(libpath.h): Use @top_srcdir_absoulte@.

[bpt/guile.git] / doc / ref / tools.texi

@page
@node Miscellaneous Tools
@chapter Miscellaneous Tools

Programming is more fun with a good tools.  This chapter describes snarfing
tools, and the @code{guile-tools} program which can be used to invoke the rest
of the tools (which are self-documenting).  Some of these are used in Guile
development, too.  Imagine that!

@menu
* Snarfing::                    Grepping the source in various ways.
* Executable Modules::          Modules callable via guile-tools.
@end menu

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Snarfing
@section Snarfing
@cindex snarfing

Because it's easier to maintain documentation, code, and other metainfo in one
source file than in many files, there have evolved many methods for grepping
source to lift and separate these kinds of info, in the process generating
docs or fragments of source or what have you.  This is known generally as
@dfn{snarfing}, which comes from the verb ``to snarf'', here meaning ``to
unceremoniously extract information from a somewhat unwilling source.''

This section documents the installed program @code{guile-snarf} which does
@dfn{init snarfing}, and also touches upon guile's doc snarfing process which
is not yet finalized (i.e., doc snarfing programs are not installed at this
time).

@menu
* Init Snarfing with guile-snarf::      Exposing C subrs and friends to Scheme.
* Doc Snarfing::                        Generating GDFv2 or texi from source.
@end menu

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Init Snarfing with guile-snarf
@subsection Init Snarfing with guile-snarf
@c NOTE: This node and two subnodes are adapted from ../sources/snarf.texi.
@cindex snarfing, init
@cindex primitive functions
@cindex subrs, defining

When writing C code for use with Guile, you typically define a set of C
functions, and then make some of them visible to the Scheme world by
calling the @code{scm_c_define_gsubr} function; a C function published in
this way is called a @dfn{subr}.  If you have many subrs to publish, it
can sometimes be annoying to keep the list of calls to
@code{scm_c_define_gsubr} in sync with the list of function definitions.
Frequently, a programmer will define a new subr in C, recompile the
application, and then discover that the Scheme interpreter cannot see
the subr, because of a missed call to @code{scm_c_define_gsubr}.

Guile provides the @code{guile-snarf} command to manage this problem.
Using this tool, you can keep all the information needed to define the
subr alongside the function definition itself; @code{guile-snarf} will
extract this information from your source code, and automatically
generate a file of calls to @code{scm_c_define_gsubr} which you can
@code{#include} into an initialization function.

@menu
* How guile-snarf works::          Using @code{guile-snarf}, with example.
* Macros guile-snarf recognizes::  How to mark up code for @code{guile-snarf}.
@end menu

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@node How guile-snarf works
@subsubsection How guile-snarf works
@cindex guile-snarf invocation
@cindex guile-snarf example

Usage: @code{guile-snarf} [CPP-OPTIONS ...] SOURCE.c

@code{guile-snarf} uses cpp to process SOURCE.c, writing C language
initialization calls to standard output, based on special (some would say
magic) cpp macros found in the input (@pxref{Macros guile-snarf recognizes}).

For example, here is how you might define a new subr called
@code{clear-image}, implemented by the C function @code{clear_image}:

@example
@group
#include <libguile.h>

SCM_DEFINE (clear_image, "clear-image", 1, 0, 0,
            (SCM image_smob),
            "Clear the image.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_clear_image
@{
  /* C code to clear the image... */
@}
#undef FUNC_NAME

void
init_image_type ()
@{
#include "image-type.x"
@}
@end group
@end example

The @code{SCM_DEFINE} declaration says that the C function
@code{clear_image} implements a Scheme subr called @code{clear-image},
which takes one required argument (type @code{SCM} named
@code{image_smob}), no optional arguments, and no tail argument.
@xref{Doc Snarfing}, for info on the docstring.

This works in concert with @code{FUNC_NAME} to also define a static
array of characters named @code{s_clear_image}, initialized to the
string "clear-image".  The body of @code{clear_image} may use the array
in error messages, instead of writing out the literal string; this may
save string space on some systems.

