ; boolean but not false
           ((output-port? destination) destination)
           ((number? destination)
            (issue-deprecation-warning
             "Passing a number to format as the port is deprecated."
             "Pass (current-error-port) instead.")
            (current-error-port))
           (else
            (error "format: bad destination `~a'" destination))))

         (output-col (or (port-column port) 0))

         (flush-output? #f))

    (define format:case-conversion #f)
    (define format:pos 0)        ; curr. format string parsing position
    (define format:arg-pos 0)    ; curr. format argument position
					; this is global for error presentation
       
    ;; format string and char output routines on port

    (define (format:out-str str)
      (if format:case-conversion
          (display (format:case-conversion str) port)
          (display str port))
      (set! output-col
            (+ output-col (string-length str))))

    (define (format:out-char ch)
      (if format:case-conversion
          (display (format:case-conversion (string ch))
                   port)
          (write-char ch port))
      (set! output-col
            (if (char=? ch #\newline)
                0
                (+ output-col 1))))
       
    ;;(define (format:out-substr str i n)  ; this allocates a new string
    ;;  (display (substring str i n) port)
    ;;  (set! output-col (+ output-col n)))

    (define (format:out-substr str i n)
      (do ((k i (+ k 1)))
          ((= k n))
        (write-char (string-ref str k) port))
      (set! output-col (+ output-col (- n i))))

    ;;(define (format:out-fill n ch)       ; this allocates a new string
    ;;  (format:out-str (make-string n ch)))

    (define (format:out-fill n ch)
      (do ((i 0 (+ i 1)))
          ((= i n))
        (write-char ch port))
      (set! output-col (+ output-col n)))

    ;; format's user error handler

    (define (format:error . args)       ; never returns!
      (let ((port (current-error-port)))
        (set! format:error format:intern-error)
        (if (not (zero? format:arg-pos))
            (set! format:arg-pos (- format:arg-pos 1)))
        (format port
                "~%FORMAT: error with call: (format ~a \"~a<===~a\" ~
                                  ~{~a ~}===>~{~a ~})~%        "
                destination
                (substring format-string 0 format:pos)
                (substring format-string format:pos
                           (string-length format-string))
                (list-head format-args format:arg-pos)
                (list-tail format-args format:arg-pos))
        (apply format port args)
        (newline port)
        (set! format:error format:error-save)
        (format:abort)))

    (define (format:intern-error . args)
      ;;if something goes wrong in format:error
      (display "FORMAT: INTERNAL ERROR IN FORMAT:ERROR!") (newline)
      (display "        destination: ") (write destination) (newline)
      (display "        format string: ") (write format-string) (newline)
      (display "        format args: ") (write format-args) (newline)
      (display "        error args:  ") (write args) (newline)
      (set! format:error format:error-save)
      (format:abort))
	      
    (define format:error-save format:error)
  
    (define format:parameter-characters
      '(#\0 #\1 #\2 #\3 #\4 #\5 #\6 #\7 #\8 #\9 #\- #\+ #\v #\# #\'))

    (define (format:format-work format-string arglist) ; does the formatting work
      (letrec
          ((format-string-len (string-length format-string))
           (arg-pos 0)               ; argument position in arglist
           (arg-len (length arglist))   ; number of arguments
           (modifier #f)                ; 'colon | 'at | 'colon-at | #f
           (params '())                 ; directive parameter list
           (param-value-found #f)       ; a directive
					; parameter value
					; found
           (conditional-nest 0)         ; conditional nesting level
           (clause-pos 0)               ; last cond. clause
					; beginning char pos
           (clause-default #f)		; conditional default
					; clause string
           (clauses '())                ; conditional clause
					; string list
           (conditional-type #f)        ; reflects the
					; contional modifiers
           (conditional-arg #f)      ; argument to apply the conditional
           (iteration-nest 0)        ; iteration nesting level
           (iteration-pos 0)         ; iteration string
					; beginning char pos
           (iteration-type #f)		; reflects the
					; iteration modifiers
           (max-iterations #f)		; maximum number of
					; iterations
           (recursive-pos-save format:pos)
	       
           (next-char			; gets the next char
					; from format-string
            (lambda ()
              (let ((ch (peek-next-char)))
                (set! format:pos (+ 1 format:pos))
                ch)))
	       
           (peek-next-char
            (lambda ()
              (if (>= format:pos format-string-len)
                  (format:error "illegal format string")
                  (string-ref format-string format:pos))))
	       
           (one-positive-integer?
            (lambda (params)
              (cond
               ((null? params) #f)
               ((and (integer? (car params))
                     (>= (car params) 0)
                     (= (length params) 1)) #t)
               (else
                (format:error
                 "one positive integer parameter expected")))))
	       
           (next-arg
            (lambda ()
              (if (>= arg-pos arg-len)
                  (begin
                    (set! format:arg-pos (+ arg-len 1))
                    (format:error "missing argument(s)")))
              (add-arg-pos 1)
              (list-ref arglist (- arg-pos 1))))
	       
           (prev-arg
            (lambda ()
              (add-arg-pos -1)
              (if (negative? arg-pos)
                  (format:error "missing backward argument(s)"))
              (list-ref arglist arg-pos)))
	       
           (rest-args
            (lambda ()
              (let loop ((l arglist) (k arg-pos)) ; list-tail definition
                (if (= k 0) l (loop (cdr l) (- k 1))))))
	       
           (add-arg-pos
            (lambda (n) 
              (set! arg-pos (+ n arg-pos))
              (set! format:arg-pos arg-pos)))
	       
           (anychar-dispatch		; dispatches the format-string
            (lambda ()
              (if (>= format:pos format-string-len)
                  arg-pos               ; used for ~? continuance
                  (let ((char (next-char)))
                    (cond
                     ((char=? char #\~)
                      (set! modifier #f)
                      (set! params '())
                      (set! param-value-found #f)
                      (tilde-dispatch))
                     (else
                      (if (and (zero? conditional-nest)
                               (zero? iteration-nest))
                          (format:out-char char))
                      (anychar-dispatch)))))))
	       
           (tilde-dispatch
            (lambda ()
              (cond
               ((>= format:pos format-string-len)
                (format:out-str "~")	; tilde at end of
					; string is just
					; output
                arg-pos)                ; used for ~?
					; continuance
               ((and (or (zero? conditional-nest)
                         (memv (peek-next-char) ; find conditional
					; directives
                               (append '(#\[ #\] #\; #\: #\@ #\^)
                                       format:parameter-characters)))
                     (or (zero? iteration-nest)
                         (memv (peek-next-char) ; find iteration
					; directives
                               (append '(#\{ #\} #\: #\@ #\^)
                                       format:parameter-characters))))
                (case (char-upcase (next-char))
		      