Assuming the text above lives in a file named @file{image-type.c}, you will
need to execute the following command to prepare this file for compilation:

@example
guile-snarf image-type.c > image-type.x
@end example

This scans @file{image-type.c} for @code{SCM_DEFINE}
declarations, and writes to @file{image-type.x} the output:

@example
scm_c_define_gsubr (s_clear_image, 1, 0, 0, (SCM (*)() ) clear_image);
@end example

When compiled normally, @code{SCM_DEFINE} is a macro which expands to a
declaration of the @code{s_clear_image} string.

Note that the output file name matches the @code{#include} from the
input file.  Also, you still need to provide all the same information
you would if you were using @code{scm_c_define_gsubr} yourself, but you
can place the information near the function definition itself, so it is
less likely to become incorrect or out-of-date.

If you have many files that @code{guile-snarf} must process, you should
consider using a rule like the following in your Makefile:

@example
.SUFFIXES: .x
.c.x:
	guile-snarf $(DEFS) $(INCLUDES) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $< > $@@
@end example

This tells make to run @code{guile-snarf} to produce each needed
@file{.x} file from the corresponding @file{.c} file.

@code{guile-snarf} passes all its command-line arguments directly to the
C preprocessor, which it uses to extract the information it needs from
the source code. this means you can pass normal compilation flags to
@code{guile-snarf} to define preprocessor symbols, add header file
directories, and so on.

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Macros guile-snarf recognizes
@subsubsection Macros guile-snarf recognizes
@cindex guile-snarf recognized macros

Here are the macros you can use in your source code from which
@code{guile-snarf} can construct initialization code:

@example
/* procedures */
SCM_DEFINE (FNAME, PRIMNAME, REQ, OPT, VAR, ARGLIST, DOCSTRING)

SCM_PROC (RANAME, STR, REQ, OPT, VAR, CFN)
SCM_REGISTER_PROC (RANAME, STR, REQ, OPT, VAR, CFN)

SCM_GPROC (RANAME, STR, REQ, OPT, VAR, CFN, GF)

/* everything else */
SCM_SYMBOL (c_name, scheme_name)
SCM_GLOBAL_SYMBOL (c_name, scheme_name)

SCM_KEYWORD (c_name, scheme_name)
SCM_GLOBAL_KEYWORD (c_name, scheme_name)

SCM_VARIABLE (c_name, scheme_name)
SCM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE (c_name, scheme_name)

SCM_VARIABLE_INIT (c_name, scheme_name, init_val)
SCM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_INIT (c_name, scheme_name, init_val)
@end example

@c i like things dense, but maybe someone else will reformat this
@c into an easier-to-read list.  also, all-upcase to me is a form
@c of quoting, so @var{} is not necessary there. --ttn
REQ and OPT are numbers indicating required and optional argument
counts, respectively; VAR is a number that, if non-zero, means the
function will accept any remaining arguments as a list; DOCSTRING is a
string (use @code{\n\} at eol for multi-line); FNAME is a C-language
identifier, CFN and GF and @var{c_name} likewise; PRIMNAME is a string
denoting the name available to Scheme code, STR and @var{scheme_name}
likewise; RANAME is the name of the static string (must match that
declared by the associated definition of cpp macro @var{FUNC_NAME});
ARGLIST is an argument list (in parentheses); and lastly, @var{init_val}
is a expression suitable for initializing a new variable.

For procedures, you can use @code{SCM_DEFINE} for most purposes.  Use
@code{SCM_PROC} along with @code{SCM_REGISTER_PROC} when you don't want
to be bothered with docstrings.  Use @code{SCM_GPROC} for generic
functions (@pxref{GOOPS,,,goops}).  All procedures are declared
@code{static} with return type @code{SCM}.

For everything else, use the appropriate macro (@code{SCM_SYMBOL} for
symbols, and so on).  The "_GLOBAL_" variants omit @code{static}
declaration.

All these macros should be used at top-level, outside function bodies.
Also, it's a good idea to define @var{FUNC_NAME} immediately after using
@code{SCM_DEFINE} (and similar), and then the function body, and then
@code{#undef FUNC_NAME}.