                  ;; format directives
		      
                  ((#\A)                ; Any -- for humans
                   (set! format:read-proof
                         (memq modifier '(colon colon-at)))
                   (format:out-obj-padded (memq modifier '(at colon-at))
                                          (next-arg) #f params)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\S)                ; Slashified -- for parsers
                   (set! format:read-proof
                         (memq modifier '(colon colon-at)))
                   (format:out-obj-padded (memq modifier '(at colon-at))
                                          (next-arg) #t params)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\D)                ; Decimal
                   (format:out-num-padded modifier (next-arg) params 10)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\H)                ; Localized number
                   (let* ((num      (next-arg))
                          (locale   (case modifier
                                      ((colon) (next-arg))
                                      (else    %global-locale)))
                          (argc     (length params))
                          (width    (format:par params argc 0 #f "width"))
                          (decimals (format:par params argc 1 #t "decimals"))
                          (padchar  (integer->char
                                     (format:par params argc 2 format:space-ch
                                                 "padchar")))
                          (str      (number->locale-string num decimals
                                                           locale)))
                     (format:out-str (if (and width
                                              (< (string-length str) width))
                                         (string-pad str width padchar)
                                         str)))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\X)                ; Hexadecimal
                   (format:out-num-padded modifier (next-arg) params 16)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\O)                ; Octal
                   (format:out-num-padded modifier (next-arg) params 8)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\B)                ; Binary
                   (format:out-num-padded modifier (next-arg) params 2)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\R)
                   (if (null? params)
                       (format:out-obj-padded ; Roman, cardinal,
					; ordinal numerals
                        #f
                        ((case modifier
                           ((at) format:num->roman)
                           ((colon-at) format:num->old-roman)
                           ((colon) format:num->ordinal)
                           (else format:num->cardinal))
                         (next-arg))
                        #f params)
                       (format:out-num-padded ; any Radix
                        modifier (next-arg) (cdr params) (car params)))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\F)                ; Fixed-format floating-point
                   (format:out-fixed modifier (next-arg) params)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\E)                ; Exponential floating-point
                   (format:out-expon modifier (next-arg) params)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\G)                ; General floating-point
                   (format:out-general modifier (next-arg) params)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\$)                ; Dollars floating-point
                   (format:out-dollar modifier (next-arg) params)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\I)                ; Complex numbers
                   (let ((z (next-arg)))
                     (if (not (complex? z))
                         (format:error "argument not a complex number"))
                     (format:out-fixed modifier (real-part z) params)
                     (format:out-fixed 'at (imag-part z) params)
                     (format:out-char #\i))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\C)                ; Character
                   (let ((ch (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                                 (integer->char (car params))
                                 (next-arg))))
                     (if (not (char? ch))
                         (format:error "~~c expects a character"))
                     (case modifier
                       ((at)
                        (format:out-str (object->string ch)))
                       ((colon)
                        (let ((c (char->integer ch)))
                          (if (< c 0)
                              (set! c (+ c 256))) ; compensate
					; complement
					; impl.
                          (cond
                           ((< c #x20)	; assumes that control
					; chars are < #x20
                            (format:out-char #\^)
                            (format:out-char
                             (integer->char (+ c #x40))))
                           ((>= c #x7f)
                            (format:out-str "#\\")
                            (format:out-str
                             (number->string c 8)))
                           (else
                            (format:out-char ch)))))
                       (else (format:out-char ch))))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\P)                ; Plural
                   (if (memq modifier '(colon colon-at))
                       (prev-arg))
                   (let ((arg (next-arg)))
                     (if (not (number? arg))
                         (format:error "~~p expects a number argument"))
                     (if (= arg 1)
                         (if (memq modifier '(at colon-at))
                             (format:out-char #\y))
                         (if (memq modifier '(at colon-at))
                             (format:out-str "ies")
                             (format:out-char #\s))))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\~)                ; Tilde
                   (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                       (format:out-fill (car params) #\~)
                       (format:out-char #\~))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\%)                ; Newline
                   (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                       (format:out-fill (car params) #\newline)
                       (format:out-char #\newline))
                   (set! output-col 0)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\&)                ; Fresh line
                   (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                       (begin
                         (if (> (car params) 0)
                             (format:out-fill (- (car params)
                                                 (if (>
                                                      output-col
                                                      0) 0 1))
                                              #\newline))
                         (set! output-col 0))
                       (if (> output-col 0)
                           (format:out-char #\newline)))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\_)                ; Space character
                   (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                       (format:out-fill (car params) #\space)
                       (format:out-char #\space))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\/)                ; Tabulator character
                   (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                       (format:out-fill (car params) #\tab)
                       (format:out-char #\tab))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\|)                ; Page seperator
                   (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                       (format:out-fill (car params) #\page)
                       (format:out-char #\page))
                   (set! output-col 0)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\T)                ; Tabulate
                   (format:tabulate modifier params)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\Y)                ; Structured print
                   (let ((width (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                                    (car params)
                                    79)))
                     (case modifier
                       ((at)
                        (format:out-str
                         (call-with-output-string
                           (lambda (p)
                             (truncated-print (next-arg) p
                                              #:width width)))))
                       ((colon-at)
                        (format:out-str
                         (call-with-output-string
                           (lambda (p)
                             (truncated-print (next-arg) p
                                              #:width
                                              (max (- width
                                                      output-col)
                                                   1))))))
                       ((colon)
                        (format:error "illegal modifier in ~~?"))
                       (else
                        (pretty-print (next-arg) port
                                      #:width width)
                        (set! output-col 0))))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\? #\K)         ; Indirection (is "~K" in T-Scheme)
                   (cond
                    ((memq modifier '(colon colon-at))
                     (format:error "illegal modifier in ~~?"))
                    ((eq? modifier 'at)
                     (let* ((frmt (next-arg))
                            (args (rest-args)))
                       (add-arg-pos (format:format-work frmt args))))
                    (else
                     (let* ((frmt (next-arg))
                            (args (next-arg)))
                       (format:format-work frmt args))))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\!)                ; Flush output
                   (set! flush-output? #t)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\newline)		; Continuation lines
                   (if (eq? modifier 'at)
                       (format:out-char #\newline))
                   (if (< format:pos format-string-len)
                       (do ((ch (peek-next-char) (peek-next-char)))
                           ((or (not (char-whitespace? ch))
                                (= format:pos (- format-string-len 1))))
                         (if (eq? modifier 'colon)
                             (format:out-char (next-char))
                             (next-char))))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\*)                ; Argument jumping
                   (case modifier
                     ((colon)		; jump backwards
                      (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                          (do ((i 0 (+ i 1)))
                              ((= i (car params)))
                            (prev-arg))
                          (prev-arg)))
                     ((at)              ; jump absolute
                      (set! arg-pos (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                                        (car params) 0)))
                     ((colon-at)
                      (format:error "illegal modifier `:@' in ~~* directive"))
                     (else              ; jump forward
                      (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                          (do ((i 0 (+ i 1)))
                              ((= i (car params)))
                            (next-arg))
                          (next-arg))))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\()                ; Case conversion begin
                   (set! format:case-conversion
                         (case modifier
                           ((at) string-capitalize-first)
                           ((colon) string-capitalize)
                           ((colon-at) string-upcase)
                           (else string-downcase)))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\))                ; Case conversion end
                   (if (not format:case-conversion)
                       (format:error "missing ~~("))
                   (set! format:case-conversion #f)
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\[)                ; Conditional begin
                   (set! conditional-nest (+ conditional-nest 1))
                   (cond
                    ((= conditional-nest 1)
                     (set! clause-pos format:pos)
                     (set! clause-default #f)
                     (set! clauses '())
                     (set! conditional-type
                           (case modifier
                             ((at) 'if-then)
                             ((colon) 'if-else-then)
                             ((colon-at) (format:error "illegal modifier in ~~["))
                             (else 'num-case)))
                     (set! conditional-arg
                           (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                               (car params)
                               (next-arg)))))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\;)                ; Conditional separator
                   (if (zero? conditional-nest)
                       (format:error "~~; not in ~~[~~] conditional"))
                   (if (not (null? params))
                       (format:error "no parameter allowed in ~~;"))
                   (if (= conditional-nest 1)
                       (let ((clause-str
                              (cond
                               ((eq? modifier 'colon)
                                (set! clause-default #t)
                                (substring format-string clause-pos 
                                           (- format:pos 3)))
                               ((memq modifier '(at colon-at))
                                (format:error "illegal modifier in ~~;"))
                               (else
                                (substring format-string clause-pos
                                           (- format:pos 2))))))
                         (set! clauses (append clauses (list clause-str)))
                         (set! clause-pos format:pos)))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\])                ; Conditional end
                   (if (zero? conditional-nest) (format:error "missing ~~["))
                   (set! conditional-nest (- conditional-nest 1))
                   (if modifier
                       (format:error "no modifier allowed in ~~]"))
                   (if (not (null? params))
                       (format:error "no parameter allowed in ~~]"))
                   (cond
                    ((zero? conditional-nest)
                     (let ((clause-str (substring format-string clause-pos
                                                  (- format:pos 2))))
                       (if clause-default
                           (set! clause-default clause-str)
                           (set! clauses (append clauses (list clause-str)))))
                     (case conditional-type
                       ((if-then)
                        (if conditional-arg
                            (format:format-work (car clauses)
                                                (list conditional-arg))))
                       ((if-else-then)
                        (add-arg-pos
                         (format:format-work (if conditional-arg
                                                 (cadr clauses)
                                                 (car clauses))
                                             (rest-args))))
                       ((num-case)
                        (if (or (not (integer? conditional-arg))
                                (< conditional-arg 0))
                            (format:error "argument not a positive integer"))
                        (if (not (and (>= conditional-arg (length clauses))
                                      (not clause-default)))
                            (add-arg-pos
                             (format:format-work
                              (if (>= conditional-arg (length clauses))
                                  clause-default
                                  (list-ref clauses conditional-arg))
                              (rest-args))))))))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\{)                ; Iteration begin
                   (set! iteration-nest (+ iteration-nest 1))
                   (cond
                    ((= iteration-nest 1)
                     (set! iteration-pos format:pos)
                     (set! iteration-type
                           (case modifier
                             ((at) 'rest-args)
                             ((colon) 'sublists)
                             ((colon-at) 'rest-sublists)
                             (else 'list)))
                     (set! max-iterations (if (one-positive-integer? params)
                                              (car params) #f))))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\})                ; Iteration end
                   (if (zero? iteration-nest) (format:error "missing ~~{"))
                   (set! iteration-nest (- iteration-nest 1))
                   (case modifier
                     ((colon)
                      (if (not max-iterations) (set! max-iterations 1)))
                     ((colon-at at) (format:error "illegal modifier")))
                   (if (not (null? params))
                       (format:error "no parameters allowed in ~~}"))
                   (if (zero? iteration-nest)
                       (let ((iteration-str
                              (substring format-string iteration-pos
                                         (- format:pos (if modifier 3 2)))))
                         (if (string=? iteration-str "")
                             (set! iteration-str (next-arg)))
                         (case iteration-type
                           ((list)
                            (let ((args (next-arg))
                                  (args-len 0))
                              (if (not (list? args))
                                  (format:error "expected a list argument"))
                              (set! args-len (length args))
                              (do ((arg-pos 0 (+ arg-pos
                                                 (format:format-work
                                                  iteration-str
                                                  (list-tail args arg-pos))))
                                   (i 0 (+ i 1)))
                                  ((or (>= arg-pos args-len)
                                       (and max-iterations
                                            (>= i max-iterations)))))))
                           ((sublists)
                            (let ((args (next-arg))
                                  (args-len 0))
                              (if (not (list? args))
                                  (format:error "expected a list argument"))
                              (set! args-len (length args))
                              (do ((arg-pos 0 (+ arg-pos 1)))
                                  ((or (>= arg-pos args-len)
                                       (and max-iterations
                                            (>= arg-pos max-iterations))))
                                (let ((sublist (list-ref args arg-pos)))
                                  (if (not (list? sublist))
                                      (format:error
                                       "expected a list of lists argument"))
                                  (format:format-work iteration-str sublist)))))
                           ((rest-args)
                            (let* ((args (rest-args))
                                   (args-len (length args))
                                   (usedup-args
                                    (do ((arg-pos 0 (+ arg-pos
                                                       (format:format-work
                                                        iteration-str
                                                        (list-tail
                                                         args arg-pos))))
                                         (i 0 (+ i 1)))
                                        ((or (>= arg-pos args-len)
                                             (and max-iterations
                                                  (>= i max-iterations)))
                                         arg-pos))))
                              (add-arg-pos usedup-args)))
                           ((rest-sublists)
                            (let* ((args (rest-args))
                                   (args-len (length args))
                                   (usedup-args
                                    (do ((arg-pos 0 (+ arg-pos 1)))
                                        ((or (>= arg-pos args-len)
                                             (and max-iterations
                                                  (>= arg-pos max-iterations)))
                                         arg-pos)
                                      (let ((sublist (list-ref args arg-pos)))
                                        (if (not (list? sublist))
                                            (format:error "expected list arguments"))
                                        (format:format-work iteration-str sublist)))))
                              (add-arg-pos usedup-args)))
                           (else (format:error "internal error in ~~}")))))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  ((#\^)                ; Up and out
                   (let* ((continue
                           (cond
                            ((not (null? params))
                             (not
                              (case (length params)
                                ((1) (zero? (car params)))
                                ((2) (= (list-ref params 0) (list-ref params 1)))
                                ((3) (<= (list-ref params 0)
                                         (list-ref params 1)
                                         (list-ref params 2)))
                                (else (format:error "too much parameters")))))
                            (format:case-conversion ; if conversion stop conversion
                             (set! format:case-conversion string-copy) #t)
                            ((= iteration-nest 1) #t)
                            ((= conditional-nest 1) #t)
                            ((>= arg-pos arg-len)
                             (set! format:pos format-string-len) #f)
                            (else #t))))
                     (if continue
                         (anychar-dispatch))))