@xref{How guile-snarf works}, and also libguile source, for examples.
@xref{Subrs}, for details on argument passing and how to write C
functions.

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Doc Snarfing
@subsection Doc Snarfing

In addition to init snarfing (@pxref{Init Snarfing with guile-snarf}),
the libguile sources are also subject to doc snarfing, by programs that
are included in the distribution (but not installed at this time).  The
output is the file @file{guile-procedures.txt} which is installed, and
subsequently used by module @code{(ice-9 documentation)}.

Here is a list of what does what according to @file{libguile/Makefile.am}:

@itemize
@item guile-snarf-docs runs cpp defining SCM_MAGIC_SNARF_DOCS
@item guile_filter_doc_snarfage parses guile-snarf-docs output to produce .doc
@item ../scripts/snarf-check-and-output-texi makes guile.texi
@item ../scripts/snarf-check-and-output-texi makes guile-procedures.txt
@item guile-func-name-check checks source snarf-syntax integrity (optional?)
@item guile-doc-snarf calls guile-snarf-docs (to make .doc) and guile-snarf
@end itemize

Note that for guile-1.4, a completely different approach was used!  All this
is rather byzantine, so for now @emph{NO} doc snarfing programs are installed.

[fixme: Document further once doc snarfing is tamed somewhat. --ttn]

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@node Executable Modules
@section Executable Modules
@cindex guile-tools
@cindex modules, executable
@cindex executable modules
@cindex scripts

When Guile is installed, in addition to the @code{(ice-9 FOO)} modules,
a set of @dfn{executable modules} @code{(scripts BAR)} is also installed.
Each is a regular Scheme module that has some additional packaging so
that it can be called as a program in its own right, from the shell.  For this
reason, we sometimes use the term @dfn{script} in this context to mean the
same thing.

@c wow look at this hole^!  variable-width font users eat your heart out.

As a convenience, the @code{guile-tools} wrapper program is installed along w/
@code{guile}; it knows where a particular module is installed and calls it
passing its args to the program.  The result is that you need not augment your
PATH.  Usage is straightforward:

@example
guile-tools --help
guile-tools --version
guile-tools [OPTION] PROGRAM [ARGS ...]

If PROGRAM is "list" or omitted, display contents of scripts dir, otherwise
PROGRAM is run w/ ARGS.  Options (only one of which may be used at a time):
 --scriptsdir DIR    -- Look in DIR for scripts
 --guileversion VERS -- Look in $pkgdatadir/VERS/scripts for scripts
 --source            -- Display PROGRAM source (ignore ARGS) to stdout
@end example

The modules are self-documenting.  For example, to see the documentation for
@code{lint}, use one (or both) of the shell commands:

@example
guile-tools display-commentary '(scripts lint)'
guile-tools --source lint
@end example

The rest of this section describes the packaging that goes into creating an
executable module.  Feel free to skip to the next chapter.

@subsection Writing Executable Modules

@c adapted from scripts/README

See template file @code{PROGRAM} for a quick start.

Programs must follow the @dfn{executable module} convention, documented here:

@itemize

@item
The file name must not end in ".scm".

@item
The file must be executable (chmod +x).

@item
The module name must be "(scripts PROGRAM)".  A procedure named PROGRAM w/
signature "(PROGRAM . args)" must be exported.  Basically, use some variant
of the form:

@example
(define-module (scripts PROGRAM)
  :export (PROGRAM))
@end example

Feel free to export other definitions useful in the module context.

@item
There must be the alias:

@example
(define main PROGRAM)
@end example

However, `main' must NOT be exported.

@item
The beginning of the file must use the following invocation sequence:

@example
#!/bin/sh
main='(module-ref (resolve-module '\''(scripts PROGRAM)) '\'main')'
exec $@{GUILE-guile@} -l $0 -c "(apply $main (cdr (command-line)))" "$@@"
!#
@end example

@end itemize

Following these conventions allows the program file to be used as module
@code{(scripts PROGRAM)} in addition to as a standalone executable.  Please
also include a helpful Commentary section w/ some usage info.

@c tools.texi ends here