                  ;; format directive modifiers and parameters

                  ((#\@)                ; `@' modifier
                   (if (memq modifier '(at colon-at))
                       (format:error "double `@' modifier"))
                   (set! modifier (if (eq? modifier 'colon) 'colon-at 'at))
                   (tilde-dispatch))
                  ((#\:)                ; `:' modifier
                   (if (memq modifier '(colon colon-at))
                       (format:error "double `:' modifier"))
                   (set! modifier (if (eq? modifier 'at) 'colon-at 'colon))
                   (tilde-dispatch))
                  ((#\')                ; Character parameter
                   (if modifier (format:error "misplaced modifier"))
                   (set! params (append params (list (char->integer (next-char)))))
                   (set! param-value-found #t)
                   (tilde-dispatch))
                  ((#\0 #\1 #\2 #\3 #\4 #\5 #\6 #\7 #\8 #\9 #\- #\+) ; num. paramtr
                   (if modifier (format:error "misplaced modifier"))
                   (let ((num-str-beg (- format:pos 1))
                         (num-str-end format:pos))
                     (do ((ch (peek-next-char) (peek-next-char)))
                         ((not (char-numeric? ch)))
                       (next-char)
                       (set! num-str-end (+ 1 num-str-end)))
                     (set! params
                           (append params
                                   (list (string->number
                                          (substring format-string
                                                     num-str-beg
                                                     num-str-end))))))
                   (set! param-value-found #t)
                   (tilde-dispatch))
                  ((#\V)           ; Variable parameter from next argum.
                   (if modifier (format:error "misplaced modifier"))
                   (set! params (append params (list (next-arg))))
                   (set! param-value-found #t)
                   (tilde-dispatch))
                  ((#\#)         ; Parameter is number of remaining args
                   (if param-value-found (format:error "misplaced '#'"))
                   (if modifier (format:error "misplaced modifier"))
                   (set! params (append params (list (length (rest-args)))))
                   (set! param-value-found #t)
                   (tilde-dispatch))
                  ((#\,)                ; Parameter separators
                   (if modifier (format:error "misplaced modifier"))
                   (if (not param-value-found)
                       (set! params (append params '(#f)))) ; append empty paramtr
                   (set! param-value-found #f)
                   (tilde-dispatch))
                  ((#\Q)                ; Inquiry messages
                   (if (eq? modifier 'colon)
                       (format:out-str format:version)
                       (let ((nl (string #\newline)))
                         (format:out-str
                          (string-append
                           "SLIB Common LISP format version " format:version nl
                           "  (C) copyright 1992-1994 by Dirk Lutzebaeck" nl
                           "  please send bug reports to `lutzeb@cs.tu-berlin.de'"
                           nl))))
                   (anychar-dispatch))
                  (else                 ; Unknown tilde directive
                   (format:error "unknown control character `~c'"
                                 (string-ref format-string (- format:pos 1))))))
               (else (anychar-dispatch)))))) ; in case of conditional

        (set! format:pos 0)
        (set! format:arg-pos 0)
        (anychar-dispatch)              ; start the formatting
        (set! format:pos recursive-pos-save)
        arg-pos))                 ; return the position in the arg. list

    ;; when format:read-proof is true, format:obj->str will wrap
    ;; result strings starting with "#<" in an extra pair of double
    ;; quotes.
       
    (define format:read-proof #f)

    ;; format:obj->str returns a R4RS representation as a string of
    ;; an arbitrary scheme object.

    (define (format:obj->str obj slashify)
      (let ((res (if slashify
                     (object->string obj)
                     (call-with-output-string (lambda (p) (display obj p))))))
        (if (and format:read-proof (string-prefix? "#<" res))
            (object->string res)
            res)))

    (define format:space-ch (char->integer #\space))
    (define format:zero-ch (char->integer #\0))

    (define (format:par pars length index default name)
      (if (> length index)
          (let ((par (list-ref pars index)))
            (if par
                (if name
                    (if (< par 0)
                        (format:error 
                         "~s parameter must be a positive integer" name)
                        par)
                    par)
                default))
          default))

    (define (format:out-obj-padded pad-left obj slashify pars)
      (if (null? pars)
          (format:out-str (format:obj->str obj slashify))
          (let ((l (length pars)))
            (let ((mincol (format:par pars l 0 0 "mincol"))
                  (colinc (format:par pars l 1 1 "colinc"))
                  (minpad (format:par pars l 2 0 "minpad"))
                  (padchar (integer->char
                            (format:par pars l 3 format:space-ch #f)))
                  (objstr (format:obj->str obj slashify)))
              (if (not pad-left)
                  (format:out-str objstr))
              (do ((objstr-len (string-length objstr))
                   (i minpad (+ i colinc)))
                  ((>= (+ objstr-len i) mincol)
                   (format:out-fill i padchar)))
              (if pad-left
                  (format:out-str objstr))))))

    (define (format:out-num-padded modifier number pars radix)
      (if (not (integer? number)) (format:error "argument not an integer"))
      (let ((numstr (number->string number radix)))
        (if (and (null? pars) (not modifier))
            (format:out-str numstr)
            (let ((l (length pars))
                  (numstr-len (string-length numstr)))
              (let ((mincol (format:par pars l 0 #f "mincol"))
                    (padchar (integer->char
                              (format:par pars l 1 format:space-ch #f)))
                    (commachar (integer->char
                                (format:par pars l 2 (char->integer #\,) #f)))
                    (commawidth (format:par pars l 3 3 "commawidth")))
                (if mincol
                    (let ((numlen numstr-len)) ; calc. the output len of number
                      (if (and (memq modifier '(at colon-at)) (>= number 0))
                          (set! numlen (+ numlen 1)))
                      (if (memq modifier '(colon colon-at))
                          (set! numlen (+ (quotient (- numstr-len 
                                                       (if (< number 0) 2 1))
                                                    commawidth)
                                          numlen)))
                      (if (> mincol numlen)
                          (format:out-fill (- mincol numlen) padchar))))
                (if (and (memq modifier '(at colon-at))
                         (>= number 0))
                    (format:out-char #\+))
                (if (memq modifier '(colon colon-at)) ; insert comma character
                    (let ((start (remainder numstr-len commawidth))
                          (ns (if (< number 0) 1 0)))
                      (format:out-substr numstr 0 start)
                      (do ((i start (+ i commawidth)))
                          ((>= i numstr-len))
                        (if (> i ns)
                            (format:out-char commachar))
                        (format:out-substr numstr i (+ i commawidth))))
                    (format:out-str numstr)))))))

    (define (format:tabulate modifier pars)
      (let ((l (length pars)))
        (let ((colnum (format:par pars l 0 1 "colnum"))
              (colinc (format:par pars l 1 1 "colinc"))
              (padch (integer->char (format:par pars l 2 format:space-ch #f))))
          (case modifier
            ((colon colon-at)
             (format:error "unsupported modifier for ~~t"))
            ((at)                       ; relative tabulation
             (format:out-fill
              (if (= colinc 0)
                  colnum                ; colnum = colrel
                  (do ((c 0 (+ c colinc))
                       (col (+ output-col colnum)))
                      ((>= c col)
                       (- c output-col))))
              padch))
            (else                       ; absolute tabulation
             (format:out-fill
              (cond
               ((< output-col colnum)
                (- colnum output-col))
               ((= colinc 0)
                0)
               (else
                (do ((c colnum (+ c colinc)))
                    ((>= c output-col)
                     (- c output-col)))))
              padch))))))


    ;; roman numerals (from dorai@cs.rice.edu).

    (define format:roman-alist
      '((1000 #\M) (500 #\D) (100 #\C) (50 #\L)
        (10 #\X) (5 #\V) (1 #\I)))

    (define format:roman-boundary-values
      '(100 100 10 10 1 1 #f))

    (define (format:num->old-roman n)
      (if (and (integer? n) (>= n 1))
          (let loop ((n n)
                     (romans format:roman-alist)
                     (s '()))
            (if (null? romans) (list->string (reverse s))
                (let ((roman-val (caar romans))
                      (roman-dgt (cadar romans)))
                  (do ((q (quotient n roman-val) (- q 1))
                       (s s (cons roman-dgt s)))
                      ((= q 0)
                       (loop (remainder n roman-val)
                             (cdr romans) s))))))
          (format:error "only positive integers can be romanized")))

    (define (format:num->roman n)
      (if (and (integer? n) (> n 0))
          (let loop ((n n)
                     (romans format:roman-alist)
                     (boundaries format:roman-boundary-values)
                     (s '()))
            (if (null? romans)
                (list->string (reverse s))
                (let ((roman-val (caar romans))
                      (roman-dgt (cadar romans))
                      (bdry (car boundaries)))
                  (let loop2 ((q (quotient n roman-val))
                              (r (remainder n roman-val))
                              (s s))
                    (if (= q 0)
                        (if (and bdry (>= r (- roman-val bdry)))
                            (loop (remainder r bdry) (cdr romans)
                                  (cdr boundaries)
                                  (cons roman-dgt
                                        (append
                                         (cdr (assv bdry romans))
                                         s)))
                            (loop r (cdr romans) (cdr boundaries) s))
                        (loop2 (- q 1) r (cons roman-dgt s)))))))
          (format:error "only positive integers can be romanized")))

    ;; cardinals & ordinals (from dorai@cs.rice.edu)

    (define format:cardinal-ones-list
      '(#f "one" "two" "three" "four" "five"
           "six" "seven" "eight" "nine" "ten" "eleven" "twelve" "thirteen"
           "fourteen" "fifteen" "sixteen" "seventeen" "eighteen"
           "nineteen"))

    (define format:cardinal-tens-list
      '(#f #f "twenty" "thirty" "forty" "fifty" "sixty" "seventy" "eighty"
           "ninety"))

    (define (format:num->cardinal999 n)
      ;; this procedure is inspired by the Bruno Haible's CLisp
      ;; function format-small-cardinal, which converts numbers
      ;; in the range 1 to 999, and is used for converting each
      ;; thousand-block in a larger number
      (let* ((hundreds (quotient n 100))
             (tens+ones (remainder n 100))
             (tens (quotient tens+ones 10))
             (ones (remainder tens+ones 10)))
        (append
         (if (> hundreds 0)
             (append
              (string->list
               (list-ref format:cardinal-ones-list hundreds))
              (string->list" hundred")
              (if (> tens+ones 0) '(#\space) '()))
             '())
         (if (< tens+ones 20)
             (if (> tens+ones 0)
                 (string->list
                  (list-ref format:cardinal-ones-list tens+ones))
                 '())
             (append
              (string->list
               (list-ref format:cardinal-tens-list tens))
              (if (> ones 0)
                  (cons #\-
                        (string->list
                         (list-ref format:cardinal-ones-list ones)))
                  '()))))))

    (define format:cardinal-thousand-block-list
      '("" " thousand" " million" " billion" " trillion" " quadrillion"
        " quintillion" " sextillion" " septillion" " octillion" " nonillion"
        " decillion" " undecillion" " duodecillion" " tredecillion"
        " quattuordecillion" " quindecillion" " sexdecillion" " septendecillion"
        " octodecillion" " novemdecillion" " vigintillion"))

    (define (format:num->cardinal n)
      (cond ((not (integer? n))
             (format:error
              "only integers can be converted to English cardinals"))
            ((= n 0) "zero")
            ((< n 0) (string-append "minus " (format:num->cardinal (- n))))
            (else
             (let ((power3-word-limit
                    (length format:cardinal-thousand-block-list)))
               (let loop ((n n)
                          (power3 0)
                          (s '()))
                 (if (= n 0)
                     (list->string s)
                     (let ((n-before-block (quotient n 1000))
                           (n-after-block (remainder n 1000)))
                       (loop n-before-block
                             (+ power3 1)
                             (if (> n-after-block 0)
                                 (append
                                  (if (> n-before-block 0)
                                      (string->list ", ") '())
                                  (format:num->cardinal999 n-after-block)
                                  (if (< power3 power3-word-limit)
                                      (string->list
                                       (list-ref
                                        format:cardinal-thousand-block-list
                                        power3))
                                      (append
                                       (string->list " times ten to the ")
                                       (string->list
                                        (format:num->ordinal
                                         (* power3 3)))
                                       (string->list " power")))
                                  s)
                                 s)))))))))

    (define format:ordinal-ones-list
      '(#f "first" "second" "third" "fourth" "fifth"
           "sixth" "seventh" "eighth" "ninth" "tenth" "eleventh" "twelfth"
           "thirteenth" "fourteenth" "fifteenth" "sixteenth" "seventeenth"
           "eighteenth" "nineteenth"))

    (define format:ordinal-tens-list
      '(#f #f "twentieth" "thirtieth" "fortieth" "fiftieth" "sixtieth"
           "seventieth" "eightieth" "ninetieth"))

    (define (format:num->ordinal n)
      (cond ((not (integer? n))
             (format:error
              "only integers can be converted to English ordinals"))
            ((= n 0) "zeroth")
            ((< n 0) (string-append "minus " (format:num->ordinal (- n))))
            (else
             (let ((hundreds (quotient n 100))
                   (tens+ones (remainder n 100)))
               (string-append
                (if (> hundreds 0)
                    (string-append
                     (format:num->cardinal (* hundreds 100))
                     (if (= tens+ones 0) "th" " "))
                    "")
                (if (= tens+ones 0) ""
                    (if (< tens+ones 20)
                        (list-ref format:ordinal-ones-list tens+ones)
                        (let ((tens (quotient tens+ones 10))
                              (ones (remainder tens+ones 10)))
                          (if (= ones 0)
                              (list-ref format:ordinal-tens-list tens)
                              (string-append
                               (list-ref format:cardinal-tens-list tens)
                               "-"
                               (list-ref format:ordinal-ones-list ones))))
                        )))))))

    ;; format inf and nan.

    (define (format:out-inf-nan number width digits edigits overch padch)
      ;; inf and nan are always printed exactly as "+inf.0", "-inf.0" or
      ;; "+nan.0", suitably justified in their field.  We insist on
      ;; printing this exact form so that the numbers can be read back in.
      (let* ((str (number->string number))
             (len (string-length str))
             (dot (string-index str #\.))
             (digits (+ (or digits 0)
                        (if edigits (+ edigits 2) 0))))
        (if (and width overch (< width len))
            (format:out-fill width (integer->char overch))
            (let* ((leftpad (if width
                                (max (- width (max len (+ dot 1 digits))) 0)
                                0))
                   (rightpad (if width
                                 (max (- width leftpad len) 0)
                                 0))
                   (padch (integer->char (or padch format:space-ch)))) 
              (format:out-fill leftpad padch)
              (format:out-str str)
              (format:out-fill rightpad padch)))))

    ;; format fixed flonums (~F)

    (define (format:out-fixed modifier number pars)
      (if (not (or (number? number) (string? number)))
          (format:error "argument is not a number or a number string"))

      (let ((l (length pars)))
        (let ((width (format:par pars l 0 #f "width"))
              (digits (format:par pars l 1 #f "digits"))
              (scale (format:par pars l 2 0 #f))
              (overch (format:par pars l 3 #f #f))
              (padch (format:par pars l 4 format:space-ch #f)))

          (cond
           ((and (number? number)
                 (or (inf? number) (nan? number)))
            (format:out-inf-nan number width digits #f overch padch))

           (digits
            (format:parse-float number #t scale)
            (if (<= (- format:fn-len format:fn-dot) digits)
                (format:fn-zfill #f (- digits (- format:fn-len format:fn-dot)))
                (format:fn-round digits))
            (if width
                (let ((numlen (+ format:fn-len 1)))
                  (if (or (not format:fn-pos?) (eq? modifier 'at))
                      (set! numlen (+ numlen 1)))
                  (if (and (= format:fn-dot 0) (> width (+ digits 1)))
                      (set! numlen (+ numlen 1)))
                  (if (< numlen width)
                      (format:out-fill (- width numlen) (integer->char padch)))
                  (if (and overch (> numlen width))
                      (format:out-fill width (integer->char overch))
                      (format:fn-out modifier (> width (+ digits 1)))))
                (format:fn-out modifier #t)))

           (else
            (format:parse-float number #t scale)
            (format:fn-strip)
            (if width
                (let ((numlen (+ format:fn-len 1)))
                  (if (or (not format:fn-pos?) (eq? modifier 'at))
                      (set! numlen (+ numlen 1)))
                  (if (= format:fn-dot 0)
                      (set! numlen (+ numlen 1)))
                  (if (< numlen width)
                      (format:out-fill (- width numlen) (integer->char padch)))
                  (if (> numlen width)	; adjust precision if possible
                      (let ((dot-index (- numlen
                                          (- format:fn-len format:fn-dot))))
                        (if (> dot-index width)
                            (if overch ; numstr too big for required width
                                (format:out-fill width (integer->char overch))
                                (format:fn-out modifier #t))
                            (begin
                              (format:fn-round (- width dot-index))
                              (format:fn-out modifier #t))))
                      (format:fn-out modifier #t)))
                (format:fn-out modifier #t)))))))

    ;; format exponential flonums (~E)

    (define (format:out-expon modifier number pars)
      (if (not (or (number? number) (string? number)))
          (format:error "argument is not a number"))

      (let ((l (length pars)))
        (let ((width (format:par pars l 0 #f "width"))
              (digits (format:par pars l 1 #f "digits"))
              (edigits (format:par pars l 2 #f "exponent digits"))
              (scale (format:par pars l 3 1 #f))
              (overch (format:par pars l 4 #f #f))
              (padch (format:par pars l 5 format:space-ch #f))
              (expch (format:par pars l 6 #f #f)))
	      
          (cond
           ((and (number? number)
                 (or (inf? number) (nan? number)))
            (format:out-inf-nan number width digits edigits overch padch))

           (digits                      ; fixed precision

            (let ((digits (if (> scale 0)
                              (if (< scale (+ digits 2))
                                  (+ (- digits scale) 1)
                                  0)
                              digits)))
              (format:parse-float number #f scale)
              (if (<= (- format:fn-len format:fn-dot) digits)
                  (format:fn-zfill #f (- digits (- format:fn-len format:fn-dot)))
                  (format:fn-round digits))
              (if width
                  (if (and edigits overch (> format:en-len edigits))
                      (format:out-fill width (integer->char overch))
                      (let ((numlen (+ format:fn-len 3))) ; .E+
                        (if (or (not format:fn-pos?) (eq? modifier 'at))
                            (set! numlen (+ numlen 1)))
                        (if (and (= format:fn-dot 0) (> width (+ digits 1)))
                            (set! numlen (+ numlen 1)))	
                        (set! numlen
                              (+ numlen 
                                 (if (and edigits (>= edigits format:en-len))
                                     edigits 
                                     format:en-len)))
                        (if (< numlen width)
                            (format:out-fill (- width numlen)
                                             (integer->char padch)))
                        (if (and overch (> numlen width))
                            (format:out-fill width (integer->char overch))
                            (begin
                              (format:fn-out modifier (> width (- numlen 1)))
                              (format:en-out edigits expch)))))
                  (begin
                    (format:fn-out modifier #t)
                    (format:en-out edigits expch)))))

           (else
            (format:parse-float number #f scale)
            (format:fn-strip)
            (if width
                (if (and edigits overch (> format:en-len edigits))
                    (format:out-fill width (integer->char overch))
                    (let ((numlen (+ format:fn-len 3))) ; .E+
                      (if (or (not format:fn-pos?) (eq? modifier 'at))
                          (set! numlen (+ numlen 1)))
                      (if (= format:fn-dot 0)
                          (set! numlen (+ numlen 1)))
                      (set! numlen
                            (+ numlen
                               (if (and edigits (>= edigits format:en-len))
                                   edigits 
                                   format:en-len)))
                      (if (< numlen width)
                          (format:out-fill (- width numlen)
                                           (integer->char padch)))
                      (if (> numlen width) ; adjust precision if possible
                          (let ((f (- format:fn-len format:fn-dot))) ; fract len
                            (if (> (- numlen f) width)
                                (if overch ; numstr too big for required width
                                    (format:out-fill width 
                                                     (integer->char overch))
                                    (begin
                                      (format:fn-out modifier #t)
                                      (format:en-out edigits expch)))
                                (begin
                                  (format:fn-round (+ (- f numlen) width))
                                  (format:fn-out modifier #t)
                                  (format:en-out edigits expch))))
                          (begin
                            (format:fn-out modifier #t)
                            (format:en-out edigits expch)))))
                (begin
                  (format:fn-out modifier #t)
                  (format:en-out edigits expch))))))))
       
    ;; format general flonums (~G)

    (define (format:out-general modifier number pars)
      (if (not (or (number? number) (string? number)))
          (format:error "argument is not a number or a number string"))

      (let ((l (length pars)))
        (let ((width (if (> l 0) (list-ref pars 0) #f))
              (digits (if (> l 1) (list-ref pars 1) #f))
              (edigits (if (> l 2) (list-ref pars 2) #f))
              (overch (if (> l 4) (list-ref pars 4) #f))
              (padch (if (> l 5) (list-ref pars 5) #f)))
          (cond
           ((and (number? number)
                 (or (inf? number) (nan? number)))
            ;; FIXME: this isn't right.
            (format:out-inf-nan number width digits edigits overch padch))
           (else
            (format:parse-float number #t 0)
            (format:fn-strip)
            (let* ((ee (if edigits (+ edigits 2) 4)) ; for the following algorithm
                   (ww (if width (- width ee) #f)) ; see Steele's CL book p.395
                   (n (if (= format:fn-dot 0) ; number less than (abs 1.0) ?
                          (- (format:fn-zlead))
                          format:fn-dot))
                   (d (if digits
                          digits
                          (max format:fn-len (min n 7)))) ; q = format:fn-len
                   (dd (- d n)))
              (if (<= 0 dd d)
                  (begin
                    (format:out-fixed modifier number (list ww dd #f overch padch))
                    (format:out-fill ee #\space)) ;~@T not implemented yet
                  (format:out-expon modifier number pars))))))))

    ;; format dollar flonums (~$)

    (define (format:out-dollar modifier number pars)
      (if (not (or (number? number) (string? number)))
          (format:error "argument is not a number or a number string"))

      (let ((l (length pars)))
        (let ((digits (format:par pars l 0 2 "digits"))
              (mindig (format:par pars l 1 1 "mindig"))
              (width (format:par pars l 2 0 "width"))
              (padch (format:par pars l 3 format:space-ch #f)))

          (cond
           ((and (number? number)
                 (or (inf? number) (nan? number)))
            (format:out-inf-nan number width digits #f #f padch))

           (else
            (format:parse-float number #t 0)
            (if (<= (- format:fn-len format:fn-dot) digits)
                (format:fn-zfill #f (- digits (- format:fn-len format:fn-dot)))
                (format:fn-round digits))
            (let ((numlen (+ format:fn-len 1)))
              (if (or (not format:fn-pos?) (memq modifier '(at colon-at)))
                  (set! numlen (+ numlen 1)))
              (if (and mindig (> mindig format:fn-dot))
                  (set! numlen (+ numlen (- mindig format:fn-dot))))
              (if (and (= format:fn-dot 0) (not mindig))
                  (set! numlen (+ numlen 1)))
              (if (< numlen width)
                  (case modifier
                    ((colon)
                     (if (not format:fn-pos?)
                         (format:out-char #\-))
                     (format:out-fill (- width numlen) (integer->char padch)))
                    ((at)
                     (format:out-fill (- width numlen) (integer->char padch))
                     (format:out-char (if format:fn-pos? #\+ #\-)))
                    ((colon-at)
                     (format:out-char (if format:fn-pos? #\+ #\-))
                     (format:out-fill (- width numlen) (integer->char padch)))
                    (else
                     (format:out-fill (- width numlen) (integer->char padch))
                     (if (not format:fn-pos?)
                         (format:out-char #\-))))
                  (if format:fn-pos?
                      (if (memq modifier '(at colon-at)) (format:out-char #\+))
                      (format:out-char #\-))))
            (if (and mindig (> mindig format:fn-dot))
                (format:out-fill (- mindig format:fn-dot) #\0))
            (if (and (= format:fn-dot 0) (not mindig))
                (format:out-char #\0))
            (format:out-substr format:fn-str 0 format:fn-dot)
            (format:out-char #\.)
            (format:out-substr format:fn-str format:fn-dot format:fn-len))))))

					; the flonum buffers

    (define format:fn-max 400)          ; max. number of number digits
    (define format:fn-str (make-string format:fn-max)) ; number buffer
    (define format:fn-len 0)            ; digit length of number
    (define format:fn-dot #f)           ; dot position of number
    (define format:fn-pos? #t)          ; number positive?
    (define format:en-max 10)           ; max. number of exponent digits
    (define format:en-str (make-string format:en-max)) ; exponent buffer
    (define format:en-len 0)            ; digit length of exponent
    (define format:en-pos? #t)          ; exponent positive?

    (define (format:parse-float num fixed? scale)
      (let ((num-str (if (string? num)
                         num
                         (number->string (exact->inexact num)))))
        (set! format:fn-pos? #t)
        (set! format:fn-len 0)
        (set! format:fn-dot #f)
        (set! format:en-pos? #t)
        (set! format:en-len 0)
        (do ((i 0 (+ i 1))
             (left-zeros 0)
             (mantissa? #t)
             (all-zeros? #t)
             (num-len (string-length num-str))
             (c #f))                ; current exam. character in num-str
            ((= i num-len)
             (if (not format:fn-dot)
                 (set! format:fn-dot format:fn-len))

             (if all-zeros?
                 (begin
                   (set! left-zeros 0)
                   (set! format:fn-dot 0)
                   (set! format:fn-len 1)))

             ;; now format the parsed values according to format's need

             (if fixed?

                 (begin                 ; fixed format m.nnn or .nnn
                   (if (and (> left-zeros 0) (> format:fn-dot 0))
                       (if (> format:fn-dot left-zeros) 
                           (begin       ; norm 0{0}nn.mm to nn.mm
                             (format:fn-shiftleft left-zeros)
                             (set! format:fn-dot (- format:fn-dot left-zeros))
                             (set! left-zeros 0))
                           (begin       ; normalize 0{0}.nnn to .nnn
                             (format:fn-shiftleft format:fn-dot)
                             (set! left-zeros (- left-zeros format:fn-dot))
                             (set! format:fn-dot 0))))
                   (if (or (not (= scale 0)) (> format:en-len 0))
                       (let ((shift (+ scale (format:en-int))))
                         (cond
                          (all-zeros? #t)
                          ((> (+ format:fn-dot shift) format:fn-len)
                           (format:fn-zfill
                            #f (- shift (- format:fn-len format:fn-dot)))
                           (set! format:fn-dot format:fn-len))
                          ((< (+ format:fn-dot shift) 0)
                           (format:fn-zfill #t (- (- shift) format:fn-dot))
                           (set! format:fn-dot 0))
                          (else
                           (if (> left-zeros 0)
                               (if (<= left-zeros shift) ; shift always > 0 here
                                   (format:fn-shiftleft shift) ; shift out 0s
                                   (begin
                                     (format:fn-shiftleft left-zeros)
                                     (set! format:fn-dot (- shift left-zeros))))
                               (set! format:fn-dot (+ format:fn-dot shift))))))))

                 (let ((negexp          ; expon format m.nnnEee
                        (if (> left-zeros 0)
                            (- left-zeros format:fn-dot -1)
                            (if (= format:fn-dot 0) 1 0))))
                   (if (> left-zeros 0)
                       (begin           ; normalize 0{0}.nnn to n.nn
                         (format:fn-shiftleft left-zeros)
                         (set! format:fn-dot 1))
                       (if (= format:fn-dot 0)
                           (set! format:fn-dot 1)))
                   (format:en-set (- (+ (- format:fn-dot scale) (format:en-int))
                                     negexp))
                   (cond 
                    (all-zeros?
                     (format:en-set 0)
                     (set! format:fn-dot 1))
                    ((< scale 0)        ; leading zero
                     (format:fn-zfill #t (- scale))
                     (set! format:fn-dot 0))
                    ((> scale format:fn-dot)
                     (format:fn-zfill #f (- scale format:fn-dot))
                     (set! format:fn-dot scale))
                    (else
                     (set! format:fn-dot scale)))))
             #t)

          ;; do body      
          (set! c (string-ref num-str i)) ; parse the output of number->string
          (cond                         ; which can be any valid number
           ((char-numeric? c)           ; representation of R4RS except 
            (if mantissa?               ; complex numbers
                (begin
                  (if (char=? c #\0)
                      (if all-zeros?
                          (set! left-zeros (+ left-zeros 1)))
                      (begin
                        (set! all-zeros? #f)))
                  (string-set! format:fn-str format:fn-len c)
                  (set! format:fn-len (+ format:fn-len 1)))
                (begin
                  (string-set! format:en-str format:en-len c)
                  (set! format:en-len (+ format:en-len 1)))))
           ((or (char=? c #\-) (char=? c #\+))
            (if mantissa?
                (set! format:fn-pos? (char=? c #\+))
                (set! format:en-pos? (char=? c #\+))))
           ((char=? c #\.)
            (set! format:fn-dot format:fn-len))
           ((char=? c #\e)
            (set! mantissa? #f))
           ((char=? c #\E)
            (set! mantissa? #f))
           ((char-whitespace? c) #t)
           ((char=? c #\d) #t)          ; decimal radix prefix
           ((char=? c #\#) #t)
           (else
            (format:error "illegal character `~c' in number->string" c))))))

    (define (format:en-int)         ; convert exponent string to integer
      (if (= format:en-len 0)
          0
          (do ((i 0 (+ i 1))
               (n 0))
              ((= i format:en-len) 
               (if format:en-pos?
                   n
                   (- n)))
            (set! n (+ (* n 10) (- (char->integer (string-ref format:en-str i))
                                   format:zero-ch))))))

    (define (format:en-set en)          ; set exponent string number
      (set! format:en-len 0)
      (set! format:en-pos? (>= en 0))
      (let ((en-str (number->string en)))
        (do ((i 0 (+ i 1))
             (en-len (string-length en-str))
             (c #f))
            ((= i en-len))
          (set! c (string-ref en-str i))
          (if (char-numeric? c)
              (begin
                (string-set! format:en-str format:en-len c)
                (set! format:en-len (+ format:en-len 1)))))))

    (define (format:fn-zfill left? n) ; fill current number string with 0s
      (if (> (+ n format:fn-len) format:fn-max) ; from the left or right
          (format:error "number is too long to format (enlarge format:fn-max)"))
      (set! format:fn-len (+ format:fn-len n))
      (if left?
          (do ((i format:fn-len (- i 1))) ; fill n 0s to left
              ((< i 0))
            (string-set! format:fn-str i
                         (if (< i n)
                             #\0
                             (string-ref format:fn-str (- i n)))))
          (do ((i (- format:fn-len n) (+ i 1))) ; fill n 0s to the right
              ((= i format:fn-len))
            (string-set! format:fn-str i #\0))))

    (define (format:fn-shiftleft n) ; shift left current number n positions
      (if (> n format:fn-len)
          (format:error "internal error in format:fn-shiftleft (~d,~d)"
                        n format:fn-len))
      (do ((i n (+ i 1)))
          ((= i format:fn-len)
           (set! format:fn-len (- format:fn-len n)))
        (string-set! format:fn-str (- i n) (string-ref format:fn-str i))))

    (define (format:fn-round digits)    ; round format:fn-str
      (set! digits (+ digits format:fn-dot))
      (do ((i digits (- i 1))		; "099",2 -> "10"
           (c 5))                       ; "023",2 -> "02"
          ((or (= c 0) (< i 0))         ; "999",2 -> "100"
           (if (= c 1)			; "005",2 -> "01"
               (begin			; carry overflow
                 (set! format:fn-len digits)
                 (format:fn-zfill #t 1) ; add a 1 before fn-str
                 (string-set! format:fn-str 0 #\1)
                 (set! format:fn-dot (+ format:fn-dot 1)))
               (set! format:fn-len digits)))
        (set! c (+ (- (char->integer (string-ref format:fn-str i))
                      format:zero-ch) c))
        (string-set! format:fn-str i (integer->char
                                      (if (< c 10) 
                                          (+ c format:zero-ch)
                                          (+ (- c 10) format:zero-ch))))
        (set! c (if (< c 10) 0 1))))

    (define (format:fn-out modifier add-leading-zero?)
      (if format:fn-pos?
          (if (eq? modifier 'at) 
              (format:out-char #\+))
          (format:out-char #\-))
      (if (= format:fn-dot 0)
          (if add-leading-zero?
              (format:out-char #\0))
          (format:out-substr format:fn-str 0 format:fn-dot))
      (format:out-char #\.)
      (format:out-substr format:fn-str format:fn-dot format:fn-len))

    (define (format:en-out edigits expch)
      (format:out-char (if expch (integer->char expch) #\E))
      (format:out-char (if format:en-pos? #\+ #\-))
      (if edigits 
          (if (< format:en-len edigits)
              (format:out-fill (- edigits format:en-len) #\0)))
      (format:out-substr format:en-str 0 format:en-len))

    (define (format:fn-strip)           ; strip trailing zeros but one
      (string-set! format:fn-str format:fn-len #\0)
      (do ((i format:fn-len (- i 1)))
          ((or (not (char=? (string-ref format:fn-str i) #\0))
               (<= i format:fn-dot))
           (set! format:fn-len (+ i 1)))))

    (define (format:fn-zlead)           ; count leading zeros
      (do ((i 0 (+ i 1)))
          ((or (= i format:fn-len)
               (not (char=? (string-ref format:fn-str i) #\0)))
           (if (= i format:fn-len)      ; found a real zero
               0
               i))))


;;; some global functions not found in SLIB

    (define (string-capitalize-first str) ; "hello" -> "Hello"
      (let ((cap-str (string-copy str))   ; "hELLO" -> "Hello"
            (non-first-alpha #f)          ; "*hello" -> "*Hello"
            (str-len (string-length str))) ; "hello you" -> "Hello you"
        (do ((i 0 (+ i 1)))
            ((= i str-len) cap-str)
          (let ((c (string-ref str i)))
            (if (char-alphabetic? c)
                (if non-first-alpha
                    (string-set! cap-str i (char-downcase c))
                    (begin
                      (set! non-first-alpha #t)
                      (string-set! cap-str i (char-upcase c)))))))))

    ;; Aborts the program when a formatting error occures. This is a null
    ;; argument closure to jump to the interpreters toplevel continuation.

    (define (format:abort) (error "error in format"))
    
    (let ((arg-pos (format:format-work format-string format-args))
          (arg-len (length format-args)))
      (cond
       ((> arg-pos arg-len)
        (set! format:arg-pos (+ arg-len 1))
        (display format:arg-pos)
        (format:error "~a missing argument~:p" (- arg-pos arg-len)))
       (else
        (if flush-output?
            (force-output port))
        (if destination
            #t
            (let ((str (get-output-string port)))
              (close-port port)
              str)))))))

(begin-deprecated
 (set! format
       (let ((format format))
         (case-lambda
           ((destination format-string . args)
            (if (string? destination)
                (begin
                  (issue-deprecation-warning
                   "Omitting the destination on a call to format is deprecated."
                   "Pass #f as the destination, before the format string.")
                  (apply format #f destination format-string args))
                (apply format destination format-string args)))
           ((deprecated-format-string-only)
            (issue-deprecation-warning
             "Omitting the destination port on a call to format is deprecated."
             "Pass #f as the destination port, before the format string.")
            (format #f deprecated-format-string-only))))))


;; Thanks to Shuji Narazaki
(module-set! the-root-module 'format format